Article(id=1149738764911689829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0229-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=1713369600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048682667, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048682667, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048682667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048682667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=229, endPage=238, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738765117210726, articleId=1149738764911689829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Intelligent identification of landslide disaster based on deep learning of UAV images, columnId=1149735802789348081, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Technology and engineering of disaster prevention and mitigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An open-pit mine landslide identification method was proposed based on object-oriented annotation datasets and the Res-U-Net model to realize accurate identification and early warning of open-pit mile landslide disasters. Firstly,the mine landslide image data in the study area were obtained by UAV aerial survey. Secondly,the multi-scale-spectral segmentation method and threshold separation principle were applied to divide and classify the open-pit mine landslide data,and the landslide dataset was developed based on the object-oriented method. Then,the U-Net network was used as the infrastructure to propose a landslide identification semantic segmentation model based on Res-U-Net by integrating the residual module into each convolutional layer. Finally,the datasets constructed by different methods were used to identify landslides,and the Res-U-Net model was compared with the widely used semantic segmentation models,Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN),and U-net. The results indicated that the landslide data set based on object-oriented annotation had better landslide identification performance when compared to the traditional manual annotation dataset,resulting in improvements in identification accuracy,recall rate,F1 score,and kappa coefficient of more than 12%. The landslide identification accuracy of the Res-U-Net model was more than 0.8,realizing the accurate landslide open-pit mine disaster identification.

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为精确识别和预警露天矿滑坡灾害,提出一种基于面向对象的标注数据集和Res-U-Net模型相结合的露天矿滑坡智能识别方法。首先,以无人机航测获取研究区矿山滑坡影像数据;其次,采用多尺度-光谱差异分割方法和阈值分离原理,对露天矿滑坡数据进行分割和分类,完成基于面向对象方法的滑坡数据集构建;然后,以U-Net网络作为基础架构,在每个卷积层融入ResNet的残差模块,构建基于Res-U-Net的滑坡识别语义分割模型;最后,识别不同方法构建的滑坡数据集,并对比Res-U-Net模型与主流的语义分割模型全卷积神经网络(FCN)、U-net。结果表明:基于面向对象标注的滑坡数据集相比于传统人工标注数据集具有更好的滑坡识别效果,在准确率、召回率、F1分数和kappa系数上都有12%以上的提升;Res-U-Net模型的滑坡识别精度均在0.8以上,实现露天矿山滑坡灾害精准识别。

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江 松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

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江 松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

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label=Fig.12, caption=Landslide identification results of different datasets, figureFileSmall=0hWrCfoeH6ZG3pKgIkKRiA==, figureFileBig=uLYtW5EEWlIaoHmZusDB6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186716075602585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同数据集的滑坡识别结果, figureFileSmall=0hWrCfoeH6ZG3pKgIkKRiA==, figureFileBig=uLYtW5EEWlIaoHmZusDB6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186716134322842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Visual comparison of landslide identification results, figureFileSmall=mSedofcpUGNQc2heaSt4bw==, figureFileBig=nOfxWfId9eea18Sql2nGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186716197237403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=图13, caption=滑坡识别结果可视化对比, figureFileSmall=mSedofcpUGNQc2heaSt4bw==, figureFileBig=nOfxWfId9eea18Sql2nGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186716260151964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Checkpoint horizontal accuracy statisticsm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 测试点 像控点
X Y H 0 x y H
1 545 937.520 3 753 813.645 1 322.815 545 937.524 3 753 813.639 1 322.793
2 545 661.386 3 753 701.391 1 284.536 545 661.377 3 753 701.379 1 284.505
3 545 754.316 3 753 480.454 1 225.059 545 754.308 3 753 480.444 1 225.031
4 546 031.346 3 753 592.878 1 351.895 546 031.338 3 753 592.870 1 351.869
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716323066525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

检查点水平精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 测试点 像控点
X Y H 0 x y H
1 545 937.520 3 753 813.645 1 322.815 545 937.524 3 753 813.639 1 322.793
2 545 661.386 3 753 701.391 1 284.536 545 661.377 3 753 701.379 1 284.505
3 545 754.316 3 753 480.454 1 225.059 545 754.308 3 753 480.444 1 225.031
4 546 031.346 3 753 592.878 1 351.895 546 031.338 3 753 592.870 1 351.869
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716394369694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Checkpoint elevation accuracy statisticsm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 较差
Δ x Δ y Δ S Δ H
1 -0.004 0.006 0.007 0.022
2 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.031
3 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.028
4 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.026
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716448895647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

检查点高程精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 较差
Δ x Δ y Δ S Δ H
1 -0.004 0.006 0.007 0.022
2 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.031
3 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.028
4 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.026
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716516004512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Landslide area feature extraction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征类别 名称 代表含义 取值范围
光谱特征 L1-R 红色光谱 [32.22,215.45]
L2-G 绿色光谱 [36.81,217.2]
L3-B 蓝色光谱 [29.76,214.56]
Brightness 亮度 [94.96,196.02]
Max_diff 最大化差异特征 [0.227,2.247]
形状特征 r 长宽比 [1.003,22.41]
纹理特征 GLCM 灰度共生矩阵 [0.095,0.555]
地形特征 L4-Aspect 坡向 [54.89,240.24]
L5-Curv 曲率 [97.79,113.41]
L6-Sr 地形起伏度 [53.36,255]
L7-Slope 坡度 [104.79,226.08]
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716578919073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

滑坡区域特征提取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征类别 名称 代表含义 取值范围
光谱特征 L1-R 红色光谱 [32.22,215.45]
L2-G 绿色光谱 [36.81,217.2]
L3-B 蓝色光谱 [29.76,214.56]
Brightness 亮度 [94.96,196.02]
Max_diff 最大化差异特征 [0.227,2.247]
形状特征 r 长宽比 [1.003,22.41]
纹理特征 GLCM 灰度共生矩阵 [0.095,0.555]
地形特征 L4-Aspect 坡向 [54.89,240.24]
L5-Curv 曲率 [97.79,113.41]
L6-Sr 地形起伏度 [53.36,255]
L7-Slope 坡度 [104.79,226.08]
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716629250722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Deep residual network model structural parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结构 层数 操作 尺寸 步长 边缘填充 输出尺寸
输入层 Input_1 输入影像数据 3×3/1×1 1 1 024×1 024×3
Input_2 输入地形数据 3×3/1×1 1 1 024×1 024×4
编码层 Level_1 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 1 024×1 024×64
池化 2×2 2 0 512×512×64
Level_2 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 512×512×128
池化 2×2 2 0 256×256×128
Level_3 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 256×256×256
池化 2×2 2 0 128×128×256
Level_4 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 128×128×512
池化 2×2 2 0 64×64×512
Level_5 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 64×64×1024
解码层 Level_6 上采样 2×2 2 0 128×128×512
跳跃连接 128×128×1024
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 128×128×512
Level_7 上采样 2×2 2 0 256×256×256
跳跃连接 256×256×512
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 256×256×256
Level_8 上采样 2×2 2 0 512×512×128
跳跃连接 512×512×256
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 512×512×128
Level_9 上采样 2×2 2 0 1 024×1 024×64
跳跃连接 1 024×1 024×128
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 1 024×1 024×64
输出层 Output_10 输出数据 1×1 1 0 1 024×1 024×1
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716725719715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

深度残差网络模型结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结构 层数 操作 尺寸 步长 边缘填充 输出尺寸
输入层 Input_1 输入影像数据 3×3/1×1 1 1 024×1 024×3
Input_2 输入地形数据 3×3/1×1 1 1 024×1 024×4
编码层 Level_1 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 1 024×1 024×64
池化 2×2 2 0 512×512×64
Level_2 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 512×512×128
池化 2×2 2 0 256×256×128
Level_3 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 256×256×256
池化 2×2 2 0 128×128×256
Level_4 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 128×128×512
池化 2×2 2 0 64×64×512
Level_5 卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 64×64×1024
解码层 Level_6 上采样 2×2 2 0 128×128×512
跳跃连接 128×128×1024
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 128×128×512
Level_7 上采样 2×2 2 0 256×256×256
跳跃连接 256×256×512
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 256×256×256
Level_8 上采样 2×2 2 0 512×512×128
跳跃连接 512×512×256
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 512×512×128
Level_9 上采样 2×2 2 0 1 024×1 024×64
跳跃连接 1 024×1 024×128
卷积 3×3/1×1 1 2/0 1 024×1 024×64
输出层 Output_10 输出数据 1×1 1 0 1 024×1 024×1
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716801217188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Confusion matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混淆矩阵 参考结果
分类结果 滑坡 非滑坡 合计
滑坡 TP FP TP+FP
非滑坡 FN TN FN+TN
合计 TP+FN FP+TN TP+FP+ FN+TN
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716864131749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

混淆矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混淆矩阵 参考结果
分类结果 滑坡 非滑坡 合计
滑坡 TP FP TP+FP
非滑坡 FN TN FN+TN
合计 TP+FN FP+TN TP+FP+ FN+TN
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716922852006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Measurements of different data analysis methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据输入 P R F1 kappa
第1组 0.597 0.588 0.593 0.562
第2组 0.675 0.661 0.664 0.636
第3组 0.863 0.852 0.858 0.847
), ArticleFig(id=1168186716977377959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同数据处理方式的试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据输入 P R F1 kappa
第1组 0.597 0.588 0.593 0.562
第2组 0.675 0.661 0.664 0.636
第3组 0.863 0.852 0.858 0.847
), ArticleFig(id=1168186717048681128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Measurements of different inputs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络模型 P R F1 kappa
U-Net 0.786 0.766 0.775 0.758
FCN 0.851 0.623 0.704 0.721
Res-U-Net 0.863 0.852 0.858 0.847
), ArticleFig(id=1168186717119984297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738764911689829, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同数据输入的试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络模型 P R F1 kappa
U-Net 0.786 0.766 0.775 0.758
FCN 0.851 0.623 0.704 0.721
Res-U-Net 0.863 0.852 0.858 0.847
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基于无人机影像深度学习的滑坡灾害智能识别
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江松 1, 2, 3 , 李研博 1 , 何旭乾 1 , 何润丰 1, 2 , 张超 1, 4 , 张存良 1, 5
中国安全科学学报 | 防灾减灾技术与工程 2024,34(7): 229-238
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中国安全科学学报 | 防灾减灾技术与工程 2024, 34(7): 229-238
基于无人机影像深度学习的滑坡灾害智能识别
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江松1, 2, 3 , 李研博1, 何旭乾1, 何润丰1, 2, 张超1, 4, 张存良1, 5
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 西安建筑科技大学 管理学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3 中钢集团马鞍山矿山研究总院有限公司,安徽 马鞍山 243000
  • 4 洛阳栾川钼业集团股份有限公司,河南 洛阳 471500
  • 5 内蒙古汇能煤电集团有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯017000
  • 江 松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

Intelligent identification of landslide disaster based on deep learning of UAV images
Song JIANG1, 2, 3 , Yanbo LI1, Xuqian HE1, Runfeng HE1, 2, Chao ZHANG1, 4, Cunliang ZHANG1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 School of Management,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 3 Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co.,Ltd.,Maanshan Anhui 243000,China
  • 4 Luoyang Luanchuan Molybdenum Group Co.,Ltd.,Luoyang Henan 471500,China
  • 5 Inner Mongolia Huineng Coal Power Group Co.,Ltd.,Ordos Inner Mongolia 017000,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2092
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为精确识别和预警露天矿滑坡灾害,提出一种基于面向对象的标注数据集和Res-U-Net模型相结合的露天矿滑坡智能识别方法。首先,以无人机航测获取研究区矿山滑坡影像数据;其次,采用多尺度-光谱差异分割方法和阈值分离原理,对露天矿滑坡数据进行分割和分类,完成基于面向对象方法的滑坡数据集构建;然后,以U-Net网络作为基础架构,在每个卷积层融入ResNet的残差模块,构建基于Res-U-Net的滑坡识别语义分割模型;最后,识别不同方法构建的滑坡数据集,并对比Res-U-Net模型与主流的语义分割模型全卷积神经网络(FCN)、U-net。结果表明:基于面向对象标注的滑坡数据集相比于传统人工标注数据集具有更好的滑坡识别效果,在准确率、召回率、F1分数和kappa系数上都有12%以上的提升;Res-U-Net模型的滑坡识别精度均在0.8以上,实现露天矿山滑坡灾害精准识别。

无人机影像  /  深度学习  /  滑坡灾害  /  智能识别  /  面向对象  /  Res-U-Net

An open-pit mine landslide identification method was proposed based on object-oriented annotation datasets and the Res-U-Net model to realize accurate identification and early warning of open-pit mile landslide disasters. Firstly,the mine landslide image data in the study area were obtained by UAV aerial survey. Secondly,the multi-scale-spectral segmentation method and threshold separation principle were applied to divide and classify the open-pit mine landslide data,and the landslide dataset was developed based on the object-oriented method. Then,the U-Net network was used as the infrastructure to propose a landslide identification semantic segmentation model based on Res-U-Net by integrating the residual module into each convolutional layer. Finally,the datasets constructed by different methods were used to identify landslides,and the Res-U-Net model was compared with the widely used semantic segmentation models,Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN),and U-net. The results indicated that the landslide data set based on object-oriented annotation had better landslide identification performance when compared to the traditional manual annotation dataset,resulting in improvements in identification accuracy,recall rate,F1 score,and kappa coefficient of more than 12%. The landslide identification accuracy of the Res-U-Net model was more than 0.8,realizing the accurate landslide open-pit mine disaster identification.

unmanned aerial vehicle image  /  deep learning  /  landslide disaster  /  intelligent identification  /  object oriented  /  Res-U-Net
江松, 李研博, 何旭乾, 何润丰, 张超, 张存良. 基于无人机影像深度学习的滑坡灾害智能识别. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 229 -238 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2092
Song JIANG, Yanbo LI, Xuqian HE, Runfeng HE, Chao ZHANG, Cunliang ZHANG. Intelligent identification of landslide disaster based on deep learning of UAV images[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 229 -238 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2092
随着我国矿山资源日趋向深度开采,露天矿采区次生地质灾害发生的频率增高,成为我国矿山开采过程中影响生产安全的重大问题。加之部分开采区的开挖边坡、高陡边坡不能布设传感器,在发生滑坡时无法及时有效地识别滑坡,最终演变成大型滑坡灾害,给人民生命财产安全带来巨大的威胁[1]。2022年,甘肃泓胜煤业边坡受雨水浸润作用,导致边坡稳定性降低发生失稳坍塌,造成数十余人伤亡[2];2023年,内蒙古新井煤矿边坡发生“2·22”特别重大坍塌灾害,给矿工生命财产安全造成重大损失[3]。因此,在灾害发生的初期快速、准确识别滑坡灾害,保证矿山边坡的安全稳定,具有重要的理论和现实意义。
目前,国内外诸多学者采用高精度遥感影像数据结合深度学习算法开展滑坡灾害识别,如BARLOW等[4]采用数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Matrix,DEM),通过卷积神经网络分析英国Chilliwack山体滑坡,识别出落石、岩石滑坡和碎片滑坡,并统计出面积不超过1 hm2的新滑坡占比为77%;JU Yuanzhen等[5]基于Google Earth图像数据,建立3个省份的黄土历史滑坡样本数据库,采用基于深度学习的目标检测方法进行训练,成功训练了6 111个滑坡样本;JI Shunping等[6]以高分辨率光学影像和DEM数据作为输入数据源,构建提升注意力的卷积神经网络模型,模型的识别结果准确率达到97.2%;张蕴灵等[7]基于ResNet网络筛选滑坡区域,提出多尺度特征融合的神经网络框架,用于识别高分辨率遥感影像的滑坡,结果表明:提取的神经网络框架能够提取不同尺度的滑坡区域,削弱与滑坡无关因素的影像;吴琪等[8]选取2 200多张无人机滑坡影像,选用10种网路结构识别滑坡,验证了复合网络结构在滑坡识别上效果更加优越;巨袁臻等[9]利用掩模区域卷积神经网络模型(Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network,Mask R-CNN)模块进行黄土滑坡自动识别,准确率虽然尚未达到60%,但证实了Mask R-CNN模型在黄土滑坡识别中的可行性。
综上,基于遥感影像数据和深度学习的滑坡识别已经在各种地质滑坡识别中得到了广泛应用,但现有深度学习网络模型所采用的基于遥感影像的数据集基本上是由人工标注完成,传统的人工标注主要依靠人眼的识别精度,其不仅主观性强、识别能力不高,还会降低数据精度和信息数量,不利于后续网络模型的特征学习。此外,卷积神经网络随网络深度的增加引起的网络退化问题以及特征空间中与滑坡识别无关的冗余信息的存在,限制了网络模型的滑坡识别效率与精度。
鉴于此,笔者拟以无人机影像中的正射影像图(Digital Orthophoto Map,DOM)和DEM为数据源,设计完成基于面向对象的数据集标注制作,并构建基于Res-U-Net的露天矿滑坡灾害智能识别模型,以期准确识别露天矿滑坡灾害,探究适合于滑坡灾害的智能识别方法。
以河南省洛阳市某特大型露天开采金属矿山为例,整个矿山的开采区域海拔标高均超过1 150m,最高处顶点高度约为1 600m,最低处沟谷中海拔标高1 270m,高差相差约为380m。矿山台阶边坡高度为15m,台阶边坡角为45°,最终边坡角为32.0°。
采用无人机航测获取研究区数据,起飞平台选择矿区北侧无遮挡物平台,3条飞行路线,航摄高度100m,航向和旁向重叠率分别为85%和80%,最终完成航测面积为1.2km2。为保证测量精度的同时降低像控点数量,共设置9个像控点作为平面与高程联测点,采用航带网法的5点法选择其中5个像控点[10-11],剩余4个点作为检查点,分别统计检查点水平和高程精度,航测统计及误差结果见表1表2
表1表2可以看出,水平面坐标误差最大值为0.012m,高程误差最大值为0.031m,其中,同位置像控点的高程间误差均大于水平面误差。像控测量精度符合要求,采集数据适用于内业数据处理。根据无人机航测结果,重构三维模型,如图1所示。基于该三维模型获得高精度的地形因子数据和光谱影像数据。
以无人机航测产出的高精度光谱影像数据和地形因子数据为数据源,采用多波段合并预处理无人机影像;基于多尺度-光谱差异分割方法和阈值分类原理,构建多条件阈值的露天矿分层滑坡分类流程,完成样本数据集标注构建工作;结合Res-U-Net模型,智能识别露天矿滑坡对象,并进行精度评价。滑坡灾害智能识别流程如图2所示。
基于无人机影像产出的实景三维模型生成DEM和DOM,DEM 可输出地形因子专题图数据,DOM 则输出光谱影像数据[12]。为让深度学习网络模型充分学习到研究区内各种滑坡信息,裁剪输出DEM和DOM数据,裁剪后结果如图3所示。
裁剪后合并光谱数据和地形因子特征数据的多波段,叠加不同影像信息描述的特征种类。光谱数据根据三原色(Red,Green,Blue,RGB)成3条通道,地形因子数据根据4类地形因子形成4条通道。多波段合并地形因子数据与光谱影像数据,生成后的数据包含7条通道,即7个波段值,每个单一通道包含的地形信息以灰度影像的形式可视化呈现,将地形变化在视觉上清晰呈现,有助于下一步的影像分割任务。多波段数据合成可视化流程如图4所示。
在数据裁剪和融合完毕后,通过计算不同相邻类别间的亮度均值,进行多尺度-光谱差异分割。多尺度最优分割参数为180,紧致度0.1,形状指数0.5,波段权重均为1,在此参数的基础上,针对研究区特征,最大光谱差异分别取6、7、8进行试验,为保证分割不破坏地形起伏变化,RGB的3个光谱段权重分别设置为1,地形起伏度的灰度图波段设置为0.5,分割结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,当最大光谱差异为8时,部分坡面与平面被合并为一体,分割参数不应继续向上增加,对比差异参数为7时的分割结果,可以在减少过分割的情况下保留大多数无人机影像地物特征。因此,最终选定光谱最大化差异阈值为7,光谱波段权重为1,地形起伏度的波段权重为0.5。
在基于多尺度-光谱差异分割的方法完成滑坡影像分割后,根据滑坡的表现提取特征值。滑坡主要以浅层滑坡为主,多发生于边坡坡面,会暴露出浅层土层并形成碎石块的堆积。为描述滑坡的各类特征,基于光谱影像数据和地形专题图,分别提取光谱、几何形状、纹理、地形4类特征[13],根据7个波段的影像值,提取特征值见表3
结合滑坡特征信息,利用阈值分类原理,构建多条件阈值的矿山滑坡分类流程,采用分层分类规则,将滑坡以外的地物特征逐一剔除,减少对滑坡分类过程中与相邻地物混淆的问题发生,多条件阈值对滑坡分类的步骤如图6所示。
根据该流程进行露天矿滑坡多条件阈值选取,划分出滑坡区域和其他各类地物特征,即可高精准地实现对数据集滑移区域的标注,完成研究区滑坡标签样本的制作。在研究区选取5个典型浅层滑坡作为训练区样本数据源,其现场图片和DOM分别如图7图8所示,完成的数据集标注情况如图9所示。
在语义分割的层面上,将滑坡识别理解为一个二值分类问题,全卷积神经网络(Fully Convolutional Networks,FCN)的语义分割模型可提取滑坡的特征信息,并输出每个像素的类别。在基于面向对象标注的高精度滑坡样本数据集的基础上,有机结合U-net模型和ResNet网络,获得Res-U-Net模型,使网络加深的同时更能提取具有代表性的滑坡图像信息特征,构建适用于露天矿山滑坡灾害识别的网络模型。
Res-U-Net模型在U-Net基础上改进,受图像分类网络ResNet启发,使用ResNet的输入层和残差模块替换掉U-Net网络的输入层和编码块。优化后的结构分为编码、解码2部分,共包含9个模块,用来进行5次卷积和4次反卷积操作。Res-U-Net特征提取部分丢弃了ResNet的最后3层,并用conv2_x、con3_x、con4_x、con5_x替换U-Net网络的编码卷积层。解码阶段先使用双线性插值代替反卷积层,逐步增大输出特征图尺寸的同时减少通道数,再利用跳跃结构将下采样和上采样中相同尺度的特征图进行通道结合,并将信息叠加融合后由ReLU激活函数输出每层结果[14-15]。Res-U-net网络架构如图10 所示。
Res-U-net模型的结构参数见表4,输入的影像数据为1 024×1 024像素大小,光学影像的通道数为3,地形数据为4,合计7个通道,经过5个编码层后将影像缩小为原本1/16的特征图。
通过构建混淆矩阵检验模型识别滑坡区结果的精度,其对于滑坡二分类结果的矩阵构成见表5
混淆矩阵的检验指标分别选择准确率P、召回率RF1得分和kappa系数[16];P表征正确识别出的滑坡像素在所有识别的滑坡总数中的比例;R表征正确识别的滑坡数在实际标注样本中占据的比例大小;F1指数综合评价这2项指标;kappa系数来源于统计学,其结果包含在[-1,1]。该4类指标越大,模型的识别精度越高。TP和TN分别为正确识别得到的滑坡和非滑坡像素值,FP和FN分别为错误识别得到的滑坡和非滑坡像素值。
采用无人机影像中的光谱影像数据、DEM数据和地形因子数据为数据源,使用不同的处理方法进行数据集标签样本制作,为验证数据集处理方式对滑坡识别结果的影响,一共设置3组试验。网络模型选取Res-U-Net网络模型,优化算法均采用Adam算法,训练模块的迭代次数epoch设置为60,初始学习利率选择10-6,Batch size值为16。
3组试验数据制作情况分别为:第1组,人工标注;第2组,多尺度分割+人工标注;第3组,多尺度-光谱差异分割+面向对象标注。数据集制作效果和滑坡识别效果如图11图12所示,试验结果的精度评价见表6
试验结果表明:不同的数据处理方法对滑坡识别的精度影响明显。根据表6结果显示,第1组试验的4项判定指标在0.5~0.6,第2组的各项指标在0.6~0.7,相比前2组试验,第3组试验的各项精度指标提升约12%~31%。图12结果显示,单一的人工标注会使得滑坡周围进行错误分类,多尺度分割对矿区边缘区域效果不佳,相比前2种方式,采用多尺度-光谱差异分割和面向对象方法标注的数据集更加平滑完整,不同的地物特征均得到有效标注,滑坡识别效果有着明显的提升。由此可见:在矿山滑坡灾害识别任务中,有效的数据集处理方式能够实际增加模型的识别准确率,进而提升模型的性能。
根据常用的语义分割模型FCN、U-Net和Res-U-Net设计多组滑坡识别试验。数据集均采用多尺度-光谱差异分割+面向对象方法处理,将FCN、U-Net和Res-U-Net模型在训练数据集上分别进行训练,在测试数据集上进行滑坡识别试验,3种网络模型的滑坡识别效果如图13所示,不同数据输入的试验结果见表7
试验结果表明:Res-U-Net网络模型在实际的滑坡识别中具有显著的优势。根据表7结果显示,U-Net模型的4项判定指标在0.7~0.8,FCN模型的判定指标仅有1项达到0.8,相比前2种模型,Res-U-Net模型的4项判定指标均在0.8以上,更加适用于矿山滑坡灾害识别。根据图13结果显示,U-Net和FCN模型虽然能基本概括整个滑移区域,但会出现多识别或误检的情况,这是由于光谱影像特征与临近滑移区域的色谱信息相近,致使这些区域也被划分为滑坡。相比之下,Res-U-Net模型能够根据融合数据多个通道提供的信息,更加全面的学习数据集的滑坡特征,有效解决某类信息在选取过程中考虑不足而引发识别效果不佳的问题。
1) 针对滑坡数据集传统人工标注方法的缺陷,提出基于面向对象的露天矿滑坡数据集标注方法,优化数据集在模型上输入的滑坡识别结果的各项精度均有12%~31%的提升。
2) Res-U-Net模型利用ResNet残差模块融入U-net卷积层中,尽可能地保留多的语义信息,增加检测精度。试验结果表明:相比于U-Net 和FCN,Res-U-Net模型滑坡识别结果的4项精度指标均在0.8以上,可以准确识别矿山滑坡灾害。
3) 所选数据集虽然通过面向对象方法进行优化标注,但数据集构成仅使用了无人机影像遥感数据,后续的研究中需要考虑融入更能体现失稳机制的工程地质数据,对其进一步验证效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目资助(52104146)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目资助(2022M722925)
  • 陕西省社会科学基金资助(2020R005)
  • 内蒙古呼和浩特市科技局项目(2023-高-12)
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2024年第34卷第7期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2092
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
  • 修回日期:2024-04-18
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目资助(52104146)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目资助(2022M722925)
陕西省社会科学基金资助(2020R005)
内蒙古呼和浩特市科技局项目(2023-高-12)
作者信息
    1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 西安建筑科技大学 管理学院,陕西 西安 710055
    3 中钢集团马鞍山矿山研究总院有限公司,安徽 马鞍山 243000
    4 洛阳栾川钼业集团股份有限公司,河南 洛阳 471500
    5 内蒙古汇能煤电集团有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯017000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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