Article(id=1149738774931878124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0008-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=1713283200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048685056, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048685056, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048685056, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048685056, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738775187730669, articleId=1149738774931878124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Evolution,challenges,and thoughts on intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ensure the safe,high-quality,efficient,and environmentally friendly construction of future infrastructure projects,it is crucial to investigate the prevalent issues and characteristics of intelligent safety management and control practices in infrastructure projects. Firstly,the evolutionary process of intelligent safety management and control was comprehensively reviewed. It includes four distinct stages: intelligent identification and control of risk sources,data-driven identification and rectification of safety hazards,enhancement of intelligent safety management and control system,and comprehensive integration of intelligent management and control. On this basis,the successful experiences of different stages were summarized. Secondly,the challenges encountered in intelligent safety management and control were analyzed from the perspective of overall collaborative management,and its characteristics were analyzed from the perspective of "people,objects,environment,and management". Subsequently,starting from the three dimensions of safety management process,the whole life cycle of engineering construction,and the development level,the thoughts on intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety were proposed,focusing on "reverence for safety,intelligent safety,inherent safety,digital intelligence,digital capability,and digital value". Finally,the future development path of intelligent safety management and control was envisioned. The results show that the safety management and control of infrastructure projects are transitioning from experience-based to data-driven approaches,while rapidly integrating new technologies,equipment,and processes. Intelligent safety management and control represents a significant extension of intelligent construction and management in infrastructure engineering. This is mainly evidenced by the transformation of safety management concepts,methods,and systems,as well as the value extraction from data assets. In the future,the intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety will develop to comprehensive data fusion,knowledge-driven,virtual and real integration,human-machine collaboration,and full life-cycle control. At the same time,the importance of data privacy protection and standardised governance will become increasingly prominent.

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为实现我国未来基础设施工程安全优质高效绿色建设,研究基础设施工程安全智能化管控的共性问题与特征。首先,梳理其发展脉络,将其变革历程划分为风险源智能识别与管控、数据驱动隐患排查治理、安全智能化管控体系完善以及全面智能化管控4个阶段,总结不同阶段的成功经验;其次,以统筹兼顾、协同管控的视角分析基础设施工程安全智能化管控所面临的挑战,从“人、物、环、管”的角度剖析其特点;然后,在揭示基础设施工程安全智能化管控发展特征和面临挑战的基础上,从安全管理流程、工程建设全生命周期和发展层次3个维度出发,提出敬安、智安、本安、数智、数能和数值的智能化管控思考;最后,展望未来智能安全发展路径。结果表明:我国基础设施工程安全智能化管控由经验式向数据驱动式拓展,并加快融合新技术、新装备和新工艺。安全智能化管控是基础设施工程智能建造与管理的重要延伸,主要体现为对安全管理理念、方法、系统的重塑以及数据资产的价值挖掘。未来,基础设施工程安全智能化管控将朝着全面数据化融合、知识驱动、虚实结合、人机协同和全生命周期管控等方向发展,同时,数据隐私保护与规范治理的重要性也将日益突出。

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林 鹏 (1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事工程智能建造、智能安全管理、智能温控等方面的研究。E-mail:

樊启祥 教授级高级工程师;

何 炜 教授级高级工程师;

刘元广 教授级高级工程师

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林 鹏 (1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事工程智能建造、智能安全管理、智能温控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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林 鹏 (1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事工程智能建造、智能安全管理、智能温控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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樊启祥 教授级高级工程师;

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樊启祥 教授级高级工程师;

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何 炜 教授级高级工程师;

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何 炜 教授级高级工程师;

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刘元广 教授级高级工程师

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刘元广 教授级高级工程师

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基础设施工程安全智能化管控变革、挑战与思考
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林鹏 1, 2 , 向云飞 1 , 樊启祥 3 , 何炜 4 , 刘元广 5
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(7): 8-19
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(7): 8-19
基础设施工程安全智能化管控变革、挑战与思考
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林鹏1, 2 , 向云飞1, 樊启祥3, 何炜4, 刘元广5
作者信息
  • 1 清华大学 水利水电工程系,北京 100084
  • 2 清华大学 四川能源互联网研究院,四川 成都 610213
  • 3 中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
  • 4 中国三峡建工(集团)有限公司,四川 成都 610041
  • 5 中国水利水电第十一工程局有限公司,河南 郑州 450001
  • 林 鹏 (1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事工程智能建造、智能安全管理、智能温控等方面的研究。E-mail:

    樊启祥 教授级高级工程师;

    何 炜 教授级高级工程师;

    刘元广 教授级高级工程师

Evolution,challenges,and thoughts on intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety
Peng LIN1, 2 , Yunfei XIANG1, Qixiang FAN3, Wei HE4, Yuanguang LIU5
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Hydraulic Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
  • 2 Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute,Tsinghua University,Chengdu Sichuan 610213,China
  • 3 China Huaneng Group Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100031,China
  • 4 China Three Gorges Construction Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Chengdu Sichuan 610041,China
  • 5 Snohydro Bureau 11 Co.,Ltd.,Zhengzhou Henan 450001,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0187
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为实现我国未来基础设施工程安全优质高效绿色建设,研究基础设施工程安全智能化管控的共性问题与特征。首先,梳理其发展脉络,将其变革历程划分为风险源智能识别与管控、数据驱动隐患排查治理、安全智能化管控体系完善以及全面智能化管控4个阶段,总结不同阶段的成功经验;其次,以统筹兼顾、协同管控的视角分析基础设施工程安全智能化管控所面临的挑战,从“人、物、环、管”的角度剖析其特点;然后,在揭示基础设施工程安全智能化管控发展特征和面临挑战的基础上,从安全管理流程、工程建设全生命周期和发展层次3个维度出发,提出敬安、智安、本安、数智、数能和数值的智能化管控思考;最后,展望未来智能安全发展路径。结果表明:我国基础设施工程安全智能化管控由经验式向数据驱动式拓展,并加快融合新技术、新装备和新工艺。安全智能化管控是基础设施工程智能建造与管理的重要延伸,主要体现为对安全管理理念、方法、系统的重塑以及数据资产的价值挖掘。未来,基础设施工程安全智能化管控将朝着全面数据化融合、知识驱动、虚实结合、人机协同和全生命周期管控等方向发展,同时,数据隐私保护与规范治理的重要性也将日益突出。

基础设施工程  /  安全智能化管控  /  智能安全  /  闭环控制  /  变革  /  发展路径

To ensure the safe,high-quality,efficient,and environmentally friendly construction of future infrastructure projects,it is crucial to investigate the prevalent issues and characteristics of intelligent safety management and control practices in infrastructure projects. Firstly,the evolutionary process of intelligent safety management and control was comprehensively reviewed. It includes four distinct stages: intelligent identification and control of risk sources,data-driven identification and rectification of safety hazards,enhancement of intelligent safety management and control system,and comprehensive integration of intelligent management and control. On this basis,the successful experiences of different stages were summarized. Secondly,the challenges encountered in intelligent safety management and control were analyzed from the perspective of overall collaborative management,and its characteristics were analyzed from the perspective of "people,objects,environment,and management". Subsequently,starting from the three dimensions of safety management process,the whole life cycle of engineering construction,and the development level,the thoughts on intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety were proposed,focusing on "reverence for safety,intelligent safety,inherent safety,digital intelligence,digital capability,and digital value". Finally,the future development path of intelligent safety management and control was envisioned. The results show that the safety management and control of infrastructure projects are transitioning from experience-based to data-driven approaches,while rapidly integrating new technologies,equipment,and processes. Intelligent safety management and control represents a significant extension of intelligent construction and management in infrastructure engineering. This is mainly evidenced by the transformation of safety management concepts,methods,and systems,as well as the value extraction from data assets. In the future,the intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety will develop to comprehensive data fusion,knowledge-driven,virtual and real integration,human-machine collaboration,and full life-cycle control. At the same time,the importance of data privacy protection and standardised governance will become increasingly prominent.

infrastructure engineering  /  intelligent safety management and control  /  intelligent safety  /  closed-loop control  /  evolution  /  development path
林鹏, 向云飞, 樊启祥, 何炜, 刘元广. 基础设施工程安全智能化管控变革、挑战与思考. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 8 -19 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0187
Peng LIN, Yunfei XIANG, Qixiang FAN, Wei HE, Yuanguang LIU. Evolution,challenges,and thoughts on intelligent management and control for infrastructure engineering safety[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 8 -19 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0187
大型水电、交通等工程是关系国计民生的重要基础设施。随着新一代信息技术的不断演进,我国基础设施工程建设和管理正经历一场深度的智能化升级[1]。在此过程中,基础设施工程建设和管理的复杂性也逐渐发生由“量”到“质”的转变,由此带来了多源隐患交织、事故频发以及管理响应滞后等问题,导致工程安全管理风险日益加剧[2-3]。这些风险主要包括自然灾害风险[4]、工程技术风险[5]、生产安全风险[6]、长期运行风险[7]、生态环保风险[8]等类别。基础设施工程安全管理主要面临“人、物、环、管”等方面的挑战[9],迫切需要揭示工程建造过程智能化的演变特征,研发安全智能化管控的方法和技术。
近年来,国内外学者围绕基础设施工程安全智能化管控开展了大量研究。在管控理论方面,基于施工现场安全管理数据的分析已逐步取代传统的事故致因理论,更加注重安全管理因素间的关联性,有效解决了传统安全管理理论形式单一、反应滞后等问题[10-12]。在管控技术方面,图像识别、社交媒体、物联网等技术逐渐应用于安全隐患辨识、不安全行为防治以及施工要素监管等工作中[11]。在管控体系与平台方面,构建了集风险识别、感知预警和决策控制为一体的安全管控平台[13]。现有研究和实践成果为基础设施工程安全智能化管控奠定了坚实基础,但也存在以下不足:①缺乏对基础设施工程安全智能化管控发展历程的系统认知以及共性特征的理解,难以实现以往成功经验的积累和知识价值的复用;②对安全智能化管控面临的挑战认识不足,无法统筹兼顾各影响要素;③未来技术升级迭代速度加快以及安全管控要求日益提高,而安全智能化管控发展路径尚未清晰。
在“科技兴安”战略的指导下,我国基础设施工程建设不断推进数字、信息、通信、人工智能等技术与安全管控各要素的深度融合[14]。在安全智能化管控理论、关键技术、管控体系与软件平台等方面取得了较好的研究成果和实践经验[15-16]。未来,在培育新质生产力以及人工智能赋能产业焕新的要求下,基础设施工程安全智能化管控将进入加速发展阶段。此外,随着我国基础设施工程建设的不断推进,工程安全管控将面临管控要素复杂多变、安全风险累积叠加以及管控活动多元耦合等挑战。以水电工程为例,我国待开发水力资源一半以上集中在高寒高海拔地区的雅鲁藏布江、澜沧江等流域,工程安全管控难度巨大[17]。因此,笔者拟系统回顾和梳理基础设施工程安全智能化管控的变革历程,并以我国大型梯级水电工程为例,总结不同阶段的特点及成功经验;并聚焦其面临的关键挑战,分析各要素的管控特点,形成对安全智能化管控的思考,以期为我国未来基础设施工程安全优质高效绿色建设提供支撑。
我国基础设施工程安全智能化管控的发展是由经验式安全管理向数据驱动式安全管理不断拓展的过程,也是在实践中不断推动物联网、人工智能、云计算等信息技术与安全管理理论、方法和体系更好融合的过程。其变革过程主要分为4个阶段,如图1所示。
第1阶段(2003—2010年),风险源识别与管控。这一阶段中,以工程建设过程中某一风险源为切入点,将信息化技术与安全管控流程相结合[18-19]。如将人员安全管控与实时定位技术相结合,获取施工现场人员的位置和行为轨迹,开展危险区域预警预报、人员考勤管理以及事故发生后的应急救援等工作[20-21];开发车辆安全管控系统,通过分析车辆位置、运输轨迹、车辆状况等数据,实现工程建设中物料流转和车辆运输的管控[22]
第2阶段(2010—2015年),数据驱动的隐患排查治理。传感技术的发展以及安全隐患排查治理系统、结构安全监测系统和施工管理系统等在线数据采集方式的丰富彻底改变了传统依靠经验、制度的安全管理方式。多源信息识别以及数据挖掘是这一阶段的典型特征。如通过挖掘分析安全隐患数据,掌握隐患发生规律和特点,为管理人员提供辅助决策[23];基于人工智能技术实现对安全隐患的分类与关联性分析,提高工程现场安全管控的深度和广度[24]
第3阶段(2015—2020年),安全智能化管控体系完善。以“事前源头,事中过程、事后结果”管理为主线,逐步构建涵盖数据采集、网络传输、数据分析、平台集成和应用推广等全要素全过程的安全智能化管控体系。构建复杂环境下满足多场景管理需求的端、网、云平台[25-27],实现隐患的识别、预警、反馈及数据存储的闭环控制,做到安全风险源头管控、过程分析和结果反馈优化[28]
第4阶段(2020—2023年),全面智能化管控。在关键风险源智能管控、数据挖掘分析和管控体系构建等已有实践应用的基础上,安全智能化管控延伸到工程建设全生命周期的全过程[29-30],管控对象也扩充到“人、物、环、管”等全要素,管控技术全方位提升,智能安全管理文化逐渐形成[31],提高安全管理知识存储、信息查询和溯源分析等能力[32-33];发展了智能安全文化内涵式发展框架,形成了先进管理理念、技术方法和工程实践相结合的新型安全管理模式[34]。以大型梯级水电工程建设为例,安全管控的全面智能化升级为工程安全、高效、优质、精品建设提供了有力保证。大型水电工程建设全面智能化安全管控如图2所示。
在基础设施工程安全智能化管控的变革历程中,每一次变革都离不开理论创新与技术进步的推动。其背后所折射出的是不断解决安全管控面临的挑战,并逐渐推动各管理要素协同演进的过程。随着我国安全生产体制改革的不断深化,行业科技兴安的要求也不断提高。未来,新技术、新装备、新工艺应用到工程建设领域已成为大势所趋。基础设施工程在建筑规模、技术难度和管理复杂性等方面均面临全新的挑战。因此,为确保精品工程建设目标的实现,基础设施工程安全智能化管控的后续发展需建立在对当前及未来挑战的全面认知基础之上,统筹兼顾各要素间的影响,进而在理论、技术、方法等方面为工程安全智能化管控寻求新的突破。
目前,我国基础设施工程建设仍处于各类事故隐患和安全风险叠加、易发多发的阶段。安全智能化管控升级面临着隐患类型多、发生范围广、危害性大和处理要求高等挑战。以梯级水电工程开发建设为例,需要在复杂的地形环境、地灾地震和水文泥沙等背景下,建设单体建筑物规模巨大的工程集群。其施工程序复杂、建设周期长、专业多且协同要求高,工程风险与建设管理难度大。此外,道路交通建设、地下空间开发、能源开发利用等基础设施工程建设也面临自然灾害、复杂地质条件、人员流动性强、机械设备作业交叉等难点。以往的安全管控手段和技术已无法满足大型基础设施工程建设的风险管控需求。当前安全智能化管控需在管理流程深度协同、管理要素全面统筹和安全风险防范化解等方面提升智能化水平,其面临的管控挑战可概括为“人、物、环、管”4个方面。
1) 人。当前涉及到“人”的安全管控挑战主要来源于工种多、参建单位多、人员组成复杂等方面。工程建设通常涉及岩土、设计、水文、管理、结构、地质等多个专业。如大型梯级水电工程建设包括土石方开挖、混凝土浇筑、金结安装、固结灌浆、设备运输等不同的施工工种。不同工种的施工内容不同,相应的安全技能和知识也存在较大差异。人员流动性强、民技工占比高,大部分都是施工单位的协作队伍或临聘人员,多数人对专业技术缺乏清晰的认知,安全意识不够强。未来,随着安全管控要求的提高以及智能化技术的普及,安全管控需更加关注人员的生理健康、工作效率等指标,特别是在高寒、高海拔等地区开展工程建设,需利用可穿戴设备、远程管控等技术管控人员的安全健康。此外,随着人口老龄化的加剧,工程建设将面临用工难的问题,少人化、无人化施工将逐步取代劳动密集型作业方式,安全管控也将朝着远程监管、人机协作等方向发展。最后,面对智能化技术与安全管控的深度融合,人员的知识技能与专业素养也将面临极大挑战,工程参建人员需不断学习新的技能和知识,以便安全有效地使用新的工具和设备。
2) 物。当前来自“物”的安全管控挑战可概括为:大型设备种类杂、数量多、运行集中、施工强度高、立体交叉作业等。工程建设涉及多种物料的高效转运,包括渣料运输、砂石运输、混凝土运输及交通运输等。不同类型的车辆在作业内容、行驶路线、管控要求等方面均存在较大差异。在施工作业区域,建筑物布置紧凑、作业人员密集、施工机械立体交叉,存在较大安全风险。未来,施工现场将出现更多智能化、集成化设备,设备间的高效协作以及工艺流程的优化将成为安全智能化管控面临的一大挑战,需结合物联网、云计算等技术,构建不同设备间的数据交互方式,改变传统的单点、分离、交叉作业方式。未来还将面临机械设备的监管维护、能耗优化、数据管理以及更新迭代等挑战。在监管维护方面,应提高机械设备的自诊断、自优化能力,基于数据分析建模,提早发现设备安全隐患;在能耗优化方面,结合低碳绿色的发展目标,加强设备电气化升级改造以及能耗管理分析工作;在数据管理方面,随着数据来源的丰富,需开展数据治理、网络安全、隐私保护等方面的工作;在更新迭代方面,应加强对操作人员的培训,同时建立技术跟踪与评估体系,将危险性高、作业环境差的工作逐步交由智能设备或机器人来完成。
3) 环。工程建设区域地质条件复杂,在地上施工区域,面临极端气候条件(大风、暴雨、寒潮、日晒等),易发生滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害,且有毒易燃易爆物的存储、转运、使用等环节均有较大安全风险;在地下空间作业区域,自然通风通道少,空气置换通道长,施工期通风散烟矛盾突出,尤其是地下空间的开挖,面临构造活动剧烈、开挖支护、边坡稳定、精细爆破等挑战。未来,随着全球气候变暖以及极端天气事件频发,工程安全智能化管控将面临更严峻的环境挑战,需充分发挥人工智能、大数据等技术在极端天气预测方面的优势,为工程建设提供及时准确的灾害预警服务。此外,随着双碳目标的提出,后续工程建设需更加关注生物多样性、环境保护等方面的工作,依托于低碳、绿色、智能的施工方式减少对环境的干扰与破坏。
4) 管。大型基础设施工程施工周期长以及建设相关方组成复杂,导致分包及社会化用工管理缺位,安全监管难度大。在当前工程安全管控中,由于风险控制不当、管理缺陷以及不可预见性等因素,容易发生安全事故。特别是建筑市场深刻变化,施工组织社会化、市场化、专业化的分工发展导致施工管理难度大。未来,随着智能辅助设计、无人化施工装备以及远程管控等技术的发展,对管理人员的专业素养提出了更高的要求,传统制度式、经验式管理模式将不再适用。此外,随着有经验的管理人员退休,他们的管理知识以及经验教训将面临无法传承与继用的难题。为此,需基于知识图谱、大语言模型等技术,从以往工程管理资料中提取结构化、可复用的知识,将其用于决策制定、管理效果评价等工作中,进而构建符合智能化发展需要的管理模式。此外,安全管理与质量、进度、成本等要素间的关系日益复杂,未来安全智能化管控需建立在全要素、全生命周期管控的基础上,并考虑不同管理要素间的协同影响。
综上,当前基础设施工程建设安全管控具有复杂多样性、动态变化性、累积叠加性、突发群体性和重大危害性等特点。未来,工程建设中人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、环境不安全因素以及管理缺陷等安全风险也将面临新的挑战。因此,为有效推动安全智能化管控升级,需在已有经验和教训的基础上,结合前述梳理的主要挑战,深入思考安全智能化管控发展的内在逻辑。
安全智能化管控是基础设施工程智能建造与管理的重要延伸,主要体现为对安全管理理念、方法、系统的重塑以及数据资产的价值挖掘。根据安全管理流程、工程建设全生命周期和发展层次3个维度,将安全智能化管控的思考分为“三安”(敬安、智安、本安)和“三数”(数智、数能和数值)6个角度,如图3所示。
在层次维,所构建的“感知—网络—数据—平台—应用”体系为数据资产的利用提供了依据,数据在不同层次间的流转是实现数智、数能和数值的基础。此外,“三安三数”贯穿工程建设全生命周期,在工程建设不同阶段,“三安三数”均发挥着重要的作用。在安全管理流程维,构建“全面感知、真实分析、实时控制、持续优化”的管理流程是智安的要求,同时,也为“三安”与“三数”的结合提供了可执行的路径:全面感知既强调对数据的采集,同时也是构建本质安全(本安)以及提高安全意识(敬安)的体现;真实分析与实时控制要求基于数据分析支撑智慧决策(数智)并赋能业务流程(数能);持续优化则强调数值的作用。
基础设施工程参建各方应始终保持敬畏之心,形成主动融入、自主交互的安全意识。具体来看,参建人员需保持对安全的常敬常畏之心,指导自己和身边的人遵守作业规程、规范安全行为,做到不伤害自己、不伤害别人、不被别人伤害、提醒别人不受伤害。同时,工程参建各方在确定安全理念时要有底线思维和红线意识,深刻领悟安全发展理念的内涵。随着安全智能化管控的发展,利用虚拟现实、物联网、人工智能等技术可将主动安全意识融入到安全管理全流程以及工程建设全生命周期中。如在工程建设阶段,通过虚拟现实和增强现实技术,为工人提供真实、直观的安全培训体验,提高工人安全意识;基于图像识别技术,从施工现场监控摄像中分析工人的工作状态,当识别出危险操作时立即发出预警,为员工安全意识培养提供约束与监督。
安全文化建设是安全管理长效机制建设的重要基础,对企业安全生产管理起到重要支撑作用。为确保工程安全智能化管控的进一步发展,需建立与之相匹配的内涵式安全文化。在智能化背景下,一方面可借助远程管控、社交网络等技术,构建扁平化的协作模式,加速安全文化在不同组织间的传播;另一方面,基于移动互联网以及可穿戴设备等技术,任何员工发现安全隐患均可上传至隐患管理平台,有助于营造全员参与的文化氛围。以白鹤滩水电站为例[30],从原则、特性、指标和内容4个方面构建智能建造内涵式安全文化发展框架,形成“重源头、强过程、全覆盖、正激励”的智能安全文化,有效确保了建设高峰期没有出现安全事故。
安全智能化管理理论的发展是利用创新技术提升安全管理效率和质量的有效保障。有别传统垂直、开环的制度化安全管理模式,安全智能化管控要求对安全管理流程进行全环节的闭环控制,即构建全面感知、真实分析、实时控制、持续优化的智能安全闭环控制管理理论。在此理论下,更强调去中心化,实现敏捷、扁平化的安全隐患排查治理:①将移动互联网、大数据、机器学习等智能化技术与安全管理业务流程耦合,建立交互式、可追溯、多方参与的沟通管理机制;②在实践中,注重以“人、物、环、管”4要素为基础,研究工程建设安全管理要素“感知、识别、判断、推送、整改、闭合、改进”的智能化管控方法;③基于智能控制理论和方法,分解工程安全管理流程,不断延伸安全智能化管控的广度和深度。
随着工程施工场景的复杂化,需要让进入施工现场的每个人都具备安全隐患排查的能力和途径。配合智能设备、新型施工工艺的改进,完善数据采集流程,同步更新控制算法。进一步,依托人工智能技术深度挖掘分析数据,不断丰富完善智能安全闭环控制管理理论。如借助社交网络等方式,让现场不同人员对多类型安全隐患进行学习、交流、评论,并自动形成决策知识库;安全风险评价朝着智能学习的方向发展,改变传统的依靠规章制度和依靠少数人经验的方式,将安全管控经验转化为结构化、可供复用、不断更新的知识库。
在重大基础设施工程建设过程中,要统筹发展与安全的关系,实现工程全生命周期本质安全。在安全智能化管控背景下,我国基础设施工程从最初的设备、技术的本质安全向全系统、全管理要素层面的本质安全发展[25],并从管理理念、管控过程、风险排查以及制度完善等方面对本质安全提出更高要求。
首先,智能化技术的应用重塑了工程建设安全管控的层级架构,进而导致管理理念的转变。如在感知层,来源于设备、环境和人员的状态、行为等信息被传输到数据层,随后通过建模分析、数据挖掘等方式提取有关安全风险的信息,并最终反馈给应用层,指导现场安全管理工作。这种以数据、知识等为驱动要素的管理理念可及时对各种风险因素做出反馈。其次,智能化技术的应用使安全管控过程实现事前源头管理、事中过程管理、事后结果管理,并将其拓展到工程建设的全生命周期。如在勘察设计阶段,基于生成式AI设计、卫星遥感、数字孪生仿真等技术,分析地质安全风险以及优化设计方案;在工程建设阶段,基于物联网、人工智能等技术识别现场安全隐患;在工程运维阶段,基于积累的数据开展结构长期安全稳定预测等工作。然后,依托自然语言处理、图像识别等技术,可从文本、图片等多源数据中获取有关安全隐患信息,进而支撑安全风险分级管控以及隐患排查治理工作。最后,从积累的数据中挖掘事故风险发展规律、抽取安全管理知识,用于完善安全管理制度,构建适应于智能化发展趋势的本质安全长效机制。
数据作为生产要素将带动安全管理的智能化变革。数智的本质是智联万物,更加强调全流程、全生命周期的数据采集、信息提取、知识构建和智慧决策模型的形成。遵循智能安全闭环控制管理理论,通过数据支撑智慧决策,为安全管理流程中的真实分析和实时控制提供支撑。如基于安全隐患数据的挖掘分析,掌握施工现场安全风险的规律与特征,从而帮助管理人员制定针对性的管理措施。在基础设施工程建设中,数字技术能力和数据处理、抽取能力的深度嵌入将改变传统安全管理模式。
通过采集工程安全管理涉及的时空、质量、行为、状态等数据,并通过数据关联、分类、计算等操作,将安全数据上升为可供分析的信息。如高精度室内(外)定位技术为安全管理提供了人员、车辆、设备等管理要素的移动轨迹与实时位置信息;隐患排查治理系统详细记录安全隐患的类型、地点、上报时间等信息;物联网、图像识别等技术,可详细记录施工现场全过程信息等。通过对信息的比较、推论、抽取、连接,从数据和信息中获取知识,支持安全管控决策和行动。特别是为数据添加安全管理的语义知识,使安全数据产生安全管控的智慧,模拟安全管理活动中的人类智力、技能或行为。
数据赋能是安全智能化管控在业务流程上的重要体现。基于工程现场的管理规则和逻辑,赋能参建各方建立流畅的数字化、扁平化安全工作流程。在数据层面,通过工程现场实时交互、扁平化、动态反馈的数据流转方式,重新定义安全管控活动中各参与方的角色与职能。其次,针对不同安全管控活动,开发相应的控制算法和模型,实时评估并量化安全管控效果,持续完善或重构安全管控工作流程。
数据赋能安全智能化管控还体现在加强了安全管理要素间相互关系的可解释性。结合海量的安全管理数据,管理者可利用机器学习、数据挖掘等技术开展分析。如通过分析安全隐患数据,解释了安全隐患和事故的发生特征,从机制上论述了安全隐患发展与安全事故的内在演变关系。数据赋能安全智能化管控要针对不同的管理场景和数据情境,综合考虑影响安全管控效果的变量或因素,解决传统安全管控中的知识定式、工具缺陷和片面分析等导致的认识不深入的问题。数据赋能也加速了人机协同的发展,将琐碎的安全管控业务交由机器负责,减少人为因素的干扰。
在工程建设安全智能化管控实践中,积累了大量安全管理数据。这些数据包括安全隐患、安全事故的发生地点、发生时间、内容等信息,同时还包括智能设备、传感器采集的数据和构建的安全知识系统。安全数据价值体现在对工程建造活动全生命周期的精细化管控,并构建新的协作共享生产关系,让生产资料流动更高效,从而提高工程本体价值创造能力。
安全管理数据价值创造主要包括基于人的安全管理经验的预测性分析与规范性分析。预测性分析可基于相关历史数据及其他变量,进行数据预测、分类、聚类等。预测结果可为工程参建人员提供决策参考,对现场施工条件、潜在风险进行预警,提高基础设施工程项目管理水平。规范性分析则是在预测性分析的基础上更进一步,不仅预测可能的结果,还致力于揭示造成特定结果的影响因素。数据挖掘成果的准确性与可靠度随着数据规模的增大而逐渐提高。此外,数据挖掘对数据质量的要求较高,这也要求安全智能化管控的数据采集需要设计规范的数据接口,能够针对多种需求的挖掘项目提供整合优质的数据集,进而获取高价值的智慧和知识。
随着科学技术和安全管理的不断发展,基础设施工程安全智能化管控也将持续创新。展望未来,安全智能化技术的应用将进一步拓宽数据边界,安全智能化管控将朝着全面数据化的方向发展;安全智能化管控将摆脱对现实场景的单一依赖,知识驱动与虚拟仿真的价值逐渐显现;智能机器设备的大规模使用将加速人机协同安全管控的进程;工程全生命周期的智能安全管控将成为常态;数据隐私保护与治理也将成为安全智能化管控的基石。安全智能化管控发展路径如图4所示。
随着感应探测技术和移动通信技术的进步,以及智能终端的普及和深度应用,管理者将获取更多维、更密集、更全面的安全管理数据。基于数据的工程安全管理是大的趋势,数据将成为安全管理决策的重要依据。传统安全管控经验难以复制、管理人员精力有限、管理效果难以量化等问题将逐渐得到解决。
对于基础设施工程建设而言,不同来源的安全数据资产可累积并增加其价值,数据挖掘成果的准确性与可靠度也将随着数据规模的增大而逐渐提高。随着安全智能化管控的发展,智能化技术与安全管控融合呈现出来的“数据化”跃迁,加快了安全管理知识的扩展提升和管控手段的技术迭代,为工程安全管控模式的变革提供了创新源泉。
知识获取与表达是基础设施工程建设安全智能化管控的重要支撑技术。知识获取在提高决策能力、优化资源共享和支持管理创新等方面具有较大的优势。随着大语言模型(如ChatGPT [35]、ChatGLM [36]、LLaMA [37]等)的迅速发展,借助提示词工程、微调等技术,可以在少样本或零样本场景下快速抽取信息,将安全管控中异构的知识结构化,建立工程安全管控知识图谱,为安全风险评估、安全合规审查、事故预防和应急响应等提供解决方案。
传统安全管控流程需要管理人员亲临施工现场。这种完全依赖于现实场景的管理方式,一方面对管理人员的安全知识和技能提出较高要求,另一方面阻碍了安全管理效率的提升。随着拓展现实(VR/AR/MR)、5G、区块链等技术的发展,以元宇宙、远程管控等为代表的虚实结合的管控方式获得了快速的发展。虚拟空间模拟、虚拟空间和现实场景融合、安全管控措施模拟预测等发展方向,符合安全智能化管控的变革要求。如将现场人员行为、设备状态等的分析结果映射到虚拟空间中,远程查看不同要素的安全状态;提前在虚拟空间中模拟安全管控措施,提前预知不同管理措施可能导致的结果,经过完善后的管理措施应用于现实场景中将有力提升安全管控质量,并减少不必要的资源浪费。
智能机器设备的使用让管理者可获取关键工艺参数、实时分析设备安全状态和闭环控制生产流程,提高安全管理的效率。安全智能化管控的发展,将最大化地避免人为因素对管控效果和质量的干扰。智能机器设备的使用能够更精准、更高效的反馈工程现场安全状态,配合物联网技术,将施工和运维人员从高危和恶劣环境中解放出来。
创新的智能可穿戴设备(如智能安全帽、智能工服、智能手环等)也将加速人员安全智能化管控的进程。通过监测人员在不同施工区域的生理特征,借助数据分析算法可确保人员的健康状况。通过跟踪心跳、体温等指标,传感器可对处于危险状况的员工发出预警。智能巡检机器人、灭火机器人、应急抢险机器人等能够快速处理安全隐患,降低人员操作可能导致的安全风险,避免安全隐患或事故造成二次伤害。
在传统的工程安全管控中,由于缺乏数据支撑、不同阶段彼此独立、管理者精力有限等难题,安全管控往往聚焦于风险更为集中的施工阶段,对于早期设计阶段和后期运维阶段关注少或不成体系。这种聚焦于某一特定阶段的管控模式可以解决短期内暴露的问题,但难以从源头消除安全隐患。构建贯穿工程全生命周期的安全智能化管控体系将有效地分散安全分险,在安全隐患的萌芽阶段进行整改,减轻后期管理压力。事实上,施工期的许多安全隐患往往是因为设计方案考虑不周、施工组织设计不合理或地质勘探不到位等原因导致的,运维期的安全隐患也与施工质量不达标和施工工艺不合理等有关。
针对安全隐患的溯源分析将打破这种局限,将工程全生命周期的各个阶段联系起来,综合分析安全隐患和事故的防治措施。从全生命周期的视角出发,综合分析各要素间的复杂关系,将是未来安全智能化管控的常态。如在施工阶段,既关注当下的安全管控,也借助知识推理等技术,分析施工过程采用的标准和工艺参数对于后期运维阶段的影响,为运维阶段的安全管控设置相应的预警机制。
在基础设施工程安全智能化管控发展进程中,各种类型的传感器和管理系统将会广泛应用于工程建造的各个环节。不同设备和系统间的交互频率将逐渐提高,彼此间的数据界限将越来越模糊。这些数据涉及个人和企业隐私,如何避免隐私泄露以及进行有效的数据治理是必须共同面对的问题。
隐私泄露风险贯穿信息采集、传输、存储、处理、使用及销毁的全生命周期。其中,信息采集和信息传输接口是信息平台的入口,其安全性直接关系到整个管控系统的运行安全。信息采集需要甄别所涉及的信息类型,保证工程及个人隐私不被泄露。在信息传输阶段,需要利用加密、签名等认证机制管理传输信息。信息在计算处理前,需要在信息平台进行存储,这对数据的存储环境、容灾备份能力、加密措施等方面提出了要求。信息处理和使用阶段需要防止数据被篡改和泄露。在生产环节的最后阶段,信息需要根据安全等级进行加密存储或销毁,保证重要敏感信息不被泄露。形成共约的数据确权、隐私保护规范和标准是确保安全智能化管控持续创新和发展的基石。
1) 基础设施工程安全智能化管控由经验式向数据驱动式不断拓展,并不断推动物联网、人工智能、云计算等信息技术与安全管理理论、方法和体系更好融合,其变革历程可分为风险源智能识别与管控、数据驱动隐患排查治理、安全智能化管控体系完善以及全面智能化管控4个阶段。
2) 结合安全管控面临的“人、物、环、管”等方面的挑战,根据安全管理流程、工程建设全生命周期和发展层次3个维度以及敬安、智安、本安、数智、数能和数值6个角度,提出基础设施工程“三维度六角度”的安全智能化管控思考,论述安全意识、管理理论以及本质安全间的关系,并明确数据对于辅助决策、业务赋能和价值创造的作用,可为智能化技术与工程建设安全管控的融合发展提供参考。
3) 展望未来,基础设施工程安全智能化管控将朝着全面数据化融合、知识驱动、虚实结合、人机协同和全生命周期管控等方向发展,同时,数据隐私保护与规范治理的重要性也将日益突出。
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  • 中国三峡建工(集团)有限公司科技项目(BHT/0905)
  • 下凯富峡水电站施工关键技术研究科技成果咨询服务项目(SH-KGL-SUB-2021003)
  • 中国水电坦桑尼亚 Julius Nyerere 水电站施工关键技术研究科技成果咨询服务项目(SHC-JNHPP-JSFW-01-18012022)
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2024年第34卷第7期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0187
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
  • 修回日期:2024-04-17
基金
华能集团科技项目(JC2022/D01)
华能集团科技项目(HNKJ21-H35)
华能集团科技项目(HNKJ23-H4)
中国三峡建工(集团)有限公司科技项目(WDD/0578)
中国三峡建工(集团)有限公司科技项目(BHT/0905)
下凯富峡水电站施工关键技术研究科技成果咨询服务项目(SH-KGL-SUB-2021003)
中国水电坦桑尼亚 Julius Nyerere 水电站施工关键技术研究科技成果咨询服务项目(SHC-JNHPP-JSFW-01-18012022)
作者信息
    1 清华大学 水利水电工程系,北京 100084
    2 清华大学 四川能源互联网研究院,四川 成都 610213
    3 中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
    4 中国三峡建工(集团)有限公司,四川 成都 610041
    5 中国水利水电第十一工程局有限公司,河南 郑州 450001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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