Article(id=1149738776496353533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0170-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=1713369600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048685430, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048685430, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048685430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048685430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738776878035198, articleId=1149738776496353533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Generation method of unmanned driving scenario library for complex campus environment, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accelerate the speed and efficiency of autonomous systems testing,the method of generating a scene database for unmanned driving in campus environments was proposed. Firstly,the simulation test scenarios in complex campus environment were analyzed,and the campus scenes were simplified as a combination of road network structure,ground properties,interacting members and environmental factors. Secondly,the method of generating the scene database based on importance indicators was proposed to solve the boundedness of the campus scenario database. Then,the complexity indicators and interest probability indicators were used to describe the importance indicators of scenarios. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) was used to evaluate the complexity of the scenario. The interest probability of the scenario was calculated by combining the kernel density estimation method and the interested weight calculation method. Next,the parameter space was segmented to obtain the set of similar scenarios,and the scenario sets were sorted according to test priority and importance indicators. The filtered scenarios were gradually added to the test scenario database,and the scenario database with test sequences was generated. Finally,the test evaluations based on the real-world campus scenario database were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the scenario database generation method proposed in this paper. The results show that the campus test scenes can be effectively described using four scene elements and the tree structure. The method proposed in this paper can generate a campus test scene library with high test efficiency,high coverage,conformity to natural probability,and interest interval,which is helpful to improve the efficiency of unmanned simulation test in complex campus environment.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei XIANG, Shaobin WU, Xuze LIN, Zexin YAN, Ming ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738786654958242, articleId=1149738776496353533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=面向校园复杂环境的无人驾驶场景库生成方法, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为加快无人驾驶系统测试的速度和效率,提出校园环境无人驾驶场景库的生成方法。首先,将校园道路场景简化为路网结构、地面属性、交互成员、环境因素的组合,分析校园复杂环境的仿真测试场景;其次,针对测试场景库局限性较强的问题,提出基于重要性指标的场景库生成方法;然后,采用复杂度指标和兴趣概率指标描述场景重要性指标,应用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)评估场景复杂度,并结合核密度估计方法和感兴趣权重计算场景兴趣概率;再次,分割参数空间获取相似场景集合,并按照测试优先度和重要性指标对场景集合排序,逐步添加筛选出的场景到测试场景库中,生成带有测试序列的场景库;最后,在基于真实环境下的校园环境道路数据生成的测试场景库中进行测试评价,验证场景库生成方法的有效性。结果表明:采用4种场景要素和树形结构能够有效描述校园测试场景,基于重要性指标的校园场景库生成方法能够生成高测试效率、高覆盖度、吻合自然概率及兴趣区间的校园测试场景库,能够提高校园复杂环境无人驾驶仿真测试的效率。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LLIMrN5wTg/hbXfbPx87nQ==, magXml=6Ql0cPubSOME2+FpDb0vVA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VyHuDeNWjfYLrK9oXHuj6A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Stxn250954SnmMKPB8zN8Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

向 巍 (1983—),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事汽车运用和汽车智能技术方面的研究。E-mail:

吴绍斌 副教授

, authorsList=向巍, 吴绍斌, 林绪泽, 闫泽新, 张明)}, authors=[Author(id=1168186527118012966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=12276275@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1168186527210287656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527118012966, language=EN, stringName=Wei XIANG, firstName=Wei, middleName=null, lastName=XIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Department of Automotive Engineering,Guizhou Communications Polytechnic,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1168186527373865513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527118012966, language=CN, stringName=向巍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 贵州交通职业技术大学 汽车系,贵州 贵阳 550008, bio={"img":"j40uZtzIp11m+M13Tm0b8g==","content":"

向 巍 (1983—),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事汽车运用和汽车智能技术方面的研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=j40uZtzIp11m+M13Tm0b8g==, bioContent=

向 巍 (1983—),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事汽车运用和汽车智能技术方面的研究。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168186526719554073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526778274330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526719554073, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Department of Automotive Engineering,Guizhou Communications Polytechnic,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526786662939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526719554073, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 贵州交通职业技术大学 汽车系,贵州 贵阳 550008)])]), Author(id=1168186527453557291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1168186527524860462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527453557291, language=EN, stringName=Shaobin WU, firstName=Shaobin, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
3 Beijing Institute of Technology of Zhengzhou Academy of Intelligent Technology,Zhengzhou Henan 450046,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1168186527600357935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527453557291, language=CN, stringName=吴绍斌, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, address=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
3 北理工郑州智能科技研究院,河南 郑州 450046, bio={"content":"

吴绍斌 副教授

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

吴绍斌 副教授

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168186526870549020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526874743325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526878937630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168186526954435103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526958629408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526954435103, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Beijing Institute of Technology of Zhengzhou Academy of Intelligent Technology,Zhengzhou Henan 450046,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526967018017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526954435103, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 北理工郑州智能科技研究院,河南 郑州 450046)])]), Author(id=1168186527663272497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1168186527726187059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527663272497, language=EN, stringName=Xuze LIN, firstName=Xuze, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1168186527864599092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527663272497, language=CN, stringName=林绪泽, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168186526870549020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526874743325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526878937630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1168186527948485174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1168186528023982648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527948485174, language=EN, stringName=Zexin YAN, firstName=Zexin, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1168186528116257337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186527948485174, language=CN, stringName=闫泽新, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168186526870549020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526874743325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526878937630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1168186528179171899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1168186528246280765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186528179171899, language=EN, stringName=Ming ZHANG, firstName=Ming, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4 HanKaiSi Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1168186528313389630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, authorId=1168186528179171899, language=CN, stringName=张明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4 翰凯斯智能技术有限公司,贵州 贵阳 550008, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168186527038321186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186527042515491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186527038321186, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 HanKaiSi Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186527050904100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186527038321186, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 翰凯斯智能技术有限公司,贵州 贵阳 550008)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1168186528439218751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=complex campus environment), Keyword(id=1168186528518910528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=unmanned driving), Keyword(id=1168186528699265601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=generation of scenario library), Keyword(id=1168186528749597250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=scenario model), Keyword(id=1168186528808317507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=importance indicators), Keyword(id=1168186528862843460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=校园复杂环境), Keyword(id=1168186528917369413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=无人驾驶), Keyword(id=1168186528971895366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=场景库生成), Keyword(id=1168186529051587143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=场景模型), Keyword(id=1168186529194193480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=重要性指标)], refs=[Reference(id=1168186530410541656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=32, issue=8, pageStart=140, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=罗崎瑞, 张道文, 周华, journalName=中国安全科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗崎瑞, 张道文, 周华, 等. 面向智能汽车预期功能安全的驾驶场景评价[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2022, 32(8): 140-145., articleTitle=面向智能汽车预期功能安全的驾驶场景评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530469261913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=32, issue=8, pageStart=140, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LUO Qirui, ZHANG Daowen, ZHOU Hua, journalName=China Safety Science Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Qirui, ZHANG Daowen, ZHOU Hua, et al. Evaluation on driving scenarios for safety of intended functionality of intelligent vehicles[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(8): 140-145., articleTitle=Evaluation on driving scenarios for safety of intended functionality of intelligent vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530507010650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2019, issue=1, pageStart=134, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=GAO Feng, DUAN Jianli, HE Yingdong, journalName=Mathematical Problems in Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Feng, DUAN Jianli, HE Yingdong, et al. A test scenario automatic generation strategy for intelligent driving systems[J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, 2019(1): 134-144., articleTitle=A test scenario automatic generation strategy for intelligent driving systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530569925211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1354, pageEnd=1359, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=LI Sisi, WANG Whenshuo, MO Zhaobin, journalName=2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Sisi, WANG Whenshuo, MO Zhaobin, et al. Cluster naturalistic driving encounters using deep unsupervised learning[C]. 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2018: 1354-1359., articleTitle=Cluster naturalistic driving encounters using deep unsupervised learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530628645468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=BEGLEROVIC H, STOLZ M, HORN M, journalName=2017 IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), refType=null, unstructuredReference=BEGLEROVIC H, STOLZ M, HORN M. Testing of autonomous vehicles using surrogate models and stochastic optimization[C]. 2017 IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2017: 1-6., articleTitle=Testing of autonomous vehicles using surrogate models and stochastic optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530716725853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LEE R, KOCHENDERFER M J, MENGSHOEL O J, journalName=2015 IEEE/AIAA 34th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE R, KOCHENDERFER M J, MENGSHOEL O J, et al. Adaptive stress testing of airborne collision avoidance systems[C]. 2015 IEEE/AIAA 34th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2015: 1-13., articleTitle=Adaptive stress testing of airborne collision avoidance systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530771251806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=40, issue=12, pageStart=435, pageEnd=1, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=胡林, 易平, 黄晶, journalName=汽车工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡林, 易平, 黄晶, 等. 基于真实事故案例的自动紧急制动系统两轮车测试场景研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2018, 40(12): 1 435-1 446,1 453., articleTitle=基于真实事故案例的自动紧急制动系统两轮车测试场景研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530813194847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=40, issue=12, pageStart=435, pageEnd=1, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=HU Lin, YI Ping, HUANG Jing, journalName=Automotive Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Lin, YI Ping, HUANG Jing, et al. A research on test scenes of two-wheeled vehicles for automatic emergency braking system based on real accident cases[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2018, 40(12): 1 435-1 446,1 453., articleTitle=A research on test scenes of two-wheeled vehicles for automatic emergency braking system based on real accident cases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530871915104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=49, issue=4, pageStart=475, pageEnd=492, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=FERRARA A, VECCHIO C, journalName=Nonlinear Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FERRARA A, VECCHIO C. Collision avoidance strategies and coordinated control of passenger vehicles[J]. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2007, 49(4): 475-492., articleTitle=Collision avoidance strategies and coordinated control of passenger vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530922246753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=75, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=KOOPMAN P, journalName=The 1st International Workshop on Safe Control of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOOPMAN P. Challenges in autonomous vehicle validation: keynote presentation abstract[C]. The 1st International Workshop on Safe Control of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE, 2017: 75-85., articleTitle=Challenges in autonomous vehicle validation: keynote presentation abstract, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186530968384098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=曹树星, journalName=自动驾驶汽车测试场景库构建与应用研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹树星. 自动驾驶汽车测试场景库构建与应用研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186531014521443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=CAO Shuxing, journalName=Research on construction and application of 'test scenario library of automated vehicle, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Shuxing. Research on construction and application of 'test scenario library of automated vehicle[D]. Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186531064853092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=311, pageEnd=314, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=徐泽水, journalName=系统工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐泽水. 模糊互补判断矩阵排序的一种算法[J]. 系统工程学报, 2001, 16(4): 311-314., articleTitle=模糊互补判断矩阵排序的一种算法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186531119379045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=311, pageEnd=314, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=XU Zeshui, journalName=Journal of Systems Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Zeshui. Algorithm for priority of fuzzy complementary judgement matrix[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering, 2001, 16(4): 311-314., articleTitle=Algorithm for priority of fuzzy complementary judgement matrix, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186531178099302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1956, volume=27, issue=3, pageStart=832, pageEnd=837, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=ROSENBLATT M, journalName=The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROSENBLATT M. Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function[J]. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1956, 27(3): 832-837., articleTitle=Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168186531241013863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1962, volume=33, issue=3, pageStart=1065, pageEnd=1076, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=15, authorNames=PARZEN E, journalName=The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PARZEN E. On estimation of a probability density function and mode[J]. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1962, 33(3): 1065-1076., articleTitle=On estimation of a probability density function and mode, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168186530288906839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, awardId=2022-121-012, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省交通运输厅科技项目(2022-121-012), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168186526719554073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526778274330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526719554073, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Department of Automotive Engineering,Guizhou Communications Polytechnic,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526786662939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526719554073, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 贵州交通职业技术大学 汽车系,贵州 贵阳 550008)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168186526870549020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526874743325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526878937630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526870549020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168186526954435103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526958629408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526954435103, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Beijing Institute of Technology of Zhengzhou Academy of Intelligent Technology,Zhengzhou Henan 450046,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186526967018017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186526954435103, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 北理工郑州智能科技研究院,河南 郑州 450046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168186527038321186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186527042515491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186527038321186, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 HanKaiSi Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168186527050904100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, companyId=1168186527038321186, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 翰凯斯智能技术有限公司,贵州 贵阳 550008)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168186529336799817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Campus scene elements and attributes, figureFileSmall=2ny3nVjW52IVCKi4Ef6sAg==, figureFileBig=WsOc375PS0SjZjJnpHWGUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529391325770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=图1, caption=校园场景要素及属性, figureFileSmall=2ny3nVjW52IVCKi4Ef6sAg==, figureFileBig=WsOc375PS0SjZjJnpHWGUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529466823243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Framework of generation method for testing scenario library, figureFileSmall=C44vQ23cBbFImt89GJ4KDA==, figureFileBig=kihMFt7KIK0UA59/sFWD1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529529737804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=图2, caption=测试场景库生成方法框架, figureFileSmall=C44vQ23cBbFImt89GJ4KDA==, figureFileBig=kihMFt7KIK0UA59/sFWD1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529592652365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flowchart of similar scene set segmentation, figureFileSmall=BZSFGUwUMb7kbFDMbwRhhw==, figureFileBig=DYLZ3ptP4IrPLHKV4P7fzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529655566926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=图3, caption=相似场景集合分割流程, figureFileSmall=BZSFGUwUMb7kbFDMbwRhhw==, figureFileBig=DYLZ3ptP4IrPLHKV4P7fzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529705898575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of pedestrian speed probability density, figureFileSmall=PPvaKR6GhMxNKC0ugQdE2A==, figureFileBig=2ehivWCpsLKMKIlqU/Ijdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529793978960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=图4, caption=行人速度概率密度对比, figureFileSmall=PPvaKR6GhMxNKC0ugQdE2A==, figureFileBig=2ehivWCpsLKMKIlqU/Ijdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529861087825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Example of simulation scenarios, figureFileSmall=LFOi6YMA3f17nj8RjLAubQ==, figureFileBig=jbzBtZMpPQYceAJNkGxDzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186529911419474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=图5, caption=无人驾驶场景示例, figureFileSmall=LFOi6YMA3f17nj8RjLAubQ==, figureFileBig=jbzBtZMpPQYceAJNkGxDzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186530012082771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of mean values and number of evaluations for two batches of tests, figureFileSmall=p4b7i9zI4bxihG8dnXaOxg==, figureFileBig=/OqBGL4kePbcJEq2HPFIRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186530058220116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2轮测试均值与测评次数对比, figureFileSmall=p4b7i9zI4bxihG8dnXaOxg==, figureFileBig=/OqBGL4kePbcJEq2HPFIRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186530104357461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation results of classic algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价项 平均分数
全局规划 任务1 325.6
任务2 252.9
任务3 138.6
总任务分 34.5
局部规划 行人 任务4 268.7
任务5 200.8
任务6 159.8
车辆 任务7 328.6
任务8 288.4
任务9 256.7
总任务分 30.6
总分 587.7
), ArticleFig(id=1168186530167272022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738776496353533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

经典算法评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价项 平均分数
全局规划 任务1 325.6
任务2 252.9
任务3 138.6
总任务分 34.5
局部规划 行人 任务4 268.7
任务5 200.8
任务6 159.8
车辆 任务7 328.6
任务8 288.4
任务9 256.7
总任务分 30.6
总分 587.7
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1123942128916217864, delFlag=0, nameCn=中国安全科学学报, nameEn=China Safety Science Journal, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1003-3033, eissn=, cn=11-2865/X, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=fkqsFM6VKlHC4gCtS5XqTw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chin Saf Sci J, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1754269350027, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=C, firstLetterEn=C, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=fkqsFM6VKlHC4gCtS5XqTw==, picEn=SHn9HgqSxtJrOcAxqD++4Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1159052918994595848, language=CN, name=中国安全科学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.cssjj.com.cn/, createdTime=1754269350050, updatedTime=1754269350050, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.cssjj.com.cn/CN/column/item15.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://zgaqkxxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1159052919040733193, language=EN, name=China Safety Science Journal, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.cssjj.com.cn/EN/1003-3033/home.shtml, createdTime=1754269350061, updatedTime=1754269350061, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/EN/column/column3.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://zgaqkxxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://zgaqkxxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031787341344770, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202345263519, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031787341344770, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112766, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753502583634, updateBy=18614031015, name=《中国安全科学学报》中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=中国安全科学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148618794941046792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202345263519, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751781661020, updateTime=1751781661020, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618794911686661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202345263519, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751781661012, updateTime=1751781661012, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618794894909444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202345263519, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=tui0IVO9FMwB61HHtX5scg==, createTime=1751781661008, updateTime=1751781661008, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618794932658183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202345263519, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751781661017, updateTime=1751781661017, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618794924269574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202345263519, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751781661015, updateTime=1751781661015, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155836763751993353, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031787341344770, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753502558893, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753524450387, updateBy=18614031015, name=《中国安全科学学报》英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=China Safety Science Journal, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155895925743669425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155836763751993353, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753516664205, updateTime=1753516664205, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155895925722697902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155836763751993353, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753516664200, updateTime=1753516664200, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155895925714309293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155836763751993353, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=tui0IVO9FMwB61HHtX5scg==, createTime=1753516664198, updateTime=1753516664198, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155895925735280816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155836763751993353, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753516664203, updateTime=1753516664203, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155895925731086511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155836763751993353, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753516664202, updateTime=1753516664202, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=China Safety Science Journal, journalPhotoCn=fkqsFM6VKlHC4gCtS5XqTw==, journalPhotoEn=SHn9HgqSxtJrOcAxqD++4Q==, journalFirstLetter=C, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=1, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=null, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/EN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/PDF/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/EN/PDF/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
面向校园复杂环境的无人驾驶场景库生成方法
收藏切换
PDF下载
向巍 1 , 吴绍斌 2, 3 , 林绪泽 2 , 闫泽新 2 , 张明 4
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(7): 170-177
收起
收藏切换
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(7): 170-177
面向校园复杂环境的无人驾驶场景库生成方法
全屏
向巍1 , 吴绍斌2, 3, 林绪泽2, 闫泽新2, 张明4
作者信息
  • 1 贵州交通职业技术大学 汽车系,贵州 贵阳 550008
  • 2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 3 北理工郑州智能科技研究院,河南 郑州 450046
  • 4 翰凯斯智能技术有限公司,贵州 贵阳 550008
  • 向 巍 (1983—),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事汽车运用和汽车智能技术方面的研究。E-mail:

    吴绍斌 副教授

Generation method of unmanned driving scenario library for complex campus environment
Wei XIANG1 , Shaobin WU2, 3, Xuze LIN2, Zexin YAN2, Ming ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Automotive Engineering,Guizhou Communications Polytechnic,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
  • 3 Beijing Institute of Technology of Zhengzhou Academy of Intelligent Technology,Zhengzhou Henan 450046,China
  • 4 HanKaiSi Intelligent Technology Co.,Ltd.,Guiyang Guizhou 550008,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141
文章导航
收藏切换

为加快无人驾驶系统测试的速度和效率,提出校园环境无人驾驶场景库的生成方法。首先,将校园道路场景简化为路网结构、地面属性、交互成员、环境因素的组合,分析校园复杂环境的仿真测试场景;其次,针对测试场景库局限性较强的问题,提出基于重要性指标的场景库生成方法;然后,采用复杂度指标和兴趣概率指标描述场景重要性指标,应用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)评估场景复杂度,并结合核密度估计方法和感兴趣权重计算场景兴趣概率;再次,分割参数空间获取相似场景集合,并按照测试优先度和重要性指标对场景集合排序,逐步添加筛选出的场景到测试场景库中,生成带有测试序列的场景库;最后,在基于真实环境下的校园环境道路数据生成的测试场景库中进行测试评价,验证场景库生成方法的有效性。结果表明:采用4种场景要素和树形结构能够有效描述校园测试场景,基于重要性指标的校园场景库生成方法能够生成高测试效率、高覆盖度、吻合自然概率及兴趣区间的校园测试场景库,能够提高校园复杂环境无人驾驶仿真测试的效率。

校园复杂环境  /  无人驾驶  /  场景库生成  /  场景模型  /  重要性指标

In order to accelerate the speed and efficiency of autonomous systems testing,the method of generating a scene database for unmanned driving in campus environments was proposed. Firstly,the simulation test scenarios in complex campus environment were analyzed,and the campus scenes were simplified as a combination of road network structure,ground properties,interacting members and environmental factors. Secondly,the method of generating the scene database based on importance indicators was proposed to solve the boundedness of the campus scenario database. Then,the complexity indicators and interest probability indicators were used to describe the importance indicators of scenarios. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) was used to evaluate the complexity of the scenario. The interest probability of the scenario was calculated by combining the kernel density estimation method and the interested weight calculation method. Next,the parameter space was segmented to obtain the set of similar scenarios,and the scenario sets were sorted according to test priority and importance indicators. The filtered scenarios were gradually added to the test scenario database,and the scenario database with test sequences was generated. Finally,the test evaluations based on the real-world campus scenario database were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the scenario database generation method proposed in this paper. The results show that the campus test scenes can be effectively described using four scene elements and the tree structure. The method proposed in this paper can generate a campus test scene library with high test efficiency,high coverage,conformity to natural probability,and interest interval,which is helpful to improve the efficiency of unmanned simulation test in complex campus environment.

complex campus environment  /  unmanned driving  /  generation of scenario library  /  scenario model  /  importance indicators
向巍, 吴绍斌, 林绪泽, 闫泽新, 张明. 面向校园复杂环境的无人驾驶场景库生成方法. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 170 -177 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141
Wei XIANG, Shaobin WU, Xuze LIN, Zexin YAN, Ming ZHANG. Generation method of unmanned driving scenario library for complex campus environment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 170 -177 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141
随着无人驾驶技术的发展,无人驾驶车辆逐渐在各种场景中应用,如城市道路、高速公路、越野环境、矿区、学校等。不同场景对无人驾驶车辆有着不同的要求,校园场景具有行人多、建筑密集、环境复杂、非结构化道路较多、下课时段交通参与者增多等特点,对于校园复杂环境下的无人驾驶测试评价,需要面对更多的难题和挑战。校园环境无人驾驶技术的研究需要大量的测试和数据支撑,测试场景的规范化定义和仿真测试场景库生成技术可以在一定程度上加快测试的速度和效率,并提高测试结果的可靠性和全面性[1]。因此,需要研究能够体现校园环境特点的仿真场景库构建方法,以适应校园环境的无人驾驶车辆发展需求。
一般而言,无人驾驶系统的目标测试场景分为典型场景和边界场景2类。典型场景用于测试系统的综合性能,而边界场景的关注区域在场景参数空间的边界,可检验系统在极限条件下的性能。通过分析真实交通数据及标准法规,为生成的场景提供理论支撑。根据数据来源以及测试目标,不同的研究者提出大量的生成方法,具有代表性包括:典型场景组合生成方法[2]、典型场景聚类生成方法[3]、边界场景优化生成方法[4]、边界场景自适应生成方法[5]。目前,主流的场景生成方法在场景复杂程度、覆盖度、测试效率等多种因素的考量上并不全面,生成的测试场景库具有局限性。典型场景的生成方法具有场景参数覆盖度高的优点,能够涵盖较广的测试情景[6],但同时也容易生成大量的同质场景,降低测试效率。而边界场景的生成方法能够有效提高测试效率,但往往更适用于碰撞场景[7],对于其他类型的场景,边界探索的适配度相对较低。如何在关注场景的多样性和覆盖度的同时,避免生成过多同质场景或忽略某些重要场景,是需要深入探究的内容。
鉴于此,笔者拟面向校园复杂环境的仿真测试场景,分析校园环境多层级场景元素组成,研究基于重要性指标的场景库生成方法,构建校园环境的无人驾驶仿真场景库,并应用所构建的校园环境无人驾驶仿真场景库进行规划技术评测,验证所提出方法的有效性,以期为校园复杂场景仿真和无人驾驶测试优化提供理论和技术支持。
无人驾驶测试场景是若干要素组合成的集合,运用场景模型描述不同的场景要素,从而清晰定义测试场景。从校园场景要素对无人驾驶系统各个模块的功能影响出发,将校园场景要素分为路网结构、地面属性、交互成员、环境因素,如图1所示。校园场景的路网结构分为路段和拓扑结构,具有非结构化的特点,道路的出入口多,有的道路没有车道线;地面属性分为地面特性和路面特性,通常具有沥青路面、石块铺装路等不同的属性;交互成员分为测试车辆自身、静态成员和动态成员,其中,动态成员在场景要素中占据重要地位,行人、自行车和电动自行车等校园环境中常见的交通成员具有很大的非均匀性,在上下课高峰时段,上述交通成员会占据整个道路,而在非高峰期,道路上只有很少的交通成员。环境因素分为光照、天气、气温、电磁干扰等。场景要素和子要素之间使用树形结构来描述。同时,子要素也根据场景建模的需求和应用场景的复杂程度进行动态扩展。校园场景的子要素属性用来描述要素的各种特征和状态,如道路的宽度,车辆的位置、速度、加速度等,行人的行走方向等。场景中的各要素属性之间并不是解耦的,而是有着很强的关联,如不同雨雪量对路面摩擦因数影响不同,车辆的加速度和速度之间也存在联系。
由于无人驾驶车辆行驶环境的要素多且复杂,无人驾驶仿真测试尽量模拟实际测试,需构建场景库以表现不同道路环境和交通情况。场景库的生成应确保测试场景具有挑战性并覆盖边界场景,以提高仿真测试的效率[8]。在生成场景库时考虑场景的复杂度和兴趣概率2个因素[9]。选取这2个指标作为场景库生成的准则,确保生成的测试场景库具有多样性和代表性,同时,也覆盖不同难度级别的场景,以测试无人驾驶系统的鲁棒性和可靠性。
基于重要性指标的测试场景库生成方法框架如图2所示。重要性指标结合了场景复杂度指标及场景兴趣概率指标,综合表征单个场景在测试场景库中的重要程度。其中,运用模糊层次分析法(Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process,FAHP)确定不同关键要素属性间的复杂度权重,并根据不同要素属性的特点,提出多种复杂度数值评定方法;使用核密度估计方法得到场景的自然概率密度,并引入感兴趣权重,提高在测评的感兴趣区间内的参数概率,得到场景兴趣概率指标。具体的场景生成过程中,首先对场景参数空间内,把重要性指标接近的相似场景聚集在一起,将参数空间划分为一个相似场景集合;按照平均重要性大小进行排列;考虑到关键要素属性参数的覆盖度,降低已存在参数的测试优先度权重,循环遍历依次筛选出测试场景,构成一个有测试序列的测试场景库。
场景复杂度指标反映场景中关键要素的属性取值对系统表现的影响,并体现场景的复杂程度。考虑到不同属性对场景复杂度的影响程度存在差异,首先,基于FAHP法得到各个关键要素对于其下属性的权重;然后,根据属性的不同特征,给出不同的属性复杂度评定方法;最后,按照层级依次向上加权得到场景复杂度指标。
1) 影响权重定量分析。FAHP法能够综合多个因素的影响,将多个指标进行层次化,同时考虑到各个层次指标的权重,从而得出最终的评价结果[10]。需要构建同一层级下的模糊互补判断矩阵。基于已有的关键要素与属性之间的层次关系,两两比较属于同一关键要素下的属性,从而确定各个属性之间相对于上一层要素的重要性程度。若需对要素 E i下的 m i个属性( A i 1 A i 2,…, A i m i)分析复杂度权重,可邀请相关领域的专家使用标度法分别分析各属性的影响程度。分析时需要借助标度 a h f进行判定,将全部 m i个属性两两比较的结果的对应标度组合起来,得到模糊互补判断矩阵 M i,通过标度计算出各要素的权重,组成权重向量 W i
2) 属性复杂度评定。在进行关键要素属性复杂度评定时,考虑到不同属性的特点及属性取值的多样性,需要采用不同的方法进行评估。有些属性可直接使用数字进行量化,但也有一些属性需要借助其他的方法来确定它们的复杂度。常见的有制表评价法、函数评价法、对比分析法。
3) 场景复杂度计算。在得到属性复杂度分数和权重向量后,依照层次向上进行计算得到场景复杂度指标。某场景涉及到关键要素 n个,而关键要素 E i下有 m i个属性( A i 1 A i 2,…, A i m i),分别得到属性的复杂度数值( v i 1 v i 2,…, v i m i),该要素复杂度值为其下属性复杂度加权后的结果,即:
e i = j = 1 m i w i j v i j
式中: e i为要素 E i的场景复杂度; v i j为第j项属性对应的复杂度; w i j为第j项属性对应的权重; j = 1,2 m i
场景复杂度则是将场景内的关键属性复杂度值加权得到,即:
C = i = 1 n f i e i
式中:C为该场景的复杂度; f i为复杂度权重。
无论是要反映真实条件下不同场景的发生概率,还是想要挑选一些具有挑战性的场景,都需要得到不同场景的概率分布。文中使用核密度估计方法估计属性参数的概率分布。核密度估计就是非参数估计中的一种,由ROSENBLATT[11]和PARZEN[12]提出,又名Parzen窗。
校园道路场景的概率与多重要素属性的概率均有关系,因此,使用多元核密度估计方法。但在设计场景库时,需要增大一些感兴趣的参数组合的场景,通过引入感兴趣权重修改多元核密度估计方法,得到多维场景空间中的兴趣概率 p i密度函数为:
p i ( x ) = 1 i = 1 n   w i i = 1 n w i h d K x - x i h
式中: w i为感兴趣权重; h为带宽; K ( · )为定义在d维空间上的核函数; x为场景下的一组关键要素属性变量; x i为一组样本; n为样本集中样本数量。
按照上述方法,通过采集真实校园场景中关键要素属性的具体数值,形成多维向量,就可得到多维场景空间中的兴趣概率密度函数。
根据场景库生成的准则,设计重要性指标综合表征场景的重要程度。设计重要性指标为:
I = C · p i
式中 I为场景重要性指标。
通过组合参数空间范围内离散的关键要素属性参数得到大量的测试场景,然而,直接使用这些场景进行测试效率低下。因此,需要结合重要性指标,筛选合适的场景生成测试场景库。
首先,将不同要素属性取值组合得到的场景按照重要性指标分割为多个场景子集合;然后,在场景集合中筛选合适的场景加入测试场景库中;最后,通过分割,使得场景的分类更加明确,从而更加容易筛选合适的场景。
泛洪填充算法是一种有效的分割方法,它在图像分割领域中被广泛应用。在泛洪填充算法中,选择一个种子点,按照一定的规则,从该点开始向外扩散填充颜色,直到某种特定的条件满足,如颜色相似性、像素距离、区域大小等。这个过程自动将图像划分为多个区域,类比到文中的应用场景中,就得到多个场景集合。相似场景集合分割流程如图3所示。其中,nmax指场景总数的上限,Imax指重要性指标的上限,即当选择的场景数nTv=nmax或重要性指标 I T vImax时,则停止基于Tv边界进行领域扩展;当剩余场景满足nr<nmax且重要性指标IrImax,则停止生成新的场景,将剩余场景分配至周围集合。
分割后获得 n s个场景集合,从各集合中筛选场景并组成场景库 T b,容纳场景数量为 n b。在场景筛选的过程中需要考虑到要素场景的覆盖性,因此,引入测试优先度权重来平衡测试场景库的测试效率和关键要素属性取值的覆盖度。
场景库 T b每添加一个场景,则记录其对应的属性取值,并将其加入到集合 V中。集合 V中的对象为某一属性取值的集合,对象个数与描述场景的关键要素属性数量相同。对于已经存在 V中的参数取值,则不需要再添加。在筛选时,根据叠加测试优先度权重后的重要性指标 I p来对场景进行排序,计算方法为:
I p = I · w p n a
式中: w p为单项参数相同时需要叠加的测试优先度权重,为小于且接近于1的常数; n a为该场景属性取值与集合 V中属性取值相同的个数, n a小于等于关键要素属性个数。 n a越大, I p越小,被筛选入场景库的顺序就会更滞后。
对于加入场景库 T b的第一个场景,此时集合 V下的各个对象集合均为空,不需要乘以测试优先度权重,即 I p = I。当集合 V不再添加新的对象后,场景库 T b中的具体场景就容纳所有可能的属性取值。此时, w p n a变为了定值, I p的大小取决于重要性指标 I的大小,测试优先度权重不再对后续的场景筛选发挥作用。
按照上述流程得到的测试场景库内的具体场景是有加入顺序的,按照该顺序进行测试,可增加高重要性指标的具体场景的比重,提高测试的效率,也可保证属性参数空间范围内的大部分取值都有涵盖,保证一定的覆盖率。
为验证所提出的方法的可行性,采集校园场景下的自然驾驶数据,生成面向校园环境下无人驾驶规划技术的测试场景库,从全局路径规划和局部路径规划评价2个层面上进行验证分析。
采用规划技术场景复杂度指标的权重定量方法以及属性复杂度评定方法,确定各关键要素下的属性权重,并确定各个属性之间的权重。对于不同的关键要素,根据对应属性的特点制定不同的复杂度评价方法。拓扑结构、静态障碍物和动态成员的复杂度可用函数评价法来计算。天气、电磁干扰等的复杂度可用属性值分段确定相应的复杂度分数。
如拓扑关系采用路网连接度来表示,路网连接度为路网中路段数量除以路口点数量。路网中路段连接越密,路网的连通程度越好。通过计算不同路障组合下得到的拓扑关系的路网连接度,可得到相应的复杂度分值。而在进行复杂度计算时,则不再使用属性权重,而直接通过路障组合得到对应的复杂度分数作为拓扑关系一项的复杂度。
天气中降雨量复杂度则参考降雨量等级划分以及专家经验,同时,考虑降雨量大时会影响激光雷达等传感器的工作性能等,确定相应的复杂度分数。当降雨量小于0.1 mm/d时,复杂度分数为0;降雨量位于[0.1,9.9) mm/d区间时,复杂度分数为30分;降雨量大于9.9 mm/d时,复杂度分数为100分。
分析采集到的校园复杂环境的道路场景数据,获得关键要素属性取值的范围和概率密度。以行人要素下的行人速度属性为例,验证概率密度计算过程。使用核密度估计方法,估计行人速度的概率密度分布。核密度估计过程中,使用高斯核函数,即正态分布核函数。将[0.5,1.5]和[2.5,3.5]设置为感兴趣区间,分别对区间内的样本赋予感兴趣权重1.5和3,进行密度估计,得到兴趣概率密度分布,如图4所示。
逻辑场景下,部分关键要素属性是连续的。在进行场景库生成前,按照一定的步长采样这些属性,得到离散的取值,利用场景库生成方法,得到合理的测试场景库。基于测试场景库中的具体场景模型的参数组合,使用自动驾驶仿真软件CARLA和自动驾驶仿真的道路网络工具RoadRunner软件生成仿真场景。首先,使用RoadRunner搭建高精度的背景场景,包括所需的地形、道路和树木等固定要素,并输出XODR(道路网络的标准交换格式)和FBX(专为3D模型设计的文件格式)格式的文件。其次,将这2种格式的文件导入已编译的CARLA中进行打包。然后,在快速版本的CARLA中,通过Python 应用程序编程接口(Application Programming Interface,API)编写脚本,实现行人、车辆等关键要素的生成。最后,基于测试场景库中具体场景的参数组合,修改关键要素,如行人、其他车辆的位置、朝向、速度、数量、控制方式、行为、运动轨迹等参数,最终生成无人驾驶场景。同时,在生成场景时,要考虑到下课时段交通参与者增多的情况,图5展示了所生成的下课时段交通参与者增多的无人驾驶场景示例。
在生成的测试场景库中进行仿真测试,并输出实时的规划结果,用于评价。仿真测试开始前,路网地图和任务文件会提前下发,被测算法需要在指定路径下读取并完成算法的初始化工作。测试过程中,被测算法需要不断发送新的规划结果,而评价模块在指定时刻解析最新的规划结果,完成实时评价。仿真结束后,评价模块会给出本次仿真测试的评价结果。
根据全局路径规划及局部路径规划的测评需求,分别设计不同的评价指标,从多个方面定量评价规划算法。其中,全局路径规划评价指标包括单任务的阻断信息正确率、阻断识别时间、规划正确率、规划时间4项指标以及总任务完成度指标;而局部路径规划评价指标包括单任务的可通行性、平滑度、跟随能力、规划时间、稳定性5项指标以及总任务完成度指标。单任务评价侧重于评价规划算法在各单项指标上的表现,每项指标满分为100分,如阻断识别时间根据无人车辆正确判断道路阻断并回传道路阻断信息的时长评分,时长越短,得分越高。而总任务评分则反映整个测评过程中多个任务测试点的整体完成情况,总任务完成度指标为50分。局部规划和全局规划的各个任务测试点单任务得分的均值加上总任务完成度得分为局部规划和全局规划得分,局部规划和全局规划得分相加为测试的最终得分。
与其他场景相比,下课时段的校园场景中交通参与者数量会显著增加,无人场景的交互成员要素对应的复杂度会显著上升,对无人车的局部规划提出更高的要求。
针对校园复杂环境的这一特点,在下课时段的拥挤场景中,无人车需要在通过有密集的交通参与者的道路避免碰撞,同时,碰撞安全阈值不能太大,否则无人车将无法通行。因此,无人车在下课时段校园场景中的局部规划测试尤为重要,考核需要增加局部规划指标在测试中的占比。
使用经典的算法组合在测试场景库下进行测试。使用拓扑法组合快速拓展随机树(Rapidly-exploring Random Tree,RRT)算法得到全局规划路径,动态窗口法(Dynamic Window Approach,DWA)规划得到局部规划轨迹。场景中在3个路障附近分别设置3个评测点,对应3个全局规划子任务,在行人、车辆附近各设置3个评测点,对应共6个局部规划子任务。按照场景库顺序完成遍历测试后,得经典算法评价结果见表1。由表1可知:测试中使用到的拓扑法在较复杂的路网中得到最优路线的频率较低,RRT算法在本测试中触发次数较低,但表现出运算效率较低的特点。DWA算法在静态障碍物场景表现出较高的性能,但在面向动态障碍物时,表现出前瞻性不足、动态效果差的特点,在障碍物横向运动的场景中尤其明显。
为验证场景库生成方法的有效性,在参数空间范围内随机选择1 000个具体场景进行对比测试验证。
测试场景库得到的测评得分中,均值587.7,样本的标准差为191.5;随机选取1000个场景得到的测评得分中,均值为591.4,样本的标准差为179.3。在场景库生成过程中,在不同集合中都选取了复杂度指标相对较高的场景,导致测试场景库得分均值略低于随机抽样结果均值。而场景集合的分割使得测试场景库的各个场景之间差异较大,因此,标准差相对较大。除此之外,还从测试效率方面对比2轮结果,2轮测试均值与测评次数折线如图6所示。
定义对比指标:最小稳定测评次数 n e,表示当前测评结果均值稳定在95%的置信范围内的最小测评次数。在 n e之后的测评均值结果均在95%的置信范围内。该指标可综合表现算法的平均性能最小测试次数,体现了仿真场景库的测试效率。
图6可以看出,测试场景库的最小稳定测评次数为182,随机抽取场景的最小稳定测评次数为519。场景库生成方法在测试效率上提升281.8%。
若使用场景测试算法在复杂条件下的性能表现,利用测试场景库可快速分析算法的缺点,而随机抽取则不存在这样的优势。
1) 采用4种场景要素分类、场景要素和子要素的树形结构、动态扩展的子要素及子要素属性等方法,可有效建立无人车校园测试多层级场景模型。
2) 基于重要性指标的场景库生成方法在复杂度指标和兴趣概率基础上,逐步生成带有测试序列的场景库,能够在保证高测试覆盖度的同时,兼顾场景的自然概率分布及测试的感兴趣区间,筛选出复杂度较高的场景,有助于提高校园复杂环境无人驾驶仿真测试的效率。
3) 采集校园自然场景数据,解构数据集中的典型场景并生成规划技术测试场景库,完成规划算法的对比仿真测试,验证了场景构建、生成以及规划算法仿真测试全流程的有效性,可应用于其他特定场景的生成及无人驾驶仿真测试。
  • 贵州省交通运输厅科技项目(2022-121-012)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
罗崎瑞, 张道文, 周华, 等. 面向智能汽车预期功能安全的驾驶场景评价[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2022, 32(8): 140-145.
LUO Qirui, ZHANG Daowen, ZHOU Hua, et al. Evaluation on driving scenarios for safety of intended functionality of intelligent vehicles[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(8): 140-145.
[2]
GAO Feng, DUAN Jianli, HE Yingdong, et al. A test scenario automatic generation strategy for intelligent driving systems[J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, 2019(1): 134-144.
[3]
LI Sisi, WANG Whenshuo, MO Zhaobin, et al. Cluster naturalistic driving encounters using deep unsupervised learning[C]. 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2018: 1354-1359.
[4]
BEGLEROVIC H, STOLZ M, HORN M. Testing of autonomous vehicles using surrogate models and stochastic optimization[C]. 2017 IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2017: 1-6.
[5]
LEE R, KOCHENDERFER M J, MENGSHOEL O J, et al. Adaptive stress testing of airborne collision avoidance systems[C]. 2015 IEEE/AIAA 34th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2015: 1-13.
[6]
胡林, 易平, 黄晶, 等. 基于真实事故案例的自动紧急制动系统两轮车测试场景研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2018, 40(12): 1 435-1 446,1 453.
HU Lin, YI Ping, HUANG Jing, et al. A research on test scenes of two-wheeled vehicles for automatic emergency braking system based on real accident cases[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2018, 40(12): 1 435-1 446,1 453.
[7]
FERRARA A, VECCHIO C. Collision avoidance strategies and coordinated control of passenger vehicles[J]. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2007, 49(4): 475-492.
[8]
KOOPMAN P. Challenges in autonomous vehicle validation: keynote presentation abstract[C]. The 1st International Workshop on Safe Control of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE, 2017: 75-85.
[9]
曹树星. 自动驾驶汽车测试场景库构建与应用研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2022.
CAO Shuxing. Research on construction and application of 'test scenario library of automated vehicle[D]. Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2022.
[10]
徐泽水. 模糊互补判断矩阵排序的一种算法[J]. 系统工程学报, 2001, 16(4): 311-314.
XU Zeshui. Algorithm for priority of fuzzy complementary judgement matrix[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering, 2001, 16(4): 311-314.
[11]
ROSENBLATT M. Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function[J]. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1956, 27(3): 832-837.
[12]
PARZEN E. On estimation of a probability density function and mode[J]. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1962, 33(3): 1065-1076.
2024年第34卷第7期
PDF下载
365
155
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141
  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
  • 修回日期:2024-04-18
基金
贵州省交通运输厅科技项目(2022-121-012)
作者信息
    1 贵州交通职业技术大学 汽车系,贵州 贵阳 550008
    2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    3 北理工郑州智能科技研究院,河南 郑州 450046
    4 翰凯斯智能技术有限公司,贵州 贵阳 550008
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0141
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏