Article(id=1149738957505737503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0101-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0448, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696953600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-11, revisedDate=1705680000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048728586, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048728586, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048728586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048728586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738957749007137, articleId=1149738957505737503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on severity of mountain highway accidents based on random parameter logit model, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the influence of flat curve,longitudinal curve,and flat-long combination of line shapes on the severity of traffic accidents on mountain highways,firstly,the line shape data of a 263 km section of a mountain highway and the 1 870 accidents occurring on the section in five years were statistically analyzed and classified. Then,according to the structural form of the research data,the stochastic parametric logit model was established,and then the model was utilized to study the effect of the combination of line shapes on the severity of accidents. The results show that: the factors of ratio of curve (ROC),weighted curvature (CW),and delta slope (ΔS2) are associated with an increase in property damage-only accidents,whereas the combination of slope lengths (CSL) is associated with a decrease in property damage-only accidents; the weighted curvature (CW=0.6-0.7) and continuous uphill slope are associated with an increase in accidents with minor injuries,and the factors of weighted curvature (CW=0.3-0.4),delta slope (ΔS1),and ratio of curve (ROC) were associated with a decrease in accidents with minor injuries; the variation rate of curvature (VRC),contiguous radius of front and behind (CRF,CRB),and combination of slope and radius (CSR) were associated with an increase in accidents with serious injuries or fatalities,and the ratio of curve (ROC) was associated with a decrease in accidents with serious injuries or fatalities; and the combination of linear shapes had a significant effect on the severity of accidents.

, correspAuthors=Hanhao GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei ZHANG, Hanhao GAO, Xinqi TANG, Kunmiao XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738968415121514, articleId=1149738957505737503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于随机参数logit的山区高速公路事故严重程度研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究平曲线、纵曲线、平纵组合线形对山区高速公路交通事故严重程度的影响,首先,统计分析某山区高速公路263 km路段的线形数据和该路段5年内发生的1 870起事故,并将其分类;然后,根据调研数据的结构形式,建立随机参数logit模型,进而利用该模型研究组合线形对事故严重程度的影响。结果表明:曲线比例(ROC)、加权曲率(CW)、单元坡度差(ΔS2)等因素与仅财产损失事故增加相关,而坡长组合(CSL)与仅财产损失事故减少相关;加权曲率(CW=0.6~0.7)和连续上坡与轻伤事故的事故增加相关,加权曲率(CW=0.3~0.4)、单元坡度差(ΔS1)、曲线比例(ROC)等因素与轻伤事故减少相关;曲率变化率(VRC)、单元半径比(CRF,CRB)、弯坡组合(CSR)等因素与重伤或死亡事故增加相关,曲线比例(ROC)与重伤或死亡事故减少相关;组合线形对事故严重程度有着显著影响。

, correspAuthors=高晗昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**高晗昊(1999—),男,山东青岛人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为道路交通安全。E-mail:
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张韡 (1973—),男,陕西榆林人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通参与者行为干预、车辆建模与仿真、道路交通安全改善及防治技术、道路交通事故致因理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

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张韡 (1973—),男,陕西榆林人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通参与者行为干预、车辆建模与仿真、道路交通安全改善及防治技术、道路交通事故致因理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

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张韡 (1973—),男,陕西榆林人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通参与者行为干预、车辆建模与仿真、道路交通安全改善及防治技术、道路交通事故致因理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Highway Engineering, 2019, 44(2): 55-61, 102., articleTitle=Analysis of crash injury severity in single-vehicle crashes occurring at intersections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168150830977921137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=98, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=40, authorNames=陈荔, 李聪颖, 詹立, journalName=长安大学学报:自然科学版, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈荔, 李聪颖, 詹立, 等. 城市道路交通事故形态影响因素分析与预测[J]. 长安大学学报:自然科学版, 2022, 42(4): 98-107., articleTitle=城市道路交通事故形态影响因素分析与预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168150831040835699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=98, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=41, authorNames=CHEN Li, LI Congying, ZHAN Li, journalName=Journal of Chang'an University:Natural Science Edition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Li, LI Congying, ZHAN Li, et al. Influencing factors analysis and prediction of urban road traffic accident patterns[J]. Journal of Chang'an University:Natural Science Edition, 2022, 42(4): 98-107., articleTitle=Influencing factors analysis and prediction of urban road traffic accident patterns, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168150827257573404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, awardId=51978075, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(51978075), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168150823495283694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150823503672303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, companyId=1168150823495283694, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Automobile,Chang'an University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150823512060912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, companyId=1168150823495283694, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=长安大学 汽车学院,西安 陕西 710064)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168150825961533454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Classification of slope change before and after road unit, figureFileSmall=i93gRz55Qhb0JntJn/mMvQ==, figureFileBig=WDjObfYVL4w3d52cY0mqBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826016059407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=图1, caption=前后路段单元坡度变化分类, figureFileSmall=i93gRz55Qhb0JntJn/mMvQ==, figureFileBig=WDjObfYVL4w3d52cY0mqBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826078973968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influence of combined linear variables on severity of only property loss accidents, figureFileSmall=dLoe6FBFePTjwPanwzp7vA==, figureFileBig=T3kjqIpWWhFAGOohLxaSWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826146082833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=图2, caption=组合线形变量对仅财产损失事故严重程度的影响, figureFileSmall=dLoe6FBFePTjwPanwzp7vA==, figureFileBig=T3kjqIpWWhFAGOohLxaSWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826229968914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Influence of combined linear variables on severity of minor injury accident, figureFileSmall=ms9CLpDPgwvz7opPvFX8+w==, figureFileBig=AZ1D32GNLdJudGXfO656Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826292883475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=图3, caption=组合线形变量对轻伤事故严重程度的影响, figureFileSmall=ms9CLpDPgwvz7opPvFX8+w==, figureFileBig=AZ1D32GNLdJudGXfO656Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826355798036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Influence of combined linear variables on severity of serious injury or death accident, figureFileSmall=EVfRc0tnX5XD5m63O08/Pw==, figureFileBig=ZxpUNnUGWc4g2Qhg89lhEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826443878421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=图4, caption=组合线形变量对重伤或死亡事故严重程度的影响, figureFileSmall=EVfRc0tnX5XD5m63O08/Pw==, figureFileBig=ZxpUNnUGWc4g2Qhg89lhEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150826544541718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Classification and numerical value of independent variables and dependent variables

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变量
类别
变量
名称
虚拟变
量符号
变量
定义
频数 占比/
%
变量
类别
变量
名称
虚拟变
量符号
变量
定义
频数 占比/
%
因变
事故严
重程度
Y1 仅财产损失事故 1 580 86.63 纵面
线形
组合



ΔS1/
%
X63 1.5~2 373 20.43
Y2 轻伤事故 125 6.84 X64 2~3 255 13.96
Y3 重伤或死亡事故 119 6.52 X65 3~4 135 7.38
平面
线形
组合
ROC X11 0~0.4 177 9.68 X66 >4 138 7.59
X12 0.4~0.5 160 8.77 ΔS2/
%
参照 <0.5 117 6.42
X13 0.5~0.6 267 14.65 X71 0.5~1.0 373 20.43
参照 0.6~0.7 198 10.86 X72 1.0~1.5 440 24.12
X14 0.7~0.8 313 17.17 X73 1.5~2.0 421 23.10
X15 0.8~0.9 195 10.70 X74 2~3 251 13.74
X16 0.9~1.0 514 28.18 X75 3~4 138 7.54
CW 参照 0~0.2 295 16.20 X76 >4 85 4.65
X21 0.2~0.3 238 13.05 坡度
变化
X121 连续上坡 268 14.71
X22 0.3~0.4 122 6.68 X122 连续下坡 899 49.30
X23 0.4~0.5 236 12.94 参照 先上坡后下坡再上坡 62 3.42
X24 0.5~0.6 234 12.83 X123 先下坡后上坡再下坡 70 3.85
X25 0.6~0.7 219 12.03 X124 先上坡后连续下坡 204 11.18
X26 0.7~0.9 174 9.52 X125 先下坡后连续上坡 75 4.12
X27 >0.9 305 16.74 X126 先连续上坡后下坡 173 9.47
VRC/
((°)·
km-1)
参照 0 ~30 175 9.57 X127 先连续下坡后上坡 72 3.96
X31 30~40 253 13.85 平纵
线形
组合
CSL/
(%·
km-1)
X41 <1 395 21.66
X32 40 ~50 322 17.65 参照 1 ~1.5 225 12.35
X33 50 ~60 229 12.57 X42 1.5 ~2 264 14.49
X34 60 ~70 179 9.79 X43 2 ~2.5 215 11.76
X35 70 ~80 98 5.40 X44 2.5 ~3 195 10.70
X36 80 ~100 110 6.04 X45 3 ~4 226 12.41
X37 >100 458 25.13 X46 >4 303 16.63
CRF X81 0~0.3 248 13.58 CSR/
(%·
km-1)
参照 <1 231 12.67
X82 0.3~0.6 370 20.27 X51 1 ~2 254 13.90
X83 0.6~0.9 588 32.25 X52 2 ~3 343 18.82
参照 0.9~1.2 536 29.41 X53 3 ~4 244 13.37
X84 >1.2 82 4.49 X54 4 ~5 50 2.73
CRB X91 0~0.3 263 14.44 X55 5 ~6 149 8.18
X92 0.3~0.6 340 18.66 X56 6 ~10 186 10.21
X93 0.6~0.9 481 26.36 X57 >10 367 20.11
参照 0.9~1.2 624 34.22 VHR X101 0~10 234 12.83
X94 >1.2 115 6.31 X102 10~15 252 13.80
CT X111 1 646 35.40 X103 15~20 186 10.21
参照 0 1 178 64.60 X104 20~30 245 13.42
纵面
线形
组合
ΔS1/% 参照 >0.5 127 6.95 X105 30~40 193 10.59
X61 0.5~1.0 400 21.93 X106 40~50 251 13.74
X62 1.0~1.5 397 21.76 参照 >50 463 25.40
), ArticleFig(id=1168150826645205015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自变量与因变量的分类与数值

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变量
类别
变量
名称
虚拟变
量符号
变量
定义
频数 占比/
%
变量
类别
变量
名称
虚拟变
量符号
变量
定义
频数 占比/
%
因变
事故严
重程度
Y1 仅财产损失事故 1 580 86.63 纵面
线形
组合



ΔS1/
%
X63 1.5~2 373 20.43
Y2 轻伤事故 125 6.84 X64 2~3 255 13.96
Y3 重伤或死亡事故 119 6.52 X65 3~4 135 7.38
平面
线形
组合
ROC X11 0~0.4 177 9.68 X66 >4 138 7.59
X12 0.4~0.5 160 8.77 ΔS2/
%
参照 <0.5 117 6.42
X13 0.5~0.6 267 14.65 X71 0.5~1.0 373 20.43
参照 0.6~0.7 198 10.86 X72 1.0~1.5 440 24.12
X14 0.7~0.8 313 17.17 X73 1.5~2.0 421 23.10
X15 0.8~0.9 195 10.70 X74 2~3 251 13.74
X16 0.9~1.0 514 28.18 X75 3~4 138 7.54
CW 参照 0~0.2 295 16.20 X76 >4 85 4.65
X21 0.2~0.3 238 13.05 坡度
变化
X121 连续上坡 268 14.71
X22 0.3~0.4 122 6.68 X122 连续下坡 899 49.30
X23 0.4~0.5 236 12.94 参照 先上坡后下坡再上坡 62 3.42
X24 0.5~0.6 234 12.83 X123 先下坡后上坡再下坡 70 3.85
X25 0.6~0.7 219 12.03 X124 先上坡后连续下坡 204 11.18
X26 0.7~0.9 174 9.52 X125 先下坡后连续上坡 75 4.12
X27 >0.9 305 16.74 X126 先连续上坡后下坡 173 9.47
VRC/
((°)·
km-1)
参照 0 ~30 175 9.57 X127 先连续下坡后上坡 72 3.96
X31 30~40 253 13.85 平纵
线形
组合
CSL/
(%·
km-1)
X41 <1 395 21.66
X32 40 ~50 322 17.65 参照 1 ~1.5 225 12.35
X33 50 ~60 229 12.57 X42 1.5 ~2 264 14.49
X34 60 ~70 179 9.79 X43 2 ~2.5 215 11.76
X35 70 ~80 98 5.40 X44 2.5 ~3 195 10.70
X36 80 ~100 110 6.04 X45 3 ~4 226 12.41
X37 >100 458 25.13 X46 >4 303 16.63
CRF X81 0~0.3 248 13.58 CSR/
(%·
km-1)
参照 <1 231 12.67
X82 0.3~0.6 370 20.27 X51 1 ~2 254 13.90
X83 0.6~0.9 588 32.25 X52 2 ~3 343 18.82
参照 0.9~1.2 536 29.41 X53 3 ~4 244 13.37
X84 >1.2 82 4.49 X54 4 ~5 50 2.73
CRB X91 0~0.3 263 14.44 X55 5 ~6 149 8.18
X92 0.3~0.6 340 18.66 X56 6 ~10 186 10.21
X93 0.6~0.9 481 26.36 X57 >10 367 20.11
参照 0.9~1.2 624 34.22 VHR X101 0~10 234 12.83
X94 >1.2 115 6.31 X102 10~15 252 13.80
CT X111 1 646 35.40 X103 15~20 186 10.21
参照 0 1 178 64.60 X104 20~30 245 13.42
纵面
线形
组合
ΔS1/% 参照 >0.5 127 6.95 X105 30~40 193 10.59
X61 0.5~1.0 400 21.93 X106 40~50 251 13.74
X62 1.0~1.5 397 21.76 参照 >50 463 25.40
), ArticleFig(id=1168150826808782872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Estimation results of random parameter logit model parameters of highway accident severity

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事故严重程度 变量 变量定义 参数估计 标准差
仅财产损失
事故Y1
X13 ROC=0.5~0.6 1.314*** 0.198
X23 CW=0.4~0.5 1.117*** 0.184
X46/(%·km-1) CSL>4 -1.182*** 0.223
X76/% ΔS2>4 0.913** 0.341
X123 先下坡后上坡再下坡 0.786** 0.366
轻伤事故Y2 X12 ROC=0.4~0.5 -1.911*** 0.405
X22(均值) CW=0.3~0.4 -2.317*** 1.098
X22(标准差) CW=0.3~0.4 3.185*** 1.155
X25 CW=0.6~0.7 1.416*** 0.303
X45/(%·km-1) CSL=3~4 -1.608*** 0.296
X64/% ΔS1=2~3 -1.968*** 0.274
X65/% ΔS1=3~4 -0.727** 0.294
X75/% ΔS2=3~4 -1.493*** 0.264
X121 连续上坡 0.843*** 0.227
重伤或死亡
事故Y3
ASCS3 常数项 -1.863*** 0.132
X14 ROC=0.7~0.8 -0.947*** 0.362
X36/((°)· km-1) VRC=80~100 0.648* 0.359
X57/(%·km-1) CSR>10 0.476* 0.275
X81 CRF<0.3 0.346*** 0.350
X92 CRB=0.3~0.6 0.538** 0.229
), ArticleFig(id=1168150826930417689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高速公路事故严重程度的随机参数logit模型参数估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故严重程度 变量 变量定义 参数估计 标准差
仅财产损失
事故Y1
X13 ROC=0.5~0.6 1.314*** 0.198
X23 CW=0.4~0.5 1.117*** 0.184
X46/(%·km-1) CSL>4 -1.182*** 0.223
X76/% ΔS2>4 0.913** 0.341
X123 先下坡后上坡再下坡 0.786** 0.366
轻伤事故Y2 X12 ROC=0.4~0.5 -1.911*** 0.405
X22(均值) CW=0.3~0.4 -2.317*** 1.098
X22(标准差) CW=0.3~0.4 3.185*** 1.155
X25 CW=0.6~0.7 1.416*** 0.303
X45/(%·km-1) CSL=3~4 -1.608*** 0.296
X64/% ΔS1=2~3 -1.968*** 0.274
X65/% ΔS1=3~4 -0.727** 0.294
X75/% ΔS2=3~4 -1.493*** 0.264
X121 连续上坡 0.843*** 0.227
重伤或死亡
事故Y3
ASCS3 常数项 -1.863*** 0.132
X14 ROC=0.7~0.8 -0.947*** 0.362
X36/((°)· km-1) VRC=80~100 0.648* 0.359
X57/(%·km-1) CSR>10 0.476* 0.275
X81 CRF<0.3 0.346*** 0.350
X92 CRB=0.3~0.6 0.538** 0.229
), ArticleFig(id=1168150827047858202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Goodness of fit index

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拟合优度指标 随机参数logit模型
LL(0) -2 048.91
LL(β) -1 067.78
χ2 1 962.26
AIC 2 175.56
BIC 2 286.23
Mcfadden Pseudo R2 0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1168150827106578459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957505737503, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

拟合优度指标

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拟合优度指标 随机参数logit模型
LL(0) -2 048.91
LL(β) -1 067.78
χ2 1 962.26
AIC 2 175.56
BIC 2 286.23
Mcfadden Pseudo R2 0.48
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基于随机参数logit的山区高速公路事故严重程度研究
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张韡 , 高晗昊 ** , 唐鑫琦 , 徐坤淼
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(4): 101-110
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(4): 101-110
基于随机参数logit的山区高速公路事故严重程度研究
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张韡 , 高晗昊** , 唐鑫琦, 徐坤淼
作者信息
  • 长安大学 汽车学院,西安 陕西 710064
  • 张韡 (1973—),男,陕西榆林人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通参与者行为干预、车辆建模与仿真、道路交通安全改善及防治技术、道路交通事故致因理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**高晗昊(1999—),男,山东青岛人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为道路交通安全。E-mail:
Research on severity of mountain highway accidents based on random parameter logit model
Wei ZHANG , Hanhao GAO** , Xinqi TANG, Kunmiao XU
Affiliations
  • College of Automobile,Chang'an University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0448
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为了探究平曲线、纵曲线、平纵组合线形对山区高速公路交通事故严重程度的影响,首先,统计分析某山区高速公路263 km路段的线形数据和该路段5年内发生的1 870起事故,并将其分类;然后,根据调研数据的结构形式,建立随机参数logit模型,进而利用该模型研究组合线形对事故严重程度的影响。结果表明:曲线比例(ROC)、加权曲率(CW)、单元坡度差(ΔS2)等因素与仅财产损失事故增加相关,而坡长组合(CSL)与仅财产损失事故减少相关;加权曲率(CW=0.6~0.7)和连续上坡与轻伤事故的事故增加相关,加权曲率(CW=0.3~0.4)、单元坡度差(ΔS1)、曲线比例(ROC)等因素与轻伤事故减少相关;曲率变化率(VRC)、单元半径比(CRF,CRB)、弯坡组合(CSR)等因素与重伤或死亡事故增加相关,曲线比例(ROC)与重伤或死亡事故减少相关;组合线形对事故严重程度有着显著影响。

随机参数logit模型  /  山区高速公路  /  事故严重程度  /  平纵组合线形  /  财产损失事故

In order to investigate the influence of flat curve,longitudinal curve,and flat-long combination of line shapes on the severity of traffic accidents on mountain highways,firstly,the line shape data of a 263 km section of a mountain highway and the 1 870 accidents occurring on the section in five years were statistically analyzed and classified. Then,according to the structural form of the research data,the stochastic parametric logit model was established,and then the model was utilized to study the effect of the combination of line shapes on the severity of accidents. The results show that: the factors of ratio of curve (ROC),weighted curvature (CW),and delta slope (ΔS2) are associated with an increase in property damage-only accidents,whereas the combination of slope lengths (CSL) is associated with a decrease in property damage-only accidents; the weighted curvature (CW=0.6-0.7) and continuous uphill slope are associated with an increase in accidents with minor injuries,and the factors of weighted curvature (CW=0.3-0.4),delta slope (ΔS1),and ratio of curve (ROC) were associated with a decrease in accidents with minor injuries; the variation rate of curvature (VRC),contiguous radius of front and behind (CRF,CRB),and combination of slope and radius (CSR) were associated with an increase in accidents with serious injuries or fatalities,and the ratio of curve (ROC) was associated with a decrease in accidents with serious injuries or fatalities; and the combination of linear shapes had a significant effect on the severity of accidents.

random parameter logit model  /  mountain highway  /  severity of accident  /  horizontal and vertical combined alignments  /  property loss accident
张韡, 高晗昊, 唐鑫琦, 徐坤淼. 基于随机参数logit的山区高速公路事故严重程度研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0448
Wei ZHANG, Hanhao GAO, Xinqi TANG, Kunmiao XU. Research on severity of mountain highway accidents based on random parameter logit model[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0448
公路的线形设计一般要求必须符合《公路工程技术标准》[1]《公路线性设计规范》[2]等相关规定与技术标准,但不同路段上的事故率却存在明显差异[3],为了厘清线形,尤其是组合线形和事故之间的关系,有必要对其进行深入研究。
交通事故的发生与人、车、路以及环境等因素均密切相关[4],有学者[5-7]采用logit模型进行多交通要素间的数据分析,但实际研究过程中将多种相关信息全部纳入模型存在困难,由于相关信息的缺失,某些特定因素会在不同事故中对事故严重程度产生不同的影响,即存在未观测到的异质性[8]。传统的logit模型(如多项式 logit模型)无法观测说明事故的异质性[9-10],故学者们不断改进,得到了能够观测自变量异质性的模型,如随机参数logit模型[11]、混合广义有序模型[12] 、潜类别logit模型[13]等。在多项式logit模型中存在无关选项独立性假设问题,即假定不同道路因素对多起事故的影响是恒定的[14];而在随机参数logit中,通过引入随机扰动项,可以很好地反映事故中的异质性。随机参数logit模型虽然也有不足之处,且在一定程度上限制了均值异质性[15],但因其灵活性较高,仍具有良好的应用前景。
道路线形主要可以分为平面线形和纵面线形。平面线形影响车辆的前进方向,即车辆在转弯过程中会受离心力作用,而离心力的大小受车速和平曲线半径的影响[16]。纵面线形的坡度越大、坡长越长,事故发生的可能性以及事故的严重程度越高[17]。但也有学者对此持不同观点,道路曲线半径与驾驶人焦虑水平呈现较为显著的负相关性[18],当驾驶人主观认为道路较安全时,会以较高车速行驶;与之相对,不安全的行驶环境会促使驾驶人主动降低车速[19]。还有学者通过事故修正系数模型分析得出不同线形组合发生事故的风险不同的结论[20]。高速公路本质上是空间曲线,其前后路段是密不可分的,仅以单一线形指标为研究对象,无法深入挖掘道路线形整体特征对交通事故的潜在影响,具有一定的局限性[21]
鉴于此,笔者拟选用随机参数logit模型,重新定义单一的线形参数,将其变为组合线形参数,并代入模型求解,以得到不同组合线形对交通事故的影响程度,以期为有关部门减少严重事故提供依据。
以我国某典型山区高速公路k0+000—k259+900路段的事故资料为研究对象,查阅该路段的设计图纸,并收集道路交通事故和道路线形2类数据信息。从交管部门获得该路段的道路交通事故信息共1 870条(2013—2018年),每条事故信息均包含事故发生时间、事故地点、事故车辆信息、驾驶人相关信息、事故原因、事故后果等内容。以事故严重程度为因变量,以线形为自变量,并在初步统计时重点关注事故结果和事故地点。按照严重程度将事故分为仅财产损失事故、轻伤事故、重伤事故、死亡事故共4类。调研事故数据发现,重伤事故和死亡事故的数量较少,且收集到的部分事故数据本身将重伤和死亡事故合并统计,参照文献[22],将重伤事故和死亡事故2类数据合并为重伤和死亡事故1个因变量。
道路交通系统是由人、车、路(环境)组成的复杂系统,这使得道路交通事故的发生不仅与道路环境因素有关,而且还与驾驶人和车辆因素有关。本文样本数量最多的事故是人因事故,但由于驾驶人的行为直接受道路环境的影响,故除了疲劳驾驶、醉酒驾驶及显著分心驾驶等特殊人因事故外,大多数事故都会受到道路环境因素的影响。另外,车辆故障因素和极端天气因素在造成交通事故方面与道路环境因素相对独立。所以,为了研究道路环境对事故的影响,本文在统计事故时,排除了车辆故障事故、极端天气事故和完全直接人因事故。
最终在筛选的1 824起事故数据样本中,事故被分为仅财产损失事故、轻伤事故、重伤或死亡事故3类,仅财产损失事故1 580起,轻伤事故125起,重伤或死亡事故119起,其占比分别为 86.6%、6.8%和6.5%。
由于文中侧重于考虑道路线形因素对高速公路事故严重程度的影响,因此,选取道路的线形数据作为主要研究因素。一个完整的道路线形通常由直线、缓和曲线以及平曲线3部分构成。其中,平曲线通常具有固定的曲率半径,直线可以理解为曲率为0的特殊圆曲线,缓和曲线的曲率半径是逐渐变化的,主要用于过渡2种不同曲率的平曲线或直线。
为了分析单一道路线形因素对事故严重程度的影响,首先将文中的山区高速公路进行路段单元划分,划分依据为:把前一个完整线形的圆直点或圆缓点作为起点,把后一个完整线形的缓直点或缓圆点作为终点。由此,将260 km的研究路段划分为307个路段单元;然后,整理统计每一路段单元中的各线形指标,主要包括:
1) 路段单元i的总长度Li
2) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的平曲线长度 L 1 i n,km(下同)。
3) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的平曲线半径 R 1 i n,km(下同)。
4) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的前一个缓和曲线路段长度 L 2 i n
5) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的前一个缓和曲线半径 R 2 i n
6) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的后一个缓和曲线路段长度 L 3 i n
7) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的后一个缓和曲线路段长度 R 3 i n
8) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的竖曲线半径 R 4 i n
9) 路段单元i中的坡度Si
10) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段中的坡度Sin
11) 路段单元i中包含的曲线路段数量u
12) 路段单元i中第n个曲线路段的拐弯方向Tin,若Tin=1则第i个路段单元中第n个曲线路段是左弯,若Tin=2则是右弯。
平面组合线形主要考虑了前后弯道之间的影响,将道路线形的弯道半径、弯道角度、弯道长度等与平面有关的单一线形数据按照定义的公式得到更能综合反映路段弯道特点的平面组合线形。本文共提出6个平面组合线形指标,其定义方式如下:
1) 曲线比例(Ratio of Curve,ROC):指各路段单元中曲线路段所占比例如下:
其计算方法如下:
R O C i = n = 1 u L 1 i n + L 2 i n + L 3 i n L i
式中ROCi为路段单元i中曲线路段所占比例。in取正整数,以下in未特殊说明均取正整数。文中未将直线段长度比例单独作为指标是因为目前过度段长度较长或在该情况下弯道半径较大,故未加以考虑。
2) 加权曲率(Weighted Curvature,CW):表示路段单元中曲线路段偏离直线的程度,即道路弯曲程度。当路段单元中存在2个及2个以上半径不相同的平曲线路段时,CW定义如下:
C W i = n = 1 u L 1 i n R 1 i n
式中:CWi为路段单元i的CW数值; R 1 i n为路段单元i的第n条平曲线的半径,km。
3) 曲率变化率(Variation Rate of Curvature,VRC):指路段单元中路线转角值的变化量与路段长度的比值,其计算方法如下:
V R C i = n = 1 u L 1 i n R 1 i n + L 2 i n 2 R 1 i n + L 3 i n 2 R 1 i n n = 1 u L 1 i n × 180 π × 10 3
式中VRCi为路段单元i的VRC,(°)/km。
4) 相邻路段单元半径比(前)(Contiguous Radius of Front,CRF):指当前路段单元与前一路段单元之间的平曲线半径之比。当某一路段单元中存在2个及2个以上半径不相同的平曲线路段时,取其比值的最大值作为该路段单元的 C R F i值。其计算方法如下:
C R F i = m a x 1 n u 1 n ' k R 1 i n R 1 i - 1 n '
式中:CRFi为当前路段单元i与前一路段单元i-1的平曲线半径之比;k为前一路段单元第i-1段中曲线路段的总数量;n'为第n'个曲线路段;$R_{1(i-1) n^{\prime}}$为路段单元i-1的平曲线半径,km。
5)相邻路段单元半径比(后)(Contiguous Radius of Behind,CRB):指车辆行驶在当前路段单元与后一路段单元之间的平曲线半径之比。当某一路段单元中存在2个及2个以上半径不相同的平曲线路段时,取其比值的最大值作为该路段单元的CRB。其计算方法如下:
C R B i = m a x 1 n u 1 n ' p R 1 i n R 1 ( i + 1 ) n '
式中:CRBi为当前路段单元i与后一路段单元i+1的平曲线半径之比;p为后一路段单元i+1中曲线路段的总数量;$R_{1(i+1) n^{\prime}}$为路段单元i+1的平曲线半径,km。
6) 连续转弯(Continuous Turns,CT):指在某一路段单元中,是否存在2个或2个以上转向相反的弯道。其计算方法如下:
C T i = 0 T i ( n - 1 ) = T i n n ( 2 m ) 1
式中Tin为路段单元i中第n个曲线路段的拐弯方向。
纵面组合线形主要考虑了前后路段单元坡度的变化程度,并由坡度差、上坡或下坡等与高度变化有关的单一参数定义得到相邻路段单元坡度变化情况,用来定性或定量地描述前后坡度相互之间的影响情况。本文共提出3个纵面组合线形指标,其定义方式如下:
1) 相邻路段单元坡度差(前)(Delta Slope 1,ΔS1):指当前路段单元与前一路段单元之间的坡度差。其计算方法如下:
Δ S 1 i = | S i - S i - 1 |
式中:Δ S 1 i为当前路段单元i与前一路段单元i-1的坡度差 %;Si S i - 1分别为当前路段单元i与前一路段单元i-1的纵坡值,%。
2) 相邻路段单元坡度差(后)(Delta Slope 2,ΔS2):指车辆行驶的当前路段单元与后一路段单元之间的坡度差。其计算方法如下:
Δ S 2 i = | S i - S i + 1 |
式中:Δ S 2 i为当前路段单元与后一路段单元的坡度差,%;Si S i + 1分别为当前路段单元与后一路段单元的纵坡值,%。
3) 坡度变化:可以将前后路段单元坡度变化定义为连续上坡、连续下坡、先上坡后下坡再上坡、先下坡后上坡再下坡、先上坡后连续下坡、先下坡后连续上坡、先连续上坡后下坡,共8种情况,如图1所示。其中,Gi表示车辆行驶时所在路段, G i - 1表示前一路段单元, G i + 1表示后一路段单元。
平纵组合线形将路段单元中平面上的线形和纵面上的坡度变化进行综合考虑,能提供指标评判同时转弯和上下坡路段的变化程度。本文共提出3个指标,并进行描述,解决了从无到有的问题,但描述的情况不如平面组合线形指标和纵面组合线形指标具体。平纵组合线形指标及其定义方式如下:
1) 坡长组合(Combination of Slope Length,CSL):指路段单元中坡度与路段长度的乘积。其计算方法如下:
C S L i = S i · L i
式中:CSLi为路段单元i的CSL值,%/km;Si为路段单元i的坡度,%;Li为路段长度,km。
2) 弯坡组合(Combination of Slope and Radius,CSR):指路段单元中纵坡与平曲线半径的比值。当路段单元中存在2个及2个以上半径不相同的曲线路段时,取绝对值最大的CSR作为该路段的CSR值。其计算方法如下:
C S R i = m a x n = 1,2 u S i n R 1 i n
式中:CSRi为路段单元i的CSR值,%/km; S i n为路段单元i中第n条曲线路段的纵坡,%。
3) 平纵半径比(Vertical to Horizontal Radius Ratio,VHR):指某一路段单元中竖曲线半径与平曲线半径的比值。当某一路段单元中存在2个及2个以上平/纵半径不相同的曲线路段时,取数值最大的VHR值作为该路段单元的VHR值。其计算方法如下:
V H R i = m a x R 4 i n R 1 i n n = 1,2 u
式中:VHRi为路段单元i中竖曲线半径与平曲线半径的比值; R 4 i n为路段单元i中第n条曲线路段的竖曲线半径,km。
文中将3种事故严重程度的发生率作为因变量,将12类道路组合线形指标的频数作为自变量,且除“CT”为二分类变量外,其余均为多分类变量。各变量的定义与统计情况见表1。由表1可以看出,需要拟合的候选自变量共有几十个,因为自变量数量大于3,所以该问题适合用logit模型进行求解[23]。另外由于不同logit模型的适用性,选择构建随机参数logit模型。
随机参数logit模型表达式如下:
P i (j) = e x p α i ' j + β - T j X i ' j J e x p ( α i ' j + β - T j X i ' )
式中:αi'j为常数项;i'代表第i'起事故;j为事故的严重程度,取1,2,3分别表示仅财产损失、轻伤、重伤或死亡事故;J为事故的类别数;Xi为事故严重程度的的影响因素集合,如平曲线长度、缓和曲线长度、纵坡、坡长等; β ¯ j为事故严重程度为j时某一影响因素的待估参数,随机参数logit模型中假定 β ¯ j服从某种分布,即 β ¯ j ~ f β ¯ j θ,则 β ¯ j的第k个分量表示为:
β - i ' j k = u k j + σ k j v i ' j k
式中:k代表第k个自变量;ukj为事故严重程度为j的第k个自变量的参数均值;σkj为事故严重程度为j的第k个自变量的参数标准差;vi'jk为第i'起事故中事故严重程度为j的第k个自变量的不可观测随机效应,均值和方差分别为0和1。
除“CT”这一变量外,由于本文所有组合线形因素的类别数均大于3,故在将变量纳入模型进行拟合分析前,需要将N分类自变量转化为N-1个虚拟自变量(Variance Inflation Factor,VIF),以自变量的某一分类作为参照变量,来研究不同类别组合线形因素对事故严重程度的影响。本文借助stata15.0检验VIF值,共有67个,VIF值最大的几项分别是X37(2.99)、X57(2.71)、X122(2.65)、X27(2.54)、X56(2.45)、 X121(2.44)等。其中,最大的VIF值(X37)为2.99,小于10;计算VIF均值为1.93,也远小于10。因此,本文道路组合线形虚拟变量间不存在严重的共线性问题,可进行建模分析。
借助Nlogit5.0软件采用最大似然法进行参数估计,以显著水平0.1作为筛选显著变量的阈值,将数次拟合后的结果作为多项式logit的候选自变量。在多项式logit结果的基础上,基于Halton抽样法,采用蒙特卡罗法进行参数估计,显著性阈值为0.1的变量作为随机参数logit的候选自变量。模型参数估计结果见表2
表2可知:X22这一变量在轻伤事故中参数估计服从均值为1.098、标准差为1.155的正态分布,其余变量退化为固定参数。将其中显著自变量的参数估计值β带入随机参数logit模型,可得到不同事故严重程度的可观测效用函数形式如下:
U 1 = 1.314 × X 13 + 1.117 × X 23 - 1.182 × X 46 + 0.913 × X 76 + 0.786 × X 123
式中U1为仅财产损失事故起数。组合线形变量对仅财产损失事故严重程度的影响如图2所示。
$\begin{aligned} U_{2}= & -1.911 \times X_{12}-2.317 \times X_{22}+1.416 \times \\ & X_{25}-1.608 \times X_{45}-1.968 \times X_{64}-0.727 \times \\ & X_{64}-1.493 \times X_{75}+0.843 \times X_{121} \end{aligned}$
式中U2为轻伤事故起数。组合线形变量对轻伤事故严重程度的影响如图3所示。
U 3 = - 1.863 - 0.947 × X 14 + 0.648 × X 36 + 0.476 × X 57 + 0.346 × X 81 + 0.538 × X 92
式中U3为重伤或死亡事故起数。组合线形变量对重伤或死亡事故严重程度的影响如图4所示。
由上述模型结果可知:在ROC为0.5~0.6,CW=0.4~0.5 时,与后一路段单元坡度差大于4%,先下坡后上坡再下坡的情况下易于发生山区高速公路仅财产损失事故;在CSL大于4%/km的情况下不易于发生山区高速公路仅财产损失事故。
在CW=0.6~0.7时,连续上坡的情况下容易发生轻伤事故;在CW=0.3~0.4时,前一路段单元坡度差为2%~3%,ROC为0.4~0.5,CSL为3%/km~4%/km,与后一路段单元坡度差为3%~4%,与前一路段单元坡度差为3%~4%的情况下不易于发生轻伤事故。
在VRC为80~100(°)/km,与CRB为0.3~0.6,CSR大于10%/km,与CRF小于0.3的情况下容易发生重伤或死亡事故;在ROC为0.7~0.8的情况下不易于发生重伤或死亡事故。
为了验证随机参数logit模型结果的拟合程度,可以通过χ2,赤池信息量准则(Akaike Information Criterion,AIC),贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian Information Criterion,BIC),Mcfadden Pseudo R2多种指标对模型最后的运算结果进行拟合优度检验,拟合优度结果见表3
表3可知:随机参数logit模型结果的χ2为 1 962.26,在自由度为 20、显著水平0.01的情况下,大于临界值χ2(20)=37.57,表明该模型的有效性。另外,表征模型适配性的AIC指标和BIC指标越小代表拟合程度越高[24],文中的AIC值和BIC值均小于2 300,相对较小。最后,伪判定系数R2也是一种常用的判断拟合程度的指标[25],伪判定系数R2中常用的Mcfadden Pseudo R2指标在0.3~0.5范围内,认为拟合程度良好[26];文中结果的Mcfadden Pseudo R2值为0.48,属于取值范围内。综上所述,通过χ2、AIC、BIC、Mcfadden Pseudo R2多种指标都印证了模型结果的有效性。
平面线形的ROC和CW在中等范围时较易发生交通事故。当道路中ROC在0.5~0.6时,车辆行驶至该类路段上更容易发生仅财产损失事故(β=1.314***),当道路的CW在中等范围(0.3~0.4)时,车辆行驶在道路上发生仅财产损失事故和轻伤事故的可能性较高,参数估计分别为β=1.117***β=1.416***。 这是由于在中等范围的弯道时,驾驶人需要多次驶入和驶出弯道,连续多次转动方向盘,容易发生不安全操作,进而导致事故的发生。且由于在弯道前一般驾驶员都会进行减速,故发生重伤或死亡事故的概率较小,事故多为轻伤和仅财产损失事故。
VRC较大的情况下,易发生重伤或死亡事故(β=0.648*)。 VRC较大,可以认为是该路段曲线的转弯半径较小,弯道较急。驾驶人行驶到该路段时,需相对大角度、快速地转动方向盘,当车速过快时,易发生侧滑或侧翻等严重程度较高的事故。
相邻路段单元半径相差较大时(CRF<0.3,CRB=0.3~0.6),发生重伤或死亡事故的可能性相对较高(β=0.346***β=0.538***),这是由于前一路段对后一路段产生影响导致的。在前一路段半径较小,后一路段半径较大时,驾驶人会产生过于安全的心理预期,进而采取加速行为,最终产生危险。反之,在前一路段半径较大,后一路段半径较小时,若车速未降到安全范围之内,较大的离心力易使车辆发生侧翻侧滑事故。
相邻路段的坡度变化与交通事故的发生有着较为复杂的关系。当相邻路段具有中等范围坡度差时(Δ S 1 i、Δ S 2 i=2%~4%),发生仅财产损失事故和重伤或死亡事故的可能性较大,而发生轻伤事故的可能性相对较小。当连续上坡时易发生轻伤事故(β=0.843***),这是由于不同类型的汽车比功率的不同,导致不同类型的汽车爬坡时车速不同;因此后车可能需要超车,但由于连续上坡增加了超车时间进一步加剧了超车时的危险性,更使得此时易发生事故。但上坡时车速普遍相对偏低,所以发生的事故严重程度不高,易发生轻伤事故。
另外,相邻路段坡度的性质会影响驾驶员的心理预期,进而对事故率产生影响。例如先下坡、后上坡、再下坡的组合路段中,易发生仅财产损失事故(β=0.796**)。这可能是由于前一路段对后一路段产生影响,先下坡后上坡的上坡路段会使得驾驶人对道路的安全敏感度下降,并有持续踩下油门踏板提高车速的心理预期,最终造成在下坡路段车速过快易发生事故。而当与后路段单元的坡度差很大时(Δ S 2 i>4%),易发生仅财产损失事故(β=0.913**)。这是由于在坡道交界处,视野受限进而导致事故;但是当坡度很大时,驾驶人可以明确地察觉到坡度的存在,进而提高警惕、采取安全措施,故发生的事故多为仅财产损失事故。
平纵组合线形中的CSL和CSR较为影响行车安全。文中的模型结果显示,当车辆在CSL>3%/km 的道路上行驶时,发生仅财产损失事故和轻伤事故的可能性较低小(β=-1.182***β=-1.608***)。该数值越大意味着该路段落差较大,车辆在行驶过程中有大量势能转化成行车制动系统的热能,从而易于引发制动失效的恶性事故。由于该路段所发生的事故大多为严重的恶性事故,反而使得仅财产损失事故和轻伤事故的可能性较低。
当CSR值>10%/km时,发生重伤或死亡事故的可能性高(β=0.476*)。这是因为该数值越大意味着此路段陡坡且急弯,车辆的运动状态需要频繁调整,而且车辆的技术性能衰减较快,增加了驾驶人的操作难度,一旦驾驶人出现操作失误,将极易导致侧翻侧滑及冲出路外的恶性事故。
1) 文中提出平面组合线形、纵面组合线形、平纵组合线形等指标,并经过显著性检验。
2) 道路组合线形对事故的严重程度有着显著影响,特别是VRC为80~100 (°)/km、与CRB为0.3~0.6、CSR大于10%/km以及与CRF小于0.3的路段,更易于发生致人重伤或死亡的恶性道路交通事故。
3) 文中研究数据来源仅为260 km的山区高速公路,未考虑“人、车、路、环境”除“路”以外的要素,并未深入研究事故严重程度的影响机制。可以将进一步增加样本量,优化组合线形类型。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51978075)
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0448
  • 接收时间:2023-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-11
  • 修回日期:2024-01-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(51978075)
作者信息
    长安大学 汽车学院,西安 陕西 710064

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**高晗昊(1999—),男,山东青岛人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为道路交通安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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