Article(id=1149738774348869865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0194-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=1713801600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048684918, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048684918, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048684918, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048684918, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=194, endPage=201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738774772494570, articleId=1149738774348869865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Key parameters of UAV photography for 3D real scene reconstruction of traffic accident site, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of UAV aerial photography parameters relying on manual experience when collecting image of 3D real scene reconstruction at traffic accident sites,which led to large model measurement errors and low precision,an automatic calculation method of key parameters of UAV aerial photography was proposed. First,the key parameters of aerial photography used by single-lens UAV for images acquisition of traffic accident site were altitude,gimbal angle and shooting interval angle. The numerical relationships of the key parameters with the imaging range,imaging accuracy and overlap rate were analyzed. Then,the aerial photography key parameters computation model was constructed. The key input parameters were the given accident site,UAV technical parameters,image aspect ratio and overlap requirements. On the premise that the accident site was in the effective imaging range and there was no imaging blind zone,the UAV photography parameters were automatically calculated with the goal of improving the accuracy and presentation effect of the image utilization rate model. Finally,combined with case application,the UAV aerial photography parameters calculated by this method were applied to complete the image acquisition at the accident sites,and the constructed 3D real scene model could clearly and completely present the overview of the accident site,with an average measurement error of 1.72%,and a measurement accuracy of 3.54 cm. Compared with the manual empirical method,the average error of the method was reduced by 47.56%,and the accuracy was improved by 48.40%. The study shows that this method can realize the automatic quantitative calculation of aerial photography parameters for 3D real scene reconstruction of traffic accident sites,construct the model with centimeter-level error,and improve the parameterization and automation of UAV aerial photography.

, correspAuthors=Changjun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yansong HU, Changjun WANG, Jinzi ZHENG, Yuhang CHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738791730065525, articleId=1149738774348869865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=面向交通事故现场三维实景建模的无人机航拍参数, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在交通事故现场三维实景建模的图像采集过程中,针对无人机(UAV)航拍参数主要依靠人工经验设置,导致模型测量误差大、精度低的问题,提出一种无人机航拍关键参数自动计算方法。首先,确认单镜头无人机环绕事故现场航拍的关键参数为航拍高度、云台角度和拍摄间隔角,并分析其与成像范围、成像精度以及重叠度的数值关系;然后,构建无人机航拍关键参数计算模型,以给定事故现场场景、无人机技术参数、图像长宽比以及重叠度要求为输入,在事故现场处于有效成像范围且无成像盲区的前提下,以提高图像利用率保障模型精度和呈现效果为目标,自动计算得到航拍参数;最后,结合实例,应用该方法计算无人机航拍参数完成事故现场的图像采集,经测算,构建的事故现场三维实景模型的平均测量误差为1.72%,测量精度为3.54 cm,相较于人工经验法平均误差降低47.56%,精度提高48.40%。研究表明:该方法能实现交通事故现场三维实景建模的航拍参数自动计算,构建厘米级误差的三维实景模型,可提升无人机航拍的参数化和自动化水平。

, correspAuthors=王长君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 王长君(1965—),男,江苏扬州人,硕士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事道路交通安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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胡焱松 (1992—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,研究方向为道路交通安全及交通事故预防。E-mail:

郑金子 副研究员

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Parameters of UAV and its camera

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参数类型 具体参数
飞行高度/m 500
飞行时间/min 34
影像传感器 1/2英寸
照片最大分辨率 8 000×6 000
镜头视角/(°) 84
光圈 f/2.8
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无人机及其搭载相机参数

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参数类型 具体参数
飞行高度/m 500
飞行时间/min 34
影像传感器 1/2英寸
照片最大分辨率 8 000×6 000
镜头视角/(°) 84
光圈 f/2.8
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Comparison between model measured distance and actual measured distance

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实际 自动参数计算下模型 人工经验操作下模型
实测
值/cm
测量
值/cm
误差
量/cm
误差/
%
测量
值/cm
误差
量/cm
误差/
%
125 128 3 2.40 128 3 2.4
299 304 5 1.67 305 6 2.01
168 164 4 2.38 156 12 7.14
214 214 0 0 216 2 0.93
173 170 3 1.73 168 5 2.89
185 181 4 2.16 177 8 4.32
平均误差=1.72% 平均误差=3.28%
RMSE=3.54 RMSE=6.86
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模型测量距离与实际测量距离对比

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实际 自动参数计算下模型 人工经验操作下模型
实测
值/cm
测量
值/cm
误差
量/cm
误差/
%
测量
值/cm
误差
量/cm
误差/
%
125 128 3 2.40 128 3 2.4
299 304 5 1.67 305 6 2.01
168 164 4 2.38 156 12 7.14
214 214 0 0 216 2 0.93
173 170 3 1.73 168 5 2.89
185 181 4 2.16 177 8 4.32
平均误差=1.72% 平均误差=3.28%
RMSE=3.54 RMSE=6.86
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面向交通事故现场三维实景建模的无人机航拍参数
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胡焱松 1, 2 , 王长君 3, ** , 郑金子 3 , 褚宇航 1
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(7): 194-201
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(7): 194-201
面向交通事故现场三维实景建模的无人机航拍参数
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胡焱松1, 2 , 王长君3, ** , 郑金子3, 褚宇航1
作者信息
  • 1 中国人民公安大学 交通管理学院,北京 100038
  • 2 广东警官学院 治安与交通管理学院,广东 广州 510230
  • 3 公安部道路交通安全研究中心,北京 100062
  • 胡焱松 (1992—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,研究方向为道路交通安全及交通事故预防。E-mail:

    郑金子 副研究员

通讯作者:

** 王长君(1965—),男,江苏扬州人,硕士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事道路交通安全方面的研究。E-mail:
Key parameters of UAV photography for 3D real scene reconstruction of traffic accident site
Yansong HU1, 2 , Changjun WANG3, ** , Jinzi ZHENG3, Yuhang CHU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Traffic Management,People's Public Security University of China,Beijing 100038,China
  • 2 School of Public Security and Traffic Management,Guangdong Police College,Guangzhou Guangdong 510230,China
  • 3 Research Institute for Road Safety of MPS,Beijing 100062,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2080
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在交通事故现场三维实景建模的图像采集过程中,针对无人机(UAV)航拍参数主要依靠人工经验设置,导致模型测量误差大、精度低的问题,提出一种无人机航拍关键参数自动计算方法。首先,确认单镜头无人机环绕事故现场航拍的关键参数为航拍高度、云台角度和拍摄间隔角,并分析其与成像范围、成像精度以及重叠度的数值关系;然后,构建无人机航拍关键参数计算模型,以给定事故现场场景、无人机技术参数、图像长宽比以及重叠度要求为输入,在事故现场处于有效成像范围且无成像盲区的前提下,以提高图像利用率保障模型精度和呈现效果为目标,自动计算得到航拍参数;最后,结合实例,应用该方法计算无人机航拍参数完成事故现场的图像采集,经测算,构建的事故现场三维实景模型的平均测量误差为1.72%,测量精度为3.54 cm,相较于人工经验法平均误差降低47.56%,精度提高48.40%。研究表明:该方法能实现交通事故现场三维实景建模的航拍参数自动计算,构建厘米级误差的三维实景模型,可提升无人机航拍的参数化和自动化水平。

交通事故现场  /  三维实景建模  /  无人机(UAV)  /  航拍参数  /  倾斜摄影

Aiming at the problem of UAV aerial photography parameters relying on manual experience when collecting image of 3D real scene reconstruction at traffic accident sites,which led to large model measurement errors and low precision,an automatic calculation method of key parameters of UAV aerial photography was proposed. First,the key parameters of aerial photography used by single-lens UAV for images acquisition of traffic accident site were altitude,gimbal angle and shooting interval angle. The numerical relationships of the key parameters with the imaging range,imaging accuracy and overlap rate were analyzed. Then,the aerial photography key parameters computation model was constructed. The key input parameters were the given accident site,UAV technical parameters,image aspect ratio and overlap requirements. On the premise that the accident site was in the effective imaging range and there was no imaging blind zone,the UAV photography parameters were automatically calculated with the goal of improving the accuracy and presentation effect of the image utilization rate model. Finally,combined with case application,the UAV aerial photography parameters calculated by this method were applied to complete the image acquisition at the accident sites,and the constructed 3D real scene model could clearly and completely present the overview of the accident site,with an average measurement error of 1.72%,and a measurement accuracy of 3.54 cm. Compared with the manual empirical method,the average error of the method was reduced by 47.56%,and the accuracy was improved by 48.40%. The study shows that this method can realize the automatic quantitative calculation of aerial photography parameters for 3D real scene reconstruction of traffic accident sites,construct the model with centimeter-level error,and improve the parameterization and automation of UAV aerial photography.

traffic accident site  /  3D real scene reconstruction  /  unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)  /  aerial photography parameters  /  tilt photography
胡焱松, 王长君, 郑金子, 褚宇航. 面向交通事故现场三维实景建模的无人机航拍参数. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 194 -201 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2080
Yansong HU, Changjun WANG, Jinzi ZHENG, Yuhang CHU. Key parameters of UAV photography for 3D real scene reconstruction of traffic accident site[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 194 -201 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2080
近几年,我国每年约发生25万起道路交通事故,平均每4起事故中就有1人死亡,交通安全形势依然严峻[1]。全面、细致的勘查交通事故现场,是深入分析事故致因与影响因素,进而针对性防范事故的重要手段。应用无人机倾斜摄影技术对交通事故现场进行三维实景建模,是提升事故现场勘查质量和效率的新途径[2],基于三维实景模型可以精确、高效开展勘查测量,避免人工测量误差,实现现场清撤后的复勘复查[3]。当前,交通事故现场三维实景建模图像采集时无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)航拍参数主要依靠人工经验和主观视觉来设置和调整[4],要求勘查人员既能够熟练操作无人机,又要具备丰富的事故现场勘查经验,这制约了其在事故现场勘查中的应用。综上,无人机航拍参数的自动化计算是三维实景建模技术在交通事故现场勘查中深度应用的重要前提。
基于无人机倾斜摄影技术的三维实景建模具有个性化图像采集、精度高、细节信息全等特点[5-6],能满足交通事故现场所需的场景建模和细物精细化建模的需求[7]。近几年,国内外一些专家学者将其应用于交通事故现场三维实景建模并开展相关研究,KIM等[8]应用无人机倾斜摄影建模技术构建交通事故现场的三维实景模型,并通过高精度激光扫描仪建模结果验证了该模型的有效性;向怀坤等[9]介绍了无人机倾斜摄影建模的关键技术,并设计了交通事故现场三维建模勘测系统;AMIN等[10]研究表明:应用无人机环绕兴趣点(Point Of Interest,POI)航拍事故现场采集图像比单航线效率更高;MOHAMAD等[11]验证了无人机环绕交通事故现场航拍构建的模型精度要优于单航线和双航线2种方式,且像控点的布置对于事故现场的实景建模效果影响不大。这一技术在交通事故现场三维实景建模中的研究不多,且主要集中在关键技术介绍、航线规划、像控点布置、模型构建等方面,针对无人机航拍参数的研究相对较少。郑金子等[12]基于人工操作经验根据不同范围的交通事故场景给出了无人机倾斜摄影的航拍参数经验值;但会因为拍摄外形结构复杂以及彼此之间的相互遮挡等问题,导致出现较大的成像盲区和细节信息缺失等情况[13],因此,需要多次航拍采集图像,效率不高且对无人机的续航能力是较大的挑战。
鉴于此,笔者拟结合倾斜摄影成像特点及三维实景建模的要求,提出无人机航拍参数计算方法,并通过具体实例验证该方法的有效性,以期降低对人工操作经验的依赖,助力基于无人机倾斜摄影技术的三维实景建模在交通事故现场勘查中的应用。
基于无人机倾斜摄影技术的交通事故现场三维实景建模主要包括图像采集和模型构建[14],利用无人机全面获取交通事故现场图像,根据获取的航拍图像应用建模软件构建三维实景模型。航拍图像作为建模的基础,航拍参数会直接决定航拍效率和获取图像的质量[15],影响最终的三维实景模型的呈现效果和精度。
道路交通事故现场是指交通事故发生的地点及相关的空间范围,一般具有空间范围小、信息集中、安全风险大等特点,交通事故现场核心区域的痕迹物证是勘查重点也是三维实景建模的主要目标区域。基于包络体和包络球的思想,交通事故现场核心空间范围可视作 l × w × h(长×宽×高,m)的包络体,并以事故中心点为球心,构建半径为r(m)的包络半球。为提高航拍图像对事故现场核心区域的覆盖率和航拍效率,需使成像范围覆盖事故现场核心区域,即包络半球要在无人机航拍成像范围内。利用单镜头无人机环绕POI飞行功能,以事故中心点为POI,无人机环绕中心轴以绕飞半径R(m)沿着飞行路径,按照一定的拍摄间隔角δ(°)对事故现场进行航拍,即可快速完成事故现场图像采集,具体航拍方案如图1所示。
图1可知: R可以通过 Hβ计算得到,因此,对于给定的交通事故现场和无人机,F为定值,环绕交通事故现场进行图像采集,需要计算无人机航拍关键参数为H、βδ
R = H s i n β
航拍高度是指无人机距离事故现场所在路面(即起飞点)的相对高度。倾斜摄影成像简化示意图如图2所示,结合图2和相机成像原理可知:在无人机镜头参数确定时航拍高度越大,成像范围越大,则图像中所能容纳的事故现场元素越多,航拍效率越高。
基于《低空数字航空摄影规范》[16]中航拍高度的计算公式,得到倾斜摄影中心点、远端点和近端点的地面分辨率计算方法,如下式:
G c = α · H f · s i n β
G f = α · H · c o s ( F / 2 ) f · s i n ( β - F / 2 )
G n = α · H c o s ( F / 2 ) f · s i n ( β + F / 2 )
式中: G c G f G n分别为图像的中心点、远端点、近端点的地面分辨率,cm; α为像元尺寸,μm; f为焦距,mm。对于单镜头无人机,其像元尺寸、焦距和镜头视角一般为定值,由式(2)和图2可知:航拍高度越高则地面分辨率值越大,单位像素中记录的拍摄物体尺寸越大,能分辨的细节程度越低,纹理细节信息丢失越多,成像精度越低,致使构建的三维实景模型精度降低[17]。因此,在保障成像范围的前提下,应尽量降低航拍高度。
云台角度是指无人机搭载的相机镜头主光轴与水平方向之间形成的夹角。由式(2)—式(4)可知:云台角度越小,图像地面分辨率值越大,尤其是图像远端位置的地面分辨率会急剧增大造成成像精度锐减,导致远端位置的成像失效,严重影响图像利用率和模型精度。
为保障三维实景模型的精度,不仅要求不同航拍点位所获取的图像分辨率保持一致,而且对于单张图像远端点和近端点的分辨率之差 G 不宜过大[18] G 的表达式如下式,可知云台角度减小会导致 G 增大。综合图像利用率和模型精度2个方面的要求,云台角度不宜过小。
G Δ = G f - G n
对交通事故现场进行倾斜摄影航拍,云台角度不仅影响事故现场水平方向上的成像范围,也影响竖直方向上的成像效果,甚至造成成像盲区,在其他参数不变的情况下,随着云台角度逐渐增大,其成像情况如图3所示。
图3可知:随着云台角度从 β 1增大至 β 3的过程中,成像范围从D1减小至D3,水平面上的成像范围逐渐缩小。伴随着云台角度的增大,航拍图像在事故现场包络体竖直方向上的信息获取也会逐渐减少,甚至会出现图3中云台角度为 β 3时的成像盲区,无法有效全面获取事故现场信息,最终影响三维实景模型的呈现效果。因此,在保障成像精度的前提下,为加强事故现场竖直方向上信息的有效获取,应尽量减小云台角度。
拍摄间隔角是指无人机环绕事故现场航拍时相邻航拍点位之间的间隔角度。为保证构建三维实景模型的精度,要求重叠度不小于80%[19],对于环绕POI航拍,相邻点位的2张图像的重合面积与图像面积比值的大小直接体现为倾斜摄影的重叠度,即灰色区域面积与图像面积之比,如图4所示。
图4可知:重叠度的大小与图像的长宽比以及 δ密切相关。基于图像中心位置构造坐标系,各顶点转过角度 δ之后的坐标可通过旋转矩阵 M得到,进而可计算得到图像重叠度为:
M = c o s δ - s i n δ s i n δ c o s δ
ψ = 1 - s i n δ ( l 1 2 + l 2 2 - 2 · l 1 · l 2 · s i n δ ) 2 · l 1 · l 2 · ( 1 + c o s δ ) · c o s δ             0 δ 2 a r c t a n l 2 l 1 l 2 l 1 · s i n δ       2 a r c t a n l 2 l 1 < δ π 2
式中: ψ为图像重叠度,%; l 1为图像长边; l 2为图像短边。基于式(7)计算得到在几种常见的图像长宽比下拍摄间隔角与图像重叠度的关系,如图5所示。
图5可知:相邻点位图像重叠度随着拍摄间隔角的增大而降低,且图像的长宽比越接近于1相邻点位图像的重叠度越大,基于以上计算结果,根据选定的图像长宽比计算满足重叠度要求的拍摄间隔角。
无人航拍参数计算求解流程和步骤如图6所示。
步骤1:确认航拍成像范围。基于给定的交通事故现场,输入事故现场核心空间包络体的长、宽、高,根据下式计算得到无人机航拍成像范围要覆盖的事故现场包络半球的半径 r
r = h 2 + l 2 + w 2 4
步骤2:计算最小航拍高度。根据选用的无人机,结合其视场角度、焦距和像元尺寸等技术参数,为使航拍图像能够覆盖到事故现场顶端平面,无水平方向上的成像盲区,如图2所示,即无人机远端成像边线与包络体的上端面的顶点相切,计算得到无人机距离事故现场中心点绕飞半径的最小值 R m i n,并根据几何关系确认得到最小航拍高度 H m i n,如下式:
R m i n = r / s i n ( F / 2 )
H m i n = R m i n · s i n β
步骤3:确认云台角度。为避免无人机航拍时事故现场顶端平面对其竖直方向的遮挡,造成竖直方向上的成像盲区,根据图3以及事故现场空间尺寸,计算得到云台角度的取值上边界 β m a x。结合云台角度对成像精度的影响,为避免远端位置的成像失效,根据式(3)得到其取值下边界 β m i n
β m a x = a r c c o s ( l 2 + w 2 / 2 R )
β m i n = F / 2
步骤4:计算最优云台角度。根据步骤2中计算的最小航拍高度时无人机的绕飞半径为 R m i n,基于步骤3中计算的云台角度取值范围,为提高航拍图像的利用率,控制远端点地面分辨率不超过中心点的5倍,寻找满足以上条件的最小云台角度,以加强事故现场竖直方向上信息的有效获取,根据式(2)、 式(3)、式(8)—式(12),可以得到 β的优化模型,如下式:
m i n β s . t . F / 2 < β < a r c c o s ( l 2 + w 2 · s i n ( F / 2 ) 2 · h 2 + l 2 + w 2 4 ) β a r c t a n ( 5 / 4 · t a n ( F / 2 ) )
其中, l w h F均为给定参数,分别将其代入式(13),即可从云台角度的取值范围中计算得到 β的最小值,以实现交通事故现场核心空间上的信息全面获取,保障最终三维实景模型的精度和呈现效果。
步骤5:计算拍摄间隔角。基于选定的无人机图像长宽比和重叠度要求,根据式(7),计算得到最大拍摄 δ,并设定向下取整。为确保事故现场三维实景建模的精度,需要获取足够数量的航拍图像,预设 δ以5°为阈值,如果计算值大于阈值,则输出阈值作为拍摄间隔角。
为验证航拍参数计算方法的有效性,基于相同事故现场,应用同款无人机和建模软件,分别采用参数计算方法得到航拍方案和人工成熟经验操作下的航拍方案,采集图像并构建三维实景模型,对比分析2个模型的效果和精度。
小型客车自南向北出路口后左转与直行电动自行车在双向两车道无信号灯控制的十字交叉口上发生碰撞,事故现场如图7所示。根据事故现场概况及车辆尺寸,交通事故现场核心空间范围可视作10m×5m×3m的包络体。
单镜头多旋翼无人机具有灵活性强、易于操作、携带方便等特点[20],与交通事故现场特征适配性高。因此,选取无人机搭载有4 800万像素的相机,航拍图像能够自动获取全球定位系统定位信息,其搭载的三轴稳定云台还可以用于抵消无人机姿态修正时的抖动,稳定画面,并且云台俯仰角度控制幅度范围超过90°,精度为±0.01°,基本参数见表1
基于给定的事故现场和选用的无人机技术参数,选定图像长宽比为4∶3,重叠度95%,即无人机航拍参数计算模型的输入为:(lwhFfαl1:l2ψ)=(10 m,5 m,3 m,84°,4 mm,1.6 μm,4∶3,95%)。根据无人机航拍参数计算方法,利用Matlab计算得到本案例的无人机航拍参数:最优 β为48.38°,最小 H为7.09m,最大 δ为 5°。
无人机从图7中事故现场中心位置起飞,计算得到的无人机航拍参数并进行设置,设定事故中心位置为POI进行环绕航拍采集图像,补充拍摄正射图像以及由于周围绿化树木对航线影响未获取的图像,航拍过程历时约10min,共计得到图像210张。
选择从事道路交通事故处理工作且熟练掌握无人机操作的人员,根据个人经验对同一事故现场应用同一无人机进行环绕航拍,历时约15min,得到相同数量的图像。航拍过程操作人员根据成像情况实时调整无人机姿态,拍摄间隔角动态变化,其他航拍参数调整范围:β∈(30°,70°),H∈(5 m,16 m)。
分别将自动计算参数和人工经验航拍得到的2组图像导入“云端地球”建模软件创建场景模型,得到事故现场的三维实景模型如图8图9所示。
通过2种方式得到事故现场三维实景模型,均能够从多个视角全面展示事故现场的概况,包括车辆、散落物、标志标线以及其他现场元素的位置和外观特征等,同时,车身结构、车牌号码等现场元素的细节也能得到较好呈现。对模型进行旋转缩放观察对比呈现效果,可知:基于自动计算参数得到的事故现场三维模型相较于人工经验操作得到的三维模型,在事故现场核心区域以外的上部空间呈现信息要少,但事故现场核心区域的细节呈现更为清晰。
为进一步验证建模效果和精度,基于三维实景模型定位测量交通事故现场元素,选取电动自行车及散落物为测量元素,如图10图11所示,并将其与实际现场测量数据进行对比,具体结果见表2。通过计算均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)来评价模型的综合测量精度,RMSE计算公式为:
R M S E = 1 n · i = 1 n ( l i - l ^ i ) 2
式中: n为测量点的个数; l i l ^ i分别为第 i个测量点的实测值和模型测量值。
表2可知:基于倾斜摄影技术构建的交通事故现场实景模型的测量误差均可控制在厘米级。基于航拍参数自动计算方法得到的事故现场三维实景模型的平均误差为1.72%,测量精度为3.54cm,相较于人工经验法平均误差降低47.56%,测量精度提高48.40%。
1) 交通事故现场的三维实景建模的无人机航拍关键参数主要有云台角度、飞行高度和拍摄间隔角。通过分析关键参数与成像范围、成像精度以及与图像重叠度的数值关系,构建一种无人机航拍关键参数的计算方法。
2) 实例验证结果证明:应用该方法计算无人机航拍关键参数得到的航拍方案能够有效完成事故现场的图像采集,构建的三维实景模型可全面、清晰地呈现事故现场信息。与人工经验操作法相比,该模型精度更高,平均误差降低47.56%,测量精度提高48.40%。
3) 该方法可以降低无人机环绕交通事故现场航拍对人工经验的依赖,但由于试验场地以及可用无人机类型的限制,不同型号的无人机在不同场景范围的交通事故现场倾斜摄影的航拍参数计算及优化有待进一步深入研究。
  • 公安部科技计划项目(2022JSYJC20)
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2024年第34卷第7期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2080
  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
  • 修回日期:2024-04-23
基金
公安部科技计划项目(2022JSYJC20)
作者信息
    1 中国人民公安大学 交通管理学院,北京 100038
    2 广东警官学院 治安与交通管理学院,广东 广州 510230
    3 公安部道路交通安全研究中心,北京 100062

通讯作者:

** 王长君(1965—),男,江苏扬州人,硕士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事道路交通安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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