Article(id=1149738726412174158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0093-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708790400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-25, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048673488, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048673488, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048673488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048673488, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738726693192527, articleId=1149738726412174158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Method and experiment of forklift stability warning based on Multi-Core parallel digital twin, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the safety and intelligence level of forklift truck,a forklift stability warning method based on multi-core parallel digital twin is proposed. First,the open-source high-precision inertial navigation sensor is used to evaluate the driver's operating habits and road smoothness,and then drive the digital twin operation. Secondly,the optimization algorithm is used to calculate the limit operating parameters that meet the stability conditions,such as the highest load and the fastest driving speed. Then,two acceleration strategies are proposed,which use the open source C language compiled solver and multi-core Central Processing Unit (CPU) in parallel,to shorten the optimization iteration time. Finally,taking a forklift truck as the test object,the accuracy of the measurement of the flight control system is verified,and the real-time performance of the digital twin stability early warning method is analyzed. The results show that the flight control system has high monitoring accuracy,the theoretical calculated values are basically consistent with the collected values,and the longitude and latitude deviation of global positioning system (GPS) is about 1 m. The digital twin program has a faster prediction speed. The digital twin compiled by the open source C language is 3 times faster than the Simulation X3.8 platform,and the parallel digital twin method is 20 times more efficient than the simulation platform.

, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuhuan MA, Zhiqiang NING, Lixin WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738743982113512, articleId=1149738726412174158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法及试验, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高叉车安全性和智能化水平,提出一种基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法。首先,利用开源飞控的高精度惯性导航传感器,评估司机操作习惯和路面平整度,并以此驱动数字孪生体运行;其次,利用优化算法迭代计算满足稳定性条件的极限作业参数,即最高载重量和最快行驶速度等;然后,提出采用开源C语言编译的求解器和多核中央处理器(CPU)并行2种加速策略,以缩短寻优迭代时间;最后,以某型叉车为试验对象,验证飞控系统测量的准确性,分析数字孪生稳定性预警方法的实时性。结果表明:飞控系统具有较高的监测精度,理论计算值与采集值基本一致,全球定位系统(GPS)经纬度偏差约1 m;数字孪生程序具有较快的预测速度,运用开源C语言编译求解器的数字孪生体相比Simulation X3.8平台仿真速度提升3倍,并行数字孪生方法相比仿真平台运行效率提升20倍。

, correspAuthors=宁志强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 宁志强(1986—),男,山西太原人,博士,讲师,主要从事复杂装备数字孪生技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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马树焕 (1972—),女,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授,主要从事机械故障诊断技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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马树焕 (1972—),女,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授,主要从事机械故障诊断技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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马树焕 (1972—),女,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授,主要从事机械故障诊断技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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Proposed system parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 类型 参数值
开源飞控 飞控系统2.8 高精度陀螺仪、罗盘
GPS M8N 精度0.5 m
数传电台 权盛3DRRadio 433 MHz(2 000 m)
姿态测量传感器 维特蓝牙5.0 传输距离50 m
直流降压模块 超免电池电路 输出电压5 V
锂电池 额定电压11.1 V
), ArticleFig(id=1167877835998900339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738726412174158, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验设备型号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 类型 参数值
开源飞控 飞控系统2.8 高精度陀螺仪、罗盘
GPS M8N 精度0.5 m
数传电台 权盛3DRRadio 433 MHz(2 000 m)
姿态测量传感器 维特蓝牙5.0 传输距离50 m
直流降压模块 超免电池电路 输出电压5 V
锂电池 额定电压11.1 V
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基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法及试验
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马树焕 , 宁志强 ** , 卫立新
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(8): 93-100
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(8): 93-100
基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法及试验
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马树焕 , 宁志强** , 卫立新
作者信息
  • 山西工程技术学院 机械工程系,山西 阳泉 045000
  • 马树焕 (1972—),女,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授,主要从事机械故障诊断技术方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 宁志强(1986—),男,山西太原人,博士,讲师,主要从事复杂装备数字孪生技术方面的研究。E-mail:
Method and experiment of forklift stability warning based on Multi-Core parallel digital twin
Shuhuan MA , Zhiqiang NING** , Lixin WEI
Affiliations
  • Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Shanxi Institute of Technology,Yangquan Shanxi 045000,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0394
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为提高叉车安全性和智能化水平,提出一种基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法。首先,利用开源飞控的高精度惯性导航传感器,评估司机操作习惯和路面平整度,并以此驱动数字孪生体运行;其次,利用优化算法迭代计算满足稳定性条件的极限作业参数,即最高载重量和最快行驶速度等;然后,提出采用开源C语言编译的求解器和多核中央处理器(CPU)并行2种加速策略,以缩短寻优迭代时间;最后,以某型叉车为试验对象,验证飞控系统测量的准确性,分析数字孪生稳定性预警方法的实时性。结果表明:飞控系统具有较高的监测精度,理论计算值与采集值基本一致,全球定位系统(GPS)经纬度偏差约1 m;数字孪生程序具有较快的预测速度,运用开源C语言编译求解器的数字孪生体相比Simulation X3.8平台仿真速度提升3倍,并行数字孪生方法相比仿真平台运行效率提升20倍。

多核并行  /  数字孪生  /  叉车  /  稳定性预警  /  预警方法  /  并行优化

In order to improve the safety and intelligence level of forklift truck,a forklift stability warning method based on multi-core parallel digital twin is proposed. First,the open-source high-precision inertial navigation sensor is used to evaluate the driver's operating habits and road smoothness,and then drive the digital twin operation. Secondly,the optimization algorithm is used to calculate the limit operating parameters that meet the stability conditions,such as the highest load and the fastest driving speed. Then,two acceleration strategies are proposed,which use the open source C language compiled solver and multi-core Central Processing Unit (CPU) in parallel,to shorten the optimization iteration time. Finally,taking a forklift truck as the test object,the accuracy of the measurement of the flight control system is verified,and the real-time performance of the digital twin stability early warning method is analyzed. The results show that the flight control system has high monitoring accuracy,the theoretical calculated values are basically consistent with the collected values,and the longitude and latitude deviation of global positioning system (GPS) is about 1 m. The digital twin program has a faster prediction speed. The digital twin compiled by the open source C language is 3 times faster than the Simulation X3.8 platform,and the parallel digital twin method is 20 times more efficient than the simulation platform.

Multi-Core parallel  /  digital twins  /  forklift  /  stability early warning  /  early warning method  /  parallel optimization
马树焕, 宁志强, 卫立新. 基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法及试验. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0394
Shuhuan MA, Zhiqiang NING, Lixin WEI. Method and experiment of forklift stability warning based on Multi-Core parallel digital twin[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0394
据国家市场监管总局统计,2023年叉车事故在全部特种设备事故中占比超过40%,死亡人数28人,叉车倾翻造成的死亡事故占比较高,叉车稳定性问题已成为亟需解决的难题[1]
《工业车辆 稳定性验证 第1部分:总则》 [2]规定,采用倾斜平台法评估叉车稳定性,该方法操作简单、相对可靠,还考虑了叉车因载荷作用引起的结构变形,但仅适用于叉车成品的倾覆验证,不能用于研发阶段的叉车稳定性评估。黄国贤[3]提出通过比较起升载荷引起的倾翻力矩和自重产生的抗倾翻力矩来衡量叉车的稳定性,对稳定系数暂没有明确规定。KASAHARA等[4]从叉车整机重心移动角度研究倾覆机制,提出重心可测的试验模型。丰田叉车公司[5]提出了操作者存在感应系统、主动式稳定系统以及行驶控制系统,有效提高了丰田叉车的稳定性。李嘉诚等[6]提出了方便测量的力稳定状态评价法代替重心稳定状态转移法,并用来预警防侧翻方案,但实时性有待考核。夏光等[7-8]研究了叉车的横向失稳机制,提出了基于侧倾分级的横向稳定性变论域模糊控制策略,并进行动力学仿真和实车试验,取得了良好的防倾翻效果。当前文献主要从叉车的车辆结构参数对稳定性的影响方面开展研究,而叉车司机操作习惯和路面平整度对稳定性影响的研究还较为鲜见。此外,转向滑移也会引起车辆失控和事故,目前对急转弯引起的滑移现象研究较少。
数字孪生技术是复杂装备安全性和智能化的研究热点[9-11],其能够将多学科多领域结合在一起,如三维建模方法、虚拟现实、通信技术等,已经广泛应用于装备的预测性维护领域。鉴于此,笔者拟提出一种基于多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法,在Simulation X仿真软件中建立考虑真实结构外形、轮胎力学特性和多体动力学的叉车数字孪生体,进而生成C语言编译的exe程序来减少对计算机内存和中央处理器(Central Processing Unit,CPU)的占用;利用高精度惯性传感器量化司机操作习惯和路面平整度因素,采集和组合某一经纬度领域范围内叉车实车最大作业数据;驱动数字孪生体多轮并行迭代,从而预测极限作业参数,以期使叉车在满足安全性的要求下实现最大作业效率。
多核并行数字孪生方法的核心思想在于利用高保真度的数字孪生体进行提前仿真模拟,通过并行优化算法在多核CPU上快速执行来选择最优的决策变量,以最优决策驱动物理世界的运行[12-13]图1为基于多核并行数字孪生叉车稳定性预警方法框架。
多核并行数字孪生方法采用开源C语言编译的求解器(C-language Variable-coefficients Ordinary Differential Equation solver,CVODE)的简称和多核CPU 这2种加速策略。多核并行数字孪生方法采用CVODE求解器提升仿真速度,并实现脱离仿真软件平台。由于模型算法基于编译,因此,应用该求解器对复杂模型的求解速度更快。多核CPU加速方法的核心思想是为每个数字孪生体单独分配一个进程,同一时间并行执行多个数字孪生体,个体相互之间属于并行式的独立求解,互不干扰。数字孪生体的进程分配权归操作系统所有,启动数字孪生体后,不需要人为分配进程[14]
叉车数字孪生系统通过多种传感器采集工作场所一定经纬度范围内的运行数据,包括地面颠簸程度、最大行驶速度、制动习惯(制动减速度)、转向习惯(转向轮最大转角)等。按照危险工况原则组合运行参数,预测叉车可承受的极限工作参数,即最大载重量、最大行驶速度、最大制动减速度及最大转向角度。
图2为叉车数字孪生传感器布置方案。陀螺仪用于检测叉车车身倾斜角度,加速度计用于获得车身加速度。起升油缸位移传感器和倾斜油缸位移传感器分别用于检测起升油缸和倾斜油缸的伸缩状态;通过链条拉力传感器检测货物的质量。转向桥安装角度传感器和车身飞控系统结合可获取相对车身的转向角;高度测量采用高精度数字空气压力传感器。
叉车对地面平整度要求较高,特别是叉车在颠簸路面上高速行驶、紧急制动时,容易出现倾覆。当前相关标准暂时没有定量规定路面的平整度。研究不同平整度路况下,叉车载重量折减、车速限制具有一定意义。轮胎力学特性是汽车操纵动力学研究的重点问题,且轮胎很大程度上决定了整车的动力学特性,在操纵稳定性和安全性等方面都有很重要的影响。文中将路面高低不平视作叉车越障过程,以颠簸角度值评价路面平整度,提出基于轮胎动力学的叉车越障模型,利用魔术公式描述轮胎和地面的接触、冲击和滑移过程。图3为叉车越障简化模型,γ为越障颠簸角。
魔术公式[15]轮胎模型是基于试验数据通过一个公式即可表示轮胎的纵向力、侧偏力和回正力矩,公式中的特征参数物理意义明确。基本的魔术公式为纯侧偏和纯纵滑工况下的侧偏力和纵向力:
y ( x ) = D s i n C a r c t a n [ B x - E ( B x - a r c t a n ( B x ) ) ]
式中:y为纯纵滑工况的纵向力或纯侧偏工况的侧偏力;x为对应的滑移率或侧偏角;B为刚度因子;C为形状因子;D为峰值因子;E为曲率因子。
Simulation X的物理对象建模方法使建模过程从繁琐的数学公式推导中解放,从而专注于物理系统本身的设计[16]。将某型叉车的三维几何模型文件被导入到Simulation X中进行动力学仿真,建立转向机构摆动桥模型、轮胎接触模型、制动器模型。该建模方法相比数学机制建模法更能接近真实物理实体重心。Simulation X 软件能提供模型导出代码功能,模型能以 C 代码形式导出,导出时可选择定步长求解器和CVODE求解器,可生成独立的后缀名为exe的仿真程序,所生成的仿真程序能够在windows操作系统下独立运行,不需要安装SimulationX 软件平台就可以执行[17]。利用Simulation X 软件建立叉车仿真模型如图4所示。
通过数字孪生体研究地面颠簸程度、制动习惯(制动减速度)、转向习惯(转向轮最大转角)、行驶速度、货物载重等因素对叉车稳定性的影响。图5a为载荷大小对稳定性的影响。当载重质量为2 000kg时,路面颠簸角为1°,制动前车速20km/h,制动扭矩为2 900 N·m,相比空载,车身俯仰角发生超过90°,车身发生倾覆。图5b为地面平整度对稳定性的影响。当地面不平整,引起车身俯仰角为1°,载重质量为2 000kg,制动瞬间车速为20km/h,制动扭矩为2 900 N·m,颠簸角度为1°,工况相比地面平坦时,车身发生明显倾覆。图5c为司机制动行为对稳定性影响。相同条件下,制动减速度越大,即司机踩刹车越急,车身俯仰角越大。地面颠簸程度、制动习惯(制动减速度)、转向习惯(转向轮最大转角)、行驶速度、货物载重等因素过大时会引起叉车稳定性问题,但从作业效率来看,作业参数过小则无法充分发挥叉车的运载能力。因此,数字孪生技术根据各类传感器获取真实的路况、司机操作习惯等数据。在此基础上,利用智能优化算法多次迭代寻找满足稳定性条件且具有高效率的作业参数。
叉车作为厂内车辆,不允许在厂外的道路上行驶,其工作场所具有相对固定的特点。路面平整度、转向位置、司机操作习惯等因素具有重复性。因此,可利用传感器历史数据统计某一经纬度范围内的地面颠簸程度、制动减速度、转向轮转角、行驶速度、货物载重的运行特点。利用粒子群算法多次迭代寻找满足稳定性条件的极限作业参数,使作业过程兼顾安全性和高效率。图6为基于粒子群算法[18]的多核并行优化方法框架。
设计变量:叉车载重质量m、行驶速度v、转向角α、制动减速度a
约束条件:保证叉车纵向和横向稳定性和避免转弯时轮胎发生滑移,俯仰角β≤10°和横滚角φ≤10°,轮胎滑移率δ≤0.9。
在叉车满足稳定性要求基础上,应尽量提高作业效率。可选择的目标函数如下:
目标函数1:使叉车载重质量m趋于最大值。
目标函数2:使行驶速度v趋于最大值。
目标函数3:使转向角α趋于最大值α
目标函数4:使制动减速度a趋于最大值。
设计变量取值范围:载重质量m≤2 000 kg,行驶速度v≤20 km/h,转向角α≤80°,制动减速度a≤3 m/s2
试验采用某型号平衡重式叉车。为实时获取叉车运行数据,通过在叉车车身安装的高精度飞控系统,检测叉车的某一经纬度范围内的地面颠簸程度、制动减速度。在后轮转向节臂处安装姿态测量传感器,与飞控系统配合使用,测量后轮相对车身的角度变化。全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)用于测量定位经纬度和速度;叉车测试平台如图7 所示,试验设备型号见表1
为测试飞控系统对路面的颠簸角度检测的精度,以20mm木板为障碍物进行试验。对开源地面站Mission Planner[19-20]进行二次开发,用于采集飞控系统的陀螺仪的测量角度和GPS速度。图8为叉车越障试验。叉车缓慢通过障碍木板,记录相关数据如图9所示。在第21s附近叉车俯仰角达到最大值,相比俯仰角初始值增大1°,与前轮抬高20mm的理论车身角度变化值一致。越障过程中GPS获得速度变化趋势与车身俯仰角变化趋势一致。验证了飞控系统测量的准确性。
为量化司机操作行为,采用飞控加速度计测量起步和制动的加(减)速度,与GPS测速值趋势保持基本一致。起步制动试验的加(减)速度和车速如图10所示。提取最大制动减速度约为2.5m/s2
转向试验过程中,在后轮转向节臂处安装姿态测量传感器,与飞控系统配合使用,测量得到转向轮相对车身的角度变化。图11为转向试验车轮角度变化,从图11中可采集到最大转向角34°。采用GPS获取当前经纬度值,采集合理邻域内各种行驶数据。通过试验记录叉车在直线行驶过程中经纬度变化值已验证其误差。图12为直线行驶试验的经纬度。测试结果表面,GPS存在约1m误差,可满足定位要求。
通过C++的MFC功能开发多核并行优化模块,编制出良好的人机交互界面。通过5.1节的试验,提取到经纬度坐标(37.863 036°,112.4261 64°)50 m范围内的最大制动减速度2.5m/s2、最大颠簸角度1°、最大转向角为34°,设定厂区内叉车最大行驶速度20km/h。根据不同工况限制利用优化算法预测极限运行参数:①满足车身俯仰角限制要求,以起重量最大化为优化目标。当行驶速度20km/h,最大颠簸角度1°,最大制动减速度2.5m/s2,预测极限起重质量为1 877kg;②满足车身俯仰角限制要求,以行驶速度最大化为优化目标。当起重质量为2 000kg,最大制动减速度2.5m/s2,最大颠簸角度1°,预测极限行驶速度为2.08m/h;③满足车身俯仰角限制要求,以制动减速度最大化为优化目标。当行驶速度20km/h,最大颠簸角度1°,起重质量为2 000kg,预测极限制动减速度为1.58 m/s2;④满足轮胎滑移率低于0.9为约束条件,以转向角最大化为优化目标。当叉车空载行驶,行驶速度20km/h,预测不产生滑移的极限转向角为42.2°。优化过程设定种群个数为10,迭代次数为11次。图13为4种工况预测极限作业参数的优化迭代过程。
采用CVODE求解器的数字孪生体相比Simulation X3.8仿真平台效率提升约3倍,11次迭代每次10个并行仿真,即110次仿真共10min,单个数字孪生体执行时间为5.4s;采用CVODE求解器的数字孪生体相比Simulation X3.8仿真平台效率提升约3倍,11次迭代每次10个并行仿真,即110次仿真共10 min,单个数字孪生体执行时间为5.4 s;并行数字孪生方法相比Simulation X3.8仿真平台运行效率得到20倍提升。并行数字孪生方法相比Simulation X3.8仿真平台运行效率得到20倍提升。
1) 通过多核并行数字孪生的叉车稳定性预警方法,利用开源飞控的高精度惯性导航传感器,量化叉车司机操作习惯和路面平整度。飞控系统越障试验角度变化检测与理论计算值基本一致,制动测试中加速度值与GPS测速值趋势吻合。
2) 数字孪生系统具有较快的预测速度,运用CVODE求解器的数字孪生体相比Simulation X3.8平台仿真速度得到3倍提升,CVODE求解器与BDF求解器相比,CVODE大模型的求解速度更快。并行数字孪生方法相比仿真平台运行效率提升20倍。
3) 鉴于司机安全性考虑,没有进行倾覆试验,下一步将在叉车安装防倾覆保护装置基础上,进行叉车自适应限速试验。
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2022L596)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0394
  • 接收时间:2024-02-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-25
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
基金
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2022L596)
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    山西工程技术学院 机械工程系,山西 阳泉 045000

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** 宁志强(1986—),男,山西太原人,博士,讲师,主要从事复杂装备数字孪生技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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