Article(id=1149738763582091443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0105-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0198, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705075200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-13, revisedDate=1713628800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048682350, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048682350, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048682350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048682350, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738763875692724, articleId=1149738763582091443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Runtime assurance method for eVTOL intelligent obstacle avoidance system toward safety of intended functionality, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
To ensure the SOTIF of eVTOL vehicles in UAM and reduce the verification difficulty of artificial intelligence algorithms,an obstacle avoidance model was proposed based on RTA method. Firstly,SAC (soft actor-critic) algorithm improved by the artificial potential field method was used as the complex function of the eVTOL intelligent obstacle avoidance system. Then,dynamic response planning (DRP) was used as a backup function of the intelligent avionics system to mitigate SOTIF hazards. Moreover,monitoring and decision-making modules were adopted to obtain environmental conditions and develop an RTA architecture. Finally,the simulated obstacle avoidance performance was compared between the two systems using complex function and RTA. The results showed that both methods can achieve obstacle avoidance,but the traditional obstacle avoidance system using complex functions may impose SOTIF risk. The RAT architecture design increased safe flight time from 78.4% to 98.15%,with the total route length only increasing by 0.95%,reducing risks in operational scenarios while ensuring efficiency.
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为保障电动垂直起降飞行器(eVTOL)在城市空中交通(UAM)场景下的预期功能安全(SOTIF),降低人工智能算法的验证难度,建立基于运行时保证(RTA)方法的避障模型。首先,使用人工势场法改进的柔性动作评价(SAC)算法作为eVTOL智能避障系统的复杂功能;然后,使用动态反应规划(DRP)作为智能航电系统的备用功能,以减缓SOTIF危险,同时,使用监视和决策模块采集环境状态,搭建RTA架构;最后,分别仿真仅使用复杂功能和具有RTA架构的避障系统,对比避障效果。结果表明:2种方法均可实现避障,但仅使用复杂功能的传统避障系统会带来SOTIF危险;经过RTA架构设计,可使eVTOL的安全飞行时长占比由78.4%提高到98.15%,总航路长度仅增加0.95%,在保障效率的同时,降低了在运行场景中的风险。
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董 磊 (1983—),男,天津人,博士,副研究员,主要从事民机安全性评估与适航审定技术、未来民机智能飞行与智能系统技术等方面的研究。E-mail:dlcauc@126.com。 |
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1 Key Laboratory of Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
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1 中国民航大学 民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300
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董 磊 (1983—),男,天津人,博士,副研究员,主要从事民机安全性评估与适航审定技术、未来民机智能飞行与智能系统技术等方面的研究。E-mail:dlcauc@126.com。
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董 磊 (1983—),男,天津人,博士,副研究员,主要从事民机安全性评估与适航审定技术、未来民机智能飞行与智能系统技术等方面的研究。E-mail:dlcauc@126.com。
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1 Key Laboratory of Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
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1 中国民航大学 民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300
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1 Key Laboratory of Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
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1 中国民航大学 民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300
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1 Key Laboratory of Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
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1 中国民航大学 民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300
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SOTIF运行场景类别划分, figureFileSmall=MJEHstaxpdisR/73EjZJRQ==, figureFileBig=a7PkN39zkZ8OnQom1C2BSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673545359594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
SOTIF hazard generation mechanism for eVTOL obstacle avoidance function, figureFileSmall=I74rDGLjJlndvgfmqfAX5w==, figureFileBig=suCiOduMsawYfL3Jh/XVsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673625051371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
eVTOL避障功能的SOTIF危险产生机制, figureFileSmall=I74rDGLjJlndvgfmqfAX5w==, figureFileBig=suCiOduMsawYfL3Jh/XVsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673692160236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
RTA framework, figureFileSmall=+B6wuVrfGbFQIB4lz7aftw==, figureFileBig=12tkQWz/E8xpEhJivilaUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673759269101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
RTA架构, figureFileSmall=+B6wuVrfGbFQIB4lz7aftw==, figureFileBig=12tkQWz/E8xpEhJivilaUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673817989358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Baseline control eVTOL heading, figureFileSmall=Y4VDbBr+90azkbsF+OqcSQ==, figureFileBig=hARBz3fSfecJWeW/IStH4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673893486831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
备用功能控制eVTOL修正航向, figureFileSmall=Y4VDbBr+90azkbsF+OqcSQ==, figureFileBig=hARBz3fSfecJWeW/IStH4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186673956401392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Notional DRP hierarchical constraints, figureFileSmall=Vzq3zM3BzM3uGEUqx/Jqkg==, figureFileBig=a9PU+t476+7WHiQYFSSYew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674010927345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
DRP避障分离规则, figureFileSmall=Vzq3zM3BzM3uGEUqx/Jqkg==, figureFileBig=a9PU+t476+7WHiQYFSSYew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674078036210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
eVTOL distance layering design, figureFileSmall=8x1Z6nLIUhE9LcdHVMOlAw==, figureFileBig=5iHHzGl4/f2oiz6VYeviSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674149339379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
eVTOL距离分层设计, figureFileSmall=8x1Z6nLIUhE9LcdHVMOlAw==, figureFileBig=5iHHzGl4/f2oiz6VYeviSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674208059636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
eVTOL simulations for dynamic and static obstacle avoidance, figureFileSmall=gyNRDalbT1UklhOoUGxgyg==, figureFileBig=2Agq92uQQBgC0MGoLmVgqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674279362805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
eVTOL多次仿真动静态避障, figureFileSmall=gyNRDalbT1UklhOoUGxgyg==, figureFileBig=2Agq92uQQBgC0MGoLmVgqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674354860278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
eVTOL obstacle avoidance trajectory based on traditional reinforcement learning, figureFileSmall=sXA8+YAZ6ydL41CZZUxwEw==, figureFileBig=FpxPwWicGgZH9qeWapOfSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674438746359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
基于传统强化学习的eVTOL避障航迹, figureFileSmall=sXA8+YAZ6ydL41CZZUxwEw==, figureFileBig=FpxPwWicGgZH9qeWapOfSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674505855224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
eVTOL distance and height changes from different obstacles, figureFileSmall=g2saKyrZwuNNrFJZSAZm4Q==, figureFileBig=BrTaccpRdxcN1Q6iKIRNDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674577158393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
eVTOL距不同障碍物距离及高度变化, figureFileSmall=g2saKyrZwuNNrFJZSAZm4Q==, figureFileBig=BrTaccpRdxcN1Q6iKIRNDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674635878650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
eVTOL obstacle avoidance path planning based on RTA, figureFileSmall=k3UmloKgiHL92BSTM8AB3A==, figureFileBig=ouxSxIkhSiPqgSbXe6TP4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674698793211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
基于RTA方法的eVTOL避障路径规划, figureFileSmall=k3UmloKgiHL92BSTM8AB3A==, figureFileBig=ouxSxIkhSiPqgSbXe6TP4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186674782679292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
SAC algorithm pseudocode improved by APF
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 伪代码1:APF改进SAC算法 |
初始化参数 初始化经验池 for轮次=1到M 接收初始状态 for t = 1到T 依据策略 和状态 生成动作 APF优化 → 执行动作 ,观察奖励 和新状态 将 添加到经验池D for j = 1 to更新次数do 经验池D随机采样一批数据 计算评论家目标网络的Q值 更新评论家网络参数 和 更新演员网络参数 软更新评论家目标网络参数 和 end for 令 end for end for |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186674849788157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
APF改进SAC算法伪代码
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 伪代码1:APF改进SAC算法 |
初始化参数 初始化经验池 for轮次=1到M 接收初始状态 for t = 1到T 依据策略 和状态 生成动作 APF优化 → 执行动作 ,观察奖励 和新状态 将 添加到经验池D for j = 1 to更新次数do 经验池D随机采样一批数据 计算评论家目标网络的Q值 更新评论家网络参数 和 更新演员网络参数 软更新评论家目标网络参数 和 end for 令 end for end for |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186674925285630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
SOTIF scenario classification using DRP
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| SOTIF场景 | DRP类型 | 运行状态 |
| 已知安全 | | 安全 |
| 已知不安全 | | 非常危险 |
| 未知安全 | | 危险 |
| 未知不安全 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675000783103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基于DRP的SOTIF场景划分
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| SOTIF场景 | DRP类型 | 运行状态 |
| 已知安全 | | 安全 |
| 已知不安全 | | 非常危险 |
| 未知安全 | | 危险 |
| 未知不安全 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675072086272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Parameters for deep reinforcement learning
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| 熵正则化系数 | 0.2 |
| 训练批次大小 | 128 |
| 经验池大小 | 106 |
| 探索函数 | 随机动作 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675135000833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
深度强化学习试验参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| 熵正则化系数 | 0.2 |
| 训练批次大小 | 128 |
| 经验池大小 | 106 |
| 探索函数 | 随机动作 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675197915394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
eVTOL operating parameters and status
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 编号 | 起点 | 终点 | 状态 |
| 1 | (330,0,225) | (0,225,225) | 已知安全 |
| 2 | (330,0,105) | (0,225,180) | 未知安全/ 未知不安全 |
| 3 | (330,75,225) | (0,75,75) | 已知安全 |
| 4 | (330,75,105) | (0,75,180) | 已知安全 |
| 5 | (330,105,75) | (0,0,225) | 已知安全 |
| 6 | (330,225,225) | (0,0,75) | 已知安全 |
| 7 | (330,225,75) | (0,0,225) | 已知安全 |
| 8 | (330,225,180) | (0,0,180) | 已知安全 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675265024259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
eVTOL运行参数与状态
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 编号 | 起点 | 终点 | 状态 |
| 1 | (330,0,225) | (0,225,225) | 已知安全 |
| 2 | (330,0,105) | (0,225,180) | 未知安全/ 未知不安全 |
| 3 | (330,75,225) | (0,75,75) | 已知安全 |
| 4 | (330,75,105) | (0,75,180) | 已知安全 |
| 5 | (330,105,75) | (0,0,225) | 已知安全 |
| 6 | (330,225,225) | (0,0,75) | 已知安全 |
| 7 | (330,225,75) | (0,0,225) | 已知安全 |
| 8 | (330,225,180) | (0,0,180) | 已知安全 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675344716036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Algorithm performance comparison
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 航路长度/m | 安全时长占比/% |
| 仅使用强化学习 | 324.98 | 98.15 |
| RTA避障 | 328.08 | 78.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168186675407630597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763582091443, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
算法性能比对
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 航路长度/m | 安全时长占比/% |
| 仅使用强化学习 | 324.98 | 98.15 |
| RTA避障 | 328.08 | 78.4 |
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