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In order to mitigate the impact of traffic accidents on the operation efficiency of freeways,and improve the throughput capacity of the accident area,based on real-time information via vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-road,a cooperative lane change guidance strategy in freeway traffic accident areas was proposed with the safety potential field theory. Firstly,in view of various traffic accidents in different lanes in two-lane or multi-lane traffic of one-way,the guidance area of collaborative lane change was divided into four areas: accident protection area,guidance transition area,collaborative lane change guidance area and free lane change area. The guidance threshold of lane change was determined to update vehicle status. Furthermore,the safety potential field of traffic accidents was established,and the corresponding guidance strategies of vehicle cooperative lane change were proposed according to different scenarios. The calculation methods of the safe distance for vehicle lane change and the latest lane change position were given. Finally,based on simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) software,the simulation results were verified in various scenarios. The results show that in the two-lane of one-way scenario,the optimization effect is most obvious when the vehicle cooperative guidance rate is at 75%. In the multi-lane of one-way scenario,the optimization effect is most obvious when the guidance rate is at 50%. Meanwhile,through comparative analysis,it is found that the average speed of vehicles passing through the accident section is increased by up to 6.3% and the maximum vehicle delay is reduced by 14.6% after adopting the lane change guidance strategy.

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为缓解交通事故对道路通行效率的影响,提高事故路段的通过能力,利用车路协同系统中车与车、车与路的实时信息交互,提出一种高速公路突发交通事故下基于安全势场理论的车辆协同换道引导策略。首先,针对单向双车道和多车道等不同车道下发生交通事故的多种场景,将协同换道的引导区域划分为事故保护区、引导过渡区、协同换道引导区和自由换道区4个区域,并确定换道引导阈值,以便更新车辆状态;然后,构建交通事故的安全势场,针对不同场景提出相应的车辆协同换道引导策略,并给出引导过程中车辆换道安全距离和最晚换道位置的计算方法;最后,基于城市交通仿真 (SUMO)软件进行多种场景下的仿真验证。结果表明:在单向双车道场景下,当车辆协同引导率在75%时优化效果最明显;在多车道场景下,引导率在50%时的优化效果最明显;此外,通过对比分析发现,采用换道引导策略后,车辆通过事故路段的平均速度最高提升了6.3%,车辆延误最高减少了14.6%。

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姚 佼 (1982—),男,山西芮城人,博士,特聘教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能交通管理与控制、交通安全等方面研究。E-mail:

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姚 佼 (1982—),男,山西芮城人,博士,特聘教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能交通管理与控制、交通安全等方面研究。E-mail:

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姚 佼 (1982—),男,山西芮城人,博士,特聘教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能交通管理与控制、交通安全等方面研究。E-mail:

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Speed and delay results at different guidance rates in one-way two-lane scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引导率/
%
单向2车道
事故发生在内侧车道 事故发生在外侧车道
速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s 速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s
0 13.97(↑0.0%) 3.54(↓0.0%) 13.87(↑0.0%) 3.76(↓0.0%)
25 13.95(↓1.4%) 3.62(↑2.3%) 13.75(↓0.8%) 3.82(↑1.6%)
50 13.62(↓2.4%) 3.52(↓2.8%) 13.91(↑1.2%) 3.73(↓2.4%)
75 14.21(↑4.3%) 3.21(↓8.8%) 14.32(↑2.9%) 3.32(↓11.0%)
100 14.52(↑2.2%) 3.02(↓5.9%) 14.37(↑0.3%) 3.28(↓1.2%)
), ArticleFig(id=1168186592981168958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单向2车道场景不同引导率下的速度和延误结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引导率/
%
单向2车道
事故发生在内侧车道 事故发生在外侧车道
速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s 速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s
0 13.97(↑0.0%) 3.54(↓0.0%) 13.87(↑0.0%) 3.76(↓0.0%)
25 13.95(↓1.4%) 3.62(↑2.3%) 13.75(↓0.8%) 3.82(↑1.6%)
50 13.62(↓2.4%) 3.52(↓2.8%) 13.91(↑1.2%) 3.73(↓2.4%)
75 14.21(↑4.3%) 3.21(↓8.8%) 14.32(↑2.9%) 3.32(↓11.0%)
100 14.52(↑2.2%) 3.02(↓5.9%) 14.37(↑0.3%) 3.28(↓1.2%)
), ArticleFig(id=1168186593069249343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Speed and delay results at different guidance rates in one-way multi-lane scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引导率/
%
单向多车道
事故发生在外侧车道 事故发生在中间车道 事故发生在内侧车道
速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s 速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s 速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s
0 13.80(↑0.0%) 3.7(↓0.0%) 13.94(↑0.0%) 3.6(↓0.0%) 13.95(↑0.0%) 3.4(↓0.0%)
25 13.65(↓1.1%) 3.82(↑0.1%) 14.11(↑1.2%) 3.59(↓1.6%) 14.09(↑0.4%) 3.52(↑2.9%)
50 14.16(↑3.7%) 3.56(↓6.8%) 14.18(↑0.5%) 3.51(↓2.2%) 14.41(↑2.3%) 3.30(↓6.2%)
75 14.48(↑2.3%) 3.45(↓3.0%) 14.46(↑2.0%) 3.34(↓4.8%) 14.43(↑0.1%) 3.21(↓2.7%)
100 14.56(↑0.5%) 3.38(↓2.0%) 14.52(↑0.4%) 3.29(↓1.5%) 14.51(↑0.5%) 3.18(↓0.9%)
), ArticleFig(id=1168186593178301248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单向多车道场景不同引导率下的速度和延误结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引导率/
%
单向多车道
事故发生在外侧车道 事故发生在中间车道 事故发生在内侧车道
速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s 速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s 速度/(m·s-1) 延误/s
0 13.80(↑0.0%) 3.7(↓0.0%) 13.94(↑0.0%) 3.6(↓0.0%) 13.95(↑0.0%) 3.4(↓0.0%)
25 13.65(↓1.1%) 3.82(↑0.1%) 14.11(↑1.2%) 3.59(↓1.6%) 14.09(↑0.4%) 3.52(↑2.9%)
50 14.16(↑3.7%) 3.56(↓6.8%) 14.18(↑0.5%) 3.51(↓2.2%) 14.41(↑2.3%) 3.30(↓6.2%)
75 14.48(↑2.3%) 3.45(↓3.0%) 14.46(↑2.0%) 3.34(↓4.8%) 14.43(↑0.1%) 3.21(↓2.7%)
100 14.56(↑0.5%) 3.38(↓2.0%) 14.52(↑0.4%) 3.29(↓1.5%) 14.51(↑0.5%) 3.18(↓0.9%)
), ArticleFig(id=1168186593375433537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Information of vehicle status after guidance at reasonable position in one-way two-lane scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆状态 事故发生在内侧车道 事故发生在外侧车道
未采用换道策略 采用换道策略 未采用换道策略 采用换道策略
开始引导的位置/m 120 120
引导车辆的平均速度/(m·s-1) 13.55 14.40 13.81 14.35
行程时间/s 80 71 85 73
延误/s 3.54 3.02 3.76 3.23
), ArticleFig(id=1168186593476096834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单向2车道场景下在合理位置引导后的车辆状态信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆状态 事故发生在内侧车道 事故发生在外侧车道
未采用换道策略 采用换道策略 未采用换道策略 采用换道策略
开始引导的位置/m 120 120
引导车辆的平均速度/(m·s-1) 13.55 14.40 13.81 14.35
行程时间/s 80 71 85 73
延误/s 3.54 3.02 3.76 3.23
), ArticleFig(id=1168186593547400003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Information of vehicle status after guidance at reasonable position in one-way multi-lane scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆状态 事故发生在外侧车道 事故发生在中间车道 事故发生在内侧车道
未采用换道
策略
采用换道
策略
未采用换
道策略
采用换道
策略
未采用换
道策略
采用换道
策略
开始引导的位置/m 150 150 150
引导车辆的平均速度/(m·s-1) 13.80 14.48 13.94 14.46 13.95 14.36
行程时间/s 78 70 76 72 75 72
延误/s 3.78 3.45 3.65 3.34 3.42 3.11
), ArticleFig(id=1168186593614508868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738766153203824, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单向多车道场景下在合理位置引导后的车辆状态信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆状态 事故发生在外侧车道 事故发生在中间车道 事故发生在内侧车道
未采用换道
策略
采用换道
策略
未采用换
道策略
采用换道
策略
未采用换
道策略
采用换道
策略
开始引导的位置/m 150 150 150
引导车辆的平均速度/(m·s-1) 13.80 14.48 13.94 14.46 13.95 14.36
行程时间/s 78 70 76 72 75 72
延误/s 3.78 3.45 3.65 3.34 3.42 3.11
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基于安全势场理论的高速公路交通事故下协同换道引导策略
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姚佼 1 , 杨承逸 1 , 杨媛媛 2 , 李俊杰 3 , 朱笑笑 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(7): 71-82
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(7): 71-82
基于安全势场理论的高速公路交通事故下协同换道引导策略
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姚佼1 , 杨承逸1, 杨媛媛2, 李俊杰3, 朱笑笑1
作者信息
  • 1 上海理工大学 管理学院,上海 200093
  • 2 上海城投公路投资(集团)有限公司,上海 200335
  • 3 合众新能源汽车股份有限公司,上海 200062
  • 姚 佼 (1982—),男,山西芮城人,博士,特聘教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能交通管理与控制、交通安全等方面研究。E-mail:

Cooperative lane change guidance strategy in freeway traffic accident area based on safety potential field theory
Jiao YAO1 , Chengyi YANG1, Yuanyuan YANG2, Junjie LI3, Xiaoxiao ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Business School,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai 200093,China
  • 2 Shanghai Chengtou Highway Investment (Group) Corporation,Shanghai 200335,China
  • 3 Hozon New Energy Auto Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 200062,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0069
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为缓解交通事故对道路通行效率的影响,提高事故路段的通过能力,利用车路协同系统中车与车、车与路的实时信息交互,提出一种高速公路突发交通事故下基于安全势场理论的车辆协同换道引导策略。首先,针对单向双车道和多车道等不同车道下发生交通事故的多种场景,将协同换道的引导区域划分为事故保护区、引导过渡区、协同换道引导区和自由换道区4个区域,并确定换道引导阈值,以便更新车辆状态;然后,构建交通事故的安全势场,针对不同场景提出相应的车辆协同换道引导策略,并给出引导过程中车辆换道安全距离和最晚换道位置的计算方法;最后,基于城市交通仿真 (SUMO)软件进行多种场景下的仿真验证。结果表明:在单向双车道场景下,当车辆协同引导率在75%时优化效果最明显;在多车道场景下,引导率在50%时的优化效果最明显;此外,通过对比分析发现,采用换道引导策略后,车辆通过事故路段的平均速度最高提升了6.3%,车辆延误最高减少了14.6%。

安全势场理论  /  高速公路  /  交通事故  /  协同换道  /  引导策略

In order to mitigate the impact of traffic accidents on the operation efficiency of freeways,and improve the throughput capacity of the accident area,based on real-time information via vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-road,a cooperative lane change guidance strategy in freeway traffic accident areas was proposed with the safety potential field theory. Firstly,in view of various traffic accidents in different lanes in two-lane or multi-lane traffic of one-way,the guidance area of collaborative lane change was divided into four areas: accident protection area,guidance transition area,collaborative lane change guidance area and free lane change area. The guidance threshold of lane change was determined to update vehicle status. Furthermore,the safety potential field of traffic accidents was established,and the corresponding guidance strategies of vehicle cooperative lane change were proposed according to different scenarios. The calculation methods of the safe distance for vehicle lane change and the latest lane change position were given. Finally,based on simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) software,the simulation results were verified in various scenarios. The results show that in the two-lane of one-way scenario,the optimization effect is most obvious when the vehicle cooperative guidance rate is at 75%. In the multi-lane of one-way scenario,the optimization effect is most obvious when the guidance rate is at 50%. Meanwhile,through comparative analysis,it is found that the average speed of vehicles passing through the accident section is increased by up to 6.3% and the maximum vehicle delay is reduced by 14.6% after adopting the lane change guidance strategy.

safety potential field theory  /  freeway  /  traffic accident  /  collaborative lane change  /  guidance strategy
姚佼, 杨承逸, 杨媛媛, 李俊杰, 朱笑笑. 基于安全势场理论的高速公路交通事故下协同换道引导策略. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0069
Jiao YAO, Chengyi YANG, Yuanyuan YANG, Junjie LI, Xiaoxiao ZHU. Cooperative lane change guidance strategy in freeway traffic accident area based on safety potential field theory[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0069
高速公路由于行车速度快、道路环境封闭、救援形式单一等原因,突发交通事故时,由于事故后方车辆缺少对事故信息的掌握和预判,而引发二次交通事故或拥堵,造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。因此,快速获取交通事故信息,并通过分析合理引导后方车辆,能够有效缓解拥堵,减少对事故路段交通流的影响。智能网联技术及车辆驾驶辅助系统[1-2]的逐步普及推广,为上述事故场景的快速处理提供了可能,特别是通过对事故后方车辆的协同换道引导,避免二次事故和拥堵,显著提升交通安全水平,提高道路通行能力。
车辆的换道行为是交通流中基本的微观行为,主要可分为自由换道、强制换道和协同换道3类[3]。在复杂的交通系统中,车辆频繁、不合理的换道行为容易造成道路交通拥堵,特别是在发生交通事故时,往往因不合理的换道导致通行能力下降,加剧对整个事故路段交通流的影响。基于智能网联技术,可通过路侧设施全息感知和实时播报道路交通流状态,从而实现“人-车-路-云”之间的信息交互与智能协同管控[4]。智能换道模型主要基于智能网联技术被分为单车智能换道和多车协同换道[5],这方面的研究多以换道轨迹预测为主,如基于双曲正切函数[6]、贝塞尔曲线[7]等方法的协同换道轨迹研究。李珣等[8]基于车路协同信息平台建立了多车道协同换道模型,提高了车辆在多车道条件下的运行安全性。曲大义等[9]考虑了车辆换道过程中的动态变化因素,通过分析网联混合交通流状态下协同车辆与传统车辆之间的关系,运用博弈论的思想建立了车辆换道模型。另外,NIE Jianqiang等[10]还重点考虑了协同车辆之间的信息交流复杂性和防碰撞因素,提出了更加安全的换道决策建议。LOMBARD等[11]将实时优化算法运用到车辆参数调整中,建立了动态协同换道模型。冯嵩等[12]基于安全距离,通过余弦与双曲正切函数建立了雾天环境下车辆换道轨迹模型。王长帅等[13]基于自动驾驶换道等行为的研究,构建了随机效应生存分析模型。但是目前换道引导更多聚集在最小换道间隙、最小车头时距、最小换道风险等传统安全领域,对于行车效率方面的研究比较薄弱,特别是事故发生后换道引导对于其后路段的交通流运行效率,如通行能力、车辆排队延误等的研究有待进一步深入。
另一方面,安全势场理论虽最早应用于机器人路径规划研究中[14],但近些年已有相关学者将其与交通流理论相结合,并证明了其可行性。如WOLF等[15]运用人工势场理论的相关概念,以车辆速度为变量,建立不同的势场模型,通过势场与交通行为之间的映射关系,表征了车辆势场的楔形形式。MA Yanli等[16]通过考虑周围车辆间距对换道横向加速度的影响,基于势能场理论,建立了城市道路车辆换道时间模型。王树凤等[17]将人工势场与虚拟领航者相结合,提出了椭圆势场作用区域,对车队进行控制引导。LI Chenggang等[18]针对不同刺激类型的效应,建立了一种基于势场理论的车辆跟驰模型,并通过不断变化的交通环境仿真试验,验证了车辆在该模型中精准、快速的交互操作。张小丽等[19]在分析超车的全过程后,建立了基于安全势场的超车模型。
虽然目前安全势场在交通流领域的研究已经很多,但较少以交通事故为背景,将安全势场理论与其影响下的交通流理论融合研究。鉴于此,笔者在“智慧高速”网联环境下,基于车-车、车-路的实时通信,进行事故信息和事故路段的交通流状态采集,并通过安全势场理论,构建交通事故势场模型,提出多种交通事故场景下的换道引导策略,旨在减少突发交通事故对事故路段交通流的影响,提高运行效率。
我国高速公路多以单向2车道和多车道为主,因此,本文以无出入匝道的单向2车道和多车道的高速公路路段作为对象,依据交通事故发生的车道进行场景分类,如图1所示。
发生交通事故时,通过路侧设施提供的实时交通流数据,对事故路段进行功能区域划分,如图2所示。
1) 事故保护区。高速公路交通事故保护区域的距离一般由交通事故本身的严重程度和车辆行驶速度决定,计算公式如下:
S = 0.625 v t + 2 q
式中:S为事故保护区距离,m;v为高速公路上车辆的运行速度,m/s;t为车辆停滞时间,s;q为交通事故现场的横向距离,m。
2) 引导过渡区。驾驶员由自由驾驶区进入换道引导区后,对接收到的引导决策指令需要有一定的反应时间,同时,为保证安全需要车辆进行减速已达到换道要求。期间车辆行驶的路程定义为引导过渡区距离,计算公式如下:
N = v 1 3.6 t ' + v 1 2 - v 2 2 2 g × 3 . 6 2
式中:N为引导过渡区长度,m;v1为车辆在进入引导区减速前的车速,m/s;v2为车辆在引导区减速后的车速,m/s;g为重力加速度,一般取9.8 m/s2;t'为驾驶员的反应时间,一般取0.75 s。
3) 协同换道引导区。事故后方车辆需要进行换道引导,其最早和最晚换道位置之间的距离为协同换道引导区距离。计算公式如下:
L = N + S L + L C
式中:L为协同换道引导区域距离,m;SL为运行车辆抵达保护区附近队列末端时的最小安全间距,m;LC为交通拥堵时排队长度,m。
相关学者提出了基于视觉技术的交通拥堵时车辆排队长度计算方法[18]:
L C = H × t a n τ + ( O - n 2 ) δ O - τ + ( P - n 1 ) P
式中:H为路侧摄影机的高度,m;δτ为摄像机镜头与地面的垂直视场角,(°);O×P为摄影机图像分辨率,px;n1n2分别为队首和队尾的像素坐标值。
L = N + S L + H × t a n τ + ( O - n 2 ) δ O τ + ( P - n 1 ) P
高速公路上的交通事故往往是突发的,当交通量较大时,突然出现的障碍物会导致路段交通流状态发生变化,例如:车道占有率、车辆行驶速度、线密度等。
在交通流较小的情况下,事故后方车辆往往可以通过自行变道通过事故路段,不会形成拥堵。
因此,为了判断需要在何时介入引导,构建事故影响度函数σ,设定换道引导阈值为σ0,当σ<σ0时,则不介入引导,尽可能减少对驾驶员的干扰;当σσ0时,对事故车道上的车辆进行换道引导。σ的计算如下:
μ = m 2 - m 1 n = Δ m n
ρ = m 2 - m 1 l = Δ m l
V = j = 1 m 2   v j m 2 - i = 1 m 1   v i m 1
σ = ω 1 μ + ω 2 ρ + ω 3 V
式中:μ为车道占有变化率,%;ρ为线密度变化率,%;V为平均速度变化率,%;m1m2分别为事故发生前后时间内的车辆数;n为事故路段车道数;Δm 为事故前后车辆数之差;l为事故路段监测车道长度,m;ω1ω2ω3分别为μρV三个参数的权重系数。
换道行为分为自由换道、协同换道和强制换道。当车辆未进入协同引导区域之前,驾驶员可根据自己的判断进行自由换道;当车辆进入协同引导区域之后,只要车辆还未行驶至最小换道引导距离处,驾驶员在接收到换道命令时,仍可根据实际情况选择是否换道,如果驾驶员拒绝换道则继续做跟驰运动,此时需要更新车辆信息,并为下一次换道做准备;当车辆已经到达最小安全换道距离时,则车辆在接收到换道指令时,强制完成换道,换道完成后,跟驰前车,保持匀速行驶。
本文聚焦场景为高速公路突发交通事故路段,如图1所示,以事故车道后方车辆G1、G2、G3研究对象。车辆在当前车道行驶,因为前方发生交通事故无法通过时,路侧单元收集到该信息后,开始对事故路段进行数据采集并计算出最佳的换道策略,同时将事故信息与换道指令通过车载系统发布给后方车辆。如图2所示,以事故点为坐标原点,事故后方为X轴,垂直方向为Y轴,建立坐标系。
车辆在完成换道后的状态会影响到下一步的引导决策,为了表明车辆的变化状态在上述坐标系中,建立车辆离散时间状态变化方程:
x ( t + 1 ) = x ( t ) + v x ( t ) T y ( t + 1 ) = y ( t ) + v y ( t ) T v ( t + 1 ) = v ( t ) + v ( t ) T
式中:x(t)t时刻车辆距离事故地点在X轴的距离,m;y(t)t时刻车辆距离事故地点在Y轴的距离,m;vxvy为车辆在X轴和Y轴方向的速度分量,m/s;T为换道时间,s。
当交通事故发生时,首先,路侧设施监测事故路段交通流状况并传递事故信息,通过分析计算事故影响度,当需要进行车辆换道引导时,通过路侧设施获取后方车辆的位置及运动状态,根据交通事故的严重程度确定事故保护区距离、协同引导区距离和车辆及交通事故的安全势场。
进而,根据相应的引导策略对后方车辆发送换道指令,车辆接收到指令后,判断与周围车辆间是否满足最小安全势场的换道距离,如果满足,则执行换道;如果不满足,则继续保持跟驰,等待下一次换道指令。车辆执行协同换道的流程如图3所示。
根据1.4节的协同换道流程,本文将安全势场理论运用到高速公路交通事故的处理场景中,并针对不同场景,提出相应的车辆协同换道引导策略;同时,基于安全势场理论,计算车辆换道的安全临界距离以及车辆的最佳换道位置,保证换道策略执行过程中的安全可靠。最终,通过换道策略引导车辆安全快速的通过事故路段,避免二次交通事故发生的同时,提高车辆行驶速度、减少车辆延误。
车辆在行驶过程中,会与周围的车辆之间产生影响,车辆的自身属性和运动状态决定了自身的安全势场大小。车辆的自身属性包括车辆的质量、尺寸和类型等。当车辆在运动状态下时,相关研究将运动车辆的质量定义为等效质量,其大小与车辆的行驶速度有关,计算公式如下:
R i = 1.566 r i v 6.687 × 10 - 14 + 0.334   5
式中:Ri为目标车辆i的等效质量,kg;ri为目标车辆i的实际质量,kg。
车辆在高速公路上行驶时,对于不同的运动状态,会产生不同大小的车辆作用势场,其行驶速度v、加速度a和空间中点到该车的距离d等都是影响势场大小的重要因素。
设当前车辆在空间中的质点坐标为(xiyi),则空间内点(xiyi)到该车的距离 d的计算公式如下:
d = ( x i - x 1 ) 2 + ( y i - y 1 ) 2
智能网联环境下,可以实时获取道路上车辆的行驶状态,包括车辆的速度以及加速度,建立考虑车辆加速度的车辆自身安全作用势场,其计算公式如下:
E v = R i λ e x p ( - β 1 a c o s θ ) d d d
式中:Ev为车辆的安全势场;λβ1为待定系数;θ为车辆的转向角,(°)。
交通事故发生时,会对事故后方交通流以及驾驶员的行为产生干扰,这种无形的影响称为交通事故安全势场,其模型可以表示为:
x + q 2 2 A 2 + y 2 B 2 = 1 - A - q 2 x - q 2 y = ± B - q 2 < x < q 2 x - q 2 2 A 2 + y 2 B 2 = 1 q 2 x A + q 2
式中:A为运行车辆抵达保护区附近队列末端时的最小安全间距的一半,即A= S L 2,m;B为交通事故的横向影响距离,m。
当高速公路上发生交通事故时,车辆不仅受到周围车辆的影响,同时也会受到前方事故的影响,设交通事故地点的质点坐标为(xsys),根据式(12),则车辆距离事故点的距离为:
| d s | = ( x s - x 1 ) 2 + ( y s - y 1 ) 2
式中ds为目标车辆与交通事故间的距离,m。
事故后方车辆在行驶过程中,受到交通事故作用的安全势场计算公式为:
E s = R i λ e x p ( - β 1 a c o s ( θ ) ) | d s | d s | d s | = R i λ e x p ( - β 1 a c o s ( θ ) ) | d s |
式中Es为目标车辆受到的交通事故作用势场。
在对事故车道后方车辆进行引导时,首先要分析车辆受到交通事故的影响,根据2.1节,计算车辆在不同运动状态下的事故势场大小。
由于引导车辆与交通事故位于同一车道,本文假设车辆质点位置与交通事故质点位置位于同一水平线,即两者之间不存在夹角,即θ=0°;以事故质点为原点建立坐标系,引导车辆所在方向为x轴正方向,垂直方向为y轴方向,此时,车辆质点始终位于坐标正方向,根据式(15),事故正后方车辆在不同位置受到的事故势场强度大小为:
E s = R i λ e x p ( - β 1 a ) | d s |
车辆运动状态可分为匀速、加速、减速运动,针对不同的情况,车辆受到事故的势场大小及影响如图4图5所示。
图4分别为3种不同运动状态下,事故势场随车辆距离的变化情况,图中的3种情况具有一定的共性。事故强度仅表示车辆受到事故影响的程度,且进行了归一化处理,因此无量纲。图中坐标原点代表事故发生的位置,可以看出,随着车辆与事故地点距离的不断减小,势场逐渐增大,尤其是对于正在进行加速运动的车辆,如果不采取有效的措施,极有可能导致二次交通事故的发生。
图5通过热力图的形式,更加清晰地展现了事故势场强度与车辆距离间的关系,场景a下引导车辆的速度为0,且加速度也为0,处于静止状态,此时,其所受到的事故影响只与两者间距离有关,因此,只要引导车辆没有与前方车辆发生碰撞,即视为安全。
在场景a中,引导车辆的速度为16 m/s,加速度为0 m/s2,车辆进行匀速行驶。通过对比分析可以看出,在较低速的状态下,速度对事故势场的影响不是很大,在距离事故40m时,势场强度出现波动。
在场景b中,引导车辆速度为16 m/s,加速度为-2 m/s2;此时车辆做减速运动。与其他3种状态对比,可以明显看出,在相同距离下,减速运动的车辆受到的事故势场强度要低,其最小换道引导距离也随之减少,在10 m处才出现了势场波动。因此,可以认为,当前方发生交通事故时,可以通过提前减速来换取更多的换道时间。
在场景c中,引导车辆的速度为16 m/s,加速度为2 m/s2;此时车辆做加速运动。与匀速运动相比,相同距离下的事故势场强度明显增大,在90 m处即出现了势场波动。
目标车道没有车辆时:如图6场景1所示,目标车道没有车辆,且事故车道上车辆较少时,通过引导车辆进行减速,并在最佳换道地点完成换道;当事故车道上车辆较多时,通过车速控制使车辆形成车队,保持相同的速度行驶,并通过车队内部协作完成整体换道。当头车k1到达最佳换道地点时,同时向车队中所有的车辆发送换道指令,在车辆进行横向换道时,纵向上后车跟随前车的运动状态,保证车队的跟随稳定性。
目标车道有车辆时:场景2中目标车道存在车辆,车辆j为目标车道上行驶的车辆,当事故车道车辆较少时,进行单车引导,如图6场景2所示。当车辆k1进入协同引导区域后,首先,通过路侧设施确定目标车道的车辆j的具体位置,并通过车辆的质心坐标来判断各车辆间的相互位置。为减少交通事故对目标车道上行驶车辆的影响,规定车辆ji的优先级要高于车辆ki,即当2车在进行换道过程中出现冲突时,车辆ki取消换道。如果车辆j位于车辆ki的前方或后方,且2车之间满足换道安全间距,则车辆ki向左侧换道;当2车不满足安全换道距离时,车辆ki进行减速,等待车辆j驶离之后执行换道。
当事故车道上交通量较大时,单车引导的效率会降低,通过速度控制将临近车辆编排,进行车队协同换道。为保证整体换道的有效性,规定车队数量不超过3辆,如图6场景3所示,可将车辆k1k2k3进行编排。判断车辆j的位置,当车辆j位于车辆k1的前方或者车辆k3的后方,且车辆势场满足安全换道间距,则对车辆k1k2k3同时传递换道指令并执行换道。当车辆j位于3辆车之间,则判断其与车辆k1间的关系,若满足换道安全间距,则车辆k1加速完成换道,车辆j跟随车辆k1行驶,车辆k2k3减速,等待满足换道安全间距后进行换道,跟随车辆j行驶,最终组成新的车队编组k1jk2k3
目标车道有车队时:图6场景3中目标车道存在车辆且由于交通量较大,出现车辆排队现象,车辆j1j2j3编排为车队进行行驶,判断事故车道上车辆ki与目标车道上行驶车队的位置。当车辆ki位于车辆 j i的前方或者车辆j3的后方,且满足安全换道距离,则进行换道,否则取消换道,进行减速,等待车队驶离后进行换道。为避免目标车道上车辆过多,导致车辆ki一直无法进行换道的情况,规定车辆ki的最大退步数为2,即在连续2次减速后仍无法完成换道时,目标车道后方车辆通行优先级降低,需进行减速保证车辆ki或者车队k1k2k3完成换道。
以3车道为例,如图7场景4所示,交通事故发生在内、外侧车道。当事故车道后方车辆进入协同换道引导区后,执行强制换道。当车辆ki能够向目标车道1进行换道,执行2.2.1节中的换道策略;当目标车道1中车辆较多而目标车道2中车辆较少时,为了避免最外侧车道进行连续2次换道,需将目标车道1中的车辆j1i按照2.2.1节中的换道策略执行换道。
图7场景5所示,交通事故发生在中间车道时,定义最外侧车道为目标车道1,最内侧车道为目标车道2,车辆在未进入协同换道引导区L时,驾驶员可进行自由换道;进入引导区域L后,执行强制换道,此时,车辆需要根据左右2车道上的交通量情况选择换道,同时需要满足最小安全换道距离,执行2.2.1节中的换道策略。当道路交通量较大时,可能出现左右车道都不满足换道条件,则此时车辆只能在原车道上行驶。
当车辆在接收到换道指令时,需要根据当前道路周围的状况进行换道风险评估。传统模式中,车辆在进行换道时,主要的风险来源为当前车道的前方车辆和目标车道的前后方车辆,本文中由于引导车辆为事故车道上的第一辆车,所以只需要考虑目标车道上车辆。如图8所示,引导车辆编号为k,目标车道上前方车辆为j1,后方车辆为j2。车辆k能否安全进行换道,与j1j2的行驶状态和空间位置有十分密切的关系。
图8所示,事故车道后方车辆k在执行换道时,为了避免换道过程中与目标车道前方车辆j1发生碰撞,2车之间的最小距离 d m i n ( k j 1 )需要满足下式所示的条件,即:
d m i n ( k j 1 ) L k - L j 1 + d m i n ( k ˜ j ˜ 1 ) + α s i n θ L k = v k T + 1 2 a T 2 L j 1 = v 1 T
式中: d m i n ( k j 1 )为车辆k与车辆j1之间的最小换道距离,m;Lk为车辆kT时间里行驶的距离,m;Lj1为车辆j1T时间里行驶的距离,m; d m i n ( k ~ j ~   1 )为完成换道后2车之间的最小跟驰安全距离,m;α为车辆k换道的横向移动距离,m; v k为车辆k的初始速度,m/s;vj1为车辆j1的行驶速度,m/s。
根据安全势场理论,当车辆完成换道后,可计算前后2车之间的车辆安全势场,通过式(18)可求出换道完成后2车间的最小跟驰安全距离为:
d m i n ( k ~ j ˜ 1 ) = R K λ e x p ( - β 1 α ) E S k ˜ + R j 1 λ e x p ( - β 1 α ) E s j ˜ 1
式中RkRj1分别为车辆kj1的等效质量,kg。
综上,可以得到车辆kj1车辆之间安全换道条件为:
d m i n ( k j 1 ) v k T + 1 2 a T 2 - v j 1 T + R K λ e x p ( - β 1 a ) E s k ˜ + R j 1 λ e x p ( - β 1 a ) E   s j ˜ 1 + α s i n θ
式中: E s k ˜为换道后车辆k的安全势场; E s j ˜ 1为换道后车辆 j ~ 1的安全势场。
图8所示,车辆在进行换道时,也会受到目标车道上后方车辆j2的影响,为避免换道时发生碰撞,2车之间的最小距离 d m i n ( k j 2 )需要满足下式的条件:
d m i n ( k j 2 ) L j 2 - L k + d m i n ( k ˜ j ˜ 2 ) + α s i n θ L k = v k T + 1 2 a T 2 L j 2 = v j 2 T
同理,可以得到车辆k与车辆j2之间安全换道条件为:
d m i n ( k j 2 ) v j 2 T - v k T - 1 2 a T 2 + R K λ e x p ( - β 1 a ) E s k ˜ + R j 2 λ e x p ( - β 1 a ) E s j ˜ 1 + α s i n θ
图8所示,车辆k为引导车辆,其所在车道前方LS处发生交通事故,为了保证其通过事故路段,则必须引导其进行换道;同时为了避免其与事故车辆发生追尾,其最晚换道位置点需满足如下式的基本条件:
L m i n ( k s ) = L s - L k L m i n ( k s ) d s
式中: L m i n ( k s )为车辆最晚进行换道的距离,m;LS为车辆k在进行换道前距离事故点的距离,m;ds为交通事故自身势场。
根据式(14),可以得到ds的计算公式为:
d s = A + q 2
综上,车辆最晚安全换道位置点需满足:
L m i n ( k s ) A + q 2
根据场景的设置条件,设置仿真环境。道路条件为单向多车道(单向2车道仿真时关闭其中一条车道),考虑事故影响车道长度为1 500m,车道宽度为3.5m,考虑事故路段条件下车辆的安全因素,事故影响范围内道路限速为80km/h。
为保证车辆换道安全,设置受影响路段车辆初始行驶速度为50 km/h。通过城市交通仿真(Simulation of Urban Mobility,SUMO)软件进行仿真。
针对不同的场景分别在目标车道上输入无车辆、有车辆、有车队3种状态,根据相应的换道策略设置换道模型。车辆跟驰模型选用自适应巡航控制(Adaptive Cruise Control,ACC)模型,假设在智慧高速环境下,车辆与车辆间以及车辆与路侧设施间的通信延迟忽略不计。
分析不同车道上发生交通事故时,不同引导率的影响效果,即对事故后方的车辆按照一定的比例进行换道引导。通过协同换道引导,事故后方车辆的速度和延误的改善程度不同。
表1为单向2车道场景组下不同引导率的速度和延误结果。从中可以看出,针对单向2车道场景,在低引导率下,尤其是引导率由0增加到25%时,采用换道引导策略,车辆速度降低,延误增大。这是由于为了安全考虑,换道引导策略相对保守,此时道路上自由行驶的车辆数量较多,导致在进行换道引导时,多次对自由驾驶车辆进行让行。随着引导率的增大,尤其是当引导率达到75%之后,此时,由于协同车辆较多,可以更好的进行换道,减少了换道决策次数,所以,此时的车辆速度和延误改善效果显著。
表2为单向多车道场景下不同引导率下的速度和延误结果。从中可以看出,针对单向多车道场景(以单向3车道为例),当交通事故发生在多车道外侧车道上,引导率为25%时,采用换道引导策略,车辆速度降低、延误增大,原因是内侧车道为快车道,目标车道上的车辆速度较快,换道策略在进行决策时,为了保证换道安全,目标车道上的行驶优先级较高,导致引导车辆等待时间过长。
在单向双车道环境中,低引导率(0~25%)初期,因频繁让行导致的速度轻微下降和延误增大,突显了早期换道效率的损失。随着引导率的提高,尤其在中到高引导率(75%~100%)区间,车辆速度提升和延误减少显著,表明协同换道行为的高效性。然而,引导率过高时,改善效果趋于饱和,表现出边际收益递减的特征。
在单向多车道场景中,事故发生在外侧或内侧车道时,中等引导率(特别是50%)下性能改善最佳,而在更高引导率下,性能提升逐渐趋于稳定。与此相反,中间车道事故由于更多的换道机会,使得换道策略的整体优化效果减弱。
表3为单向2车道场景下,在合理位置引导后的车辆状态信息。从中可以看出,对于单向2车道的场景,对比交通事故发生在不同车道时采用换道策略和未采用换道策略的情况,当事故发生在内侧车道时,采用换道策略的车辆比未采用换道策略时的速度提高了0.85 m/s,行程时间减少了9s,车辆延误减少了0.52s;当事故发生在外侧车道时,引导车辆的速度提高了0.54 m/s,行程时间减少了8s,延误减少了0.53s。综上,说明单向2车道换道引导策略有利于提高事故后方车辆的行驶速度,并降低行程时间和延误。
表4为单向多车道场景下,在合理位置引导后的车辆状态信息。从中可以看出,对于单向多车道的场景,对比交通事故发生在不同车道时采用换道策略和未采用换道策略的情况,当事故发生在外侧车道时,采用换道策略的车辆比未采用换道策略时速度提高了0.68 m/s,行程时间减少了8s,车辆延误减少了0.33s;当事故发生在中间车道时,引导车辆的速度提高了0.52 m/s,行程时间减少了4s,车辆延误减少了0.41s;当事故发生在内侧车道时,引导车辆的速度提高了0.41 m/s,行程时间减少了3s,延误减少了0.31s。综上,说明单向多车道换道引导策略有利于提高事故后方车辆的行驶速度,并降低行程时间和延误。与单向2车道对比,可以看出单向3车道场景下的优化效果更好一些,主要原因是在多车道场景下驾驶员原来的自由选择较多,减弱了换道策略的优化结果。
综上,换道引导策略在单向双车道与单向多车道场景中的应用效果呈现显著差异。在多车道场景下,由于车道数量的增加为换道提供了更大的空间和选择,从而使得换道引导策略能更有效地缓解事故造成的拥堵,明显提升了事故后方车辆的通行效率并显著减少了延误时间。相比而言,在双车道场景下,换道引导策略亦能提升通行效率,但由于空间限制,其效果相对有限。此发现强调了在实施换道引导策略时,考虑道路车道数量的重要性,以及针对不同道路环境,定制引导策略的必要性,以有效管理事故影响下的最优交通流。
1) 将协同换道引导区分为事故保护、引导过渡、协同换道引导和自由换道4个区域,有利于换道过程的分区引导。
2) 从安全势场的角度,针对不同的高速公路交通事故场景和引导区域,确定车辆换道引导的阈值和策略,以及相应的换道安全距离和最晚换道位置,避免次生交通事故的发生和拥挤传播。
3) 本文重点考虑交通事故占用单条车道的场景,对于多车道被占用,相应协同换道策略的适应性和效果,在未来需要进一步分析和验证。
  • 教育部人文社会科学规划基金资助(22YJAZH131)
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2024年第34卷第7期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0069
  • 接收时间:2024-01-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-21
  • 修回日期:2024-04-22
基金
教育部人文社会科学规划基金资助(22YJAZH131)
作者信息
    1 上海理工大学 管理学院,上海 200093
    2 上海城投公路投资(集团)有限公司,上海 200335
    3 合众新能源汽车股份有限公司,上海 200062
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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