Article(id=1149738724541514537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0035-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1824, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708272000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-19, revisedDate=1715443200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048673043, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048673043, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048673043, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048673043, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738724814144298, articleId=1149738724541514537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk based on QAR data, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to achieve a quantitative evaluation of individual pilot's exceedance risk,a refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk was established based on QAR data and the flight operations quality assurance(FOQA) monitoring items. Firstly,according to accident statistics,International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the core risks divided by the FOQA station,the FOQA monitoring items associated with the three types of core risks were selected as the evaluation indexes,and the risk value for each core risk of the individual pilots was calculated. In the next step,the weight of each core risk value was calculated by entropy weighted TOPSIS. Then,the refined evaluation model for the pilot's individual exceedance risk was established. Finally,the model was applied to the quantitative evaluation of actual flight risk. By collecting 9 317 pieces of multi-source fusion data from the FOQA station of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC),the individual exceedance risk of the pilots were quantified,the ranking of individual pilots' exceedance risk was obtained,and the pilot's individual exceedance risk levels were also divided with the use of K-means clustering algorithm. The results show that the model can quantify and rank 1 693 individual pilots' exceedance risk,and divide the pilot's exceedance risk into three types,including high risk,medium risk and low risk.

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为定量评价飞行员个体超限风险,提出一种基于快速存取记录器(QAR)数据和飞行品质监控(FOQA)的飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型。首先,根据事故统计结果、国际民航组织 (ICAO)及FOQA基站划分的核心风险类别,选取其中3类风险的FOQA监控项目作为评价指标,计算飞行员个体单项核心风险值;然后,运用熵权逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)测算各项核心风险值所占权重,提出飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型;最后,将模型运用于实际飞行风险量化评价,通过采集中国民航(CAAC)FOQA基站中共9 317条多源融合数据,量化飞行员个体超限风险,得到飞行员个体超限风险量化值排序,结合K-means聚类算法划分飞行员个体超限风险等级。结果表明:该模型可量化排序1 693名飞行员个体超限风险,并将飞行员超限风险等级划分为高风险、中风险和低风险3类。

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汪磊(1982—),男,安徽霍山人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事航空安全与人为因素等方面的研究。E-mail:

赵新斌,副研究员。

俞力玲,研究员。

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Interactive safety report[R/OL].[2023-12-31]. https://www.iata.org/en/publications/safety-report/interactive-safety-report/., articleTitle=Interactive safety report, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167877653882217022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, awardId=32071063, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32071063), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167877649461420545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167877649465614850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, companyId=1167877649461420545, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167877649474003459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, companyId=1167877649461420545, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167877649541112324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167877649545306629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, companyId=1167877649541112324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Aviation Safety Institute,China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology,Beijing 100028,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167877649553695238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, companyId=1167877649541112324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国民航科学技术研究院 航空安全研究所,北京 100028)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167877652028334632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Statistics on causes of global transportation aviation accidents from 2017 to 2021, figureFileSmall=PcUuwgJ6z7pEQ23pYWhJrw==, figureFileBig=TgcmOZaFCVMC22MwWEdGGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652103832105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2017—2021年全球运输航空事故原因统计, figureFileSmall=PcUuwgJ6z7pEQ23pYWhJrw==, figureFileBig=TgcmOZaFCVMC22MwWEdGGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652158358058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Computed results of pilots' individual exceedance risk, figureFileSmall=vu72Qbp+U73I014nLRUC4Q==, figureFileBig=WPE0P9cTaDSRTP8F936BVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652279992875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=图2, caption=飞行员个体超限风险计算结果, figureFileSmall=vu72Qbp+U73I014nLRUC4Q==, figureFileBig=WPE0P9cTaDSRTP8F936BVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652338713132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Selecting cluster number K with Elbow Method, figureFileSmall=eI1TIHOVAUA7ZRhnqHdcAQ==, figureFileBig=Gpdgka4dHmDNbqAfxqwDFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652397433389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=图3, caption=肘部法则选定聚类个数K, figureFileSmall=eI1TIHOVAUA7ZRhnqHdcAQ==, figureFileBig=Gpdgka4dHmDNbqAfxqwDFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652460347950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Individual pilots' exceedance risk value and corresponding risk level, figureFileSmall=f2jB97Dfg4mPmfeVbEZtNw==, figureFileBig=/NsYDzij85D5Xydt5AIUXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652514873903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=图4, caption=飞行员个体超限风险值及对应风险等级划分, figureFileSmall=f2jB97Dfg4mPmfeVbEZtNw==, figureFileBig=/NsYDzij85D5Xydt5AIUXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877652628120112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Index system for refined evaluation of individual pilot's exceedance risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心风险 冲偏出跑道 空中失控 可控飞行撞地
评价指标 下滑道偏离
航向道偏离
着陆速度大
50 ft至接地距离远
起飞滑跑方向不稳定
着陆滑跑方向不稳定
进近速度大
进近速度小
选择着陆构型晚
着陆放起落架晚
接地仰角大
接地仰角小
着陆坡度大
进近坡度大
接地仰角小
接地仰角大
着陆坡度大
进近坡度大
起飞坡度大
爬升坡度大
离地仰角大
下滑道偏离
航向道偏离
500~50 ft下降率大
进近速度大
进近速度小
选择着陆构型晚
着陆放起落架晚
接地仰角大
接地仰角小
着陆坡度大
进近坡度大
), ArticleFig(id=1167877652699423281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心风险 冲偏出跑道 空中失控 可控飞行撞地
评价指标 下滑道偏离
航向道偏离
着陆速度大
50 ft至接地距离远
起飞滑跑方向不稳定
着陆滑跑方向不稳定
进近速度大
进近速度小
选择着陆构型晚
着陆放起落架晚
接地仰角大
接地仰角小
着陆坡度大
进近坡度大
接地仰角小
接地仰角大
着陆坡度大
进近坡度大
起飞坡度大
爬升坡度大
离地仰角大
下滑道偏离
航向道偏离
500~50 ft下降率大
进近速度大
进近速度小
选择着陆构型晚
着陆放起落架晚
接地仰角大
接地仰角小
着陆坡度大
进近坡度大
), ArticleFig(id=1167877652787503666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Data instance

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时间 核心风险类别 飞行员 风险值
2020-11-22 冲偏出跑道 F1 0.004 980 916
2021-03-14 可控飞行撞地 F2 0.001 598 222 3
2021-03-22 冲偏出跑道 F3 0.004 465 648 9
2021-06-20 冲偏出跑道 F4 0.000 590 422 2
2021-09-5 空中失控 F5 0.002 491 506 2
), ArticleFig(id=1167877652863001139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数据实例

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时间 核心风险类别 飞行员 风险值
2020-11-22 冲偏出跑道 F1 0.004 980 916
2021-03-14 可控飞行撞地 F2 0.001 598 222 3
2021-03-22 冲偏出跑道 F3 0.004 465 648 9
2021-06-20 冲偏出跑道 F4 0.000 590 422 2
2021-09-5 空中失控 F5 0.002 491 506 2
), ArticleFig(id=1167877652938498612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data instance after non-dimensional disposal

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F RE风险值 LOC风险值 CFIT风险值
飞行员F6 5.200 982 523 0 46.012 269 938
飞行员 F7 6.204 539 982 0.226 500 563 0.154 041 108
飞行员 F8 1.204 283 986 3.233 034 572 1.090 901 236
飞行员 F9 19.947 326 070 1.424 487 463 0
飞行员 F10 10.276 362 606 36.363 636 363 25.144 733 431
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统一量纲后的数据实例

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F RE风险值 LOC风险值 CFIT风险值
飞行员F6 5.200 982 523 0 46.012 269 938
飞行员 F7 6.204 539 982 0.226 500 563 0.154 041 108
飞行员 F8 1.204 283 986 3.233 034 572 1.090 901 236
飞行员 F9 19.947 326 070 1.424 487 463 0
飞行员 F10 10.276 362 606 36.363 636 363 25.144 733 431
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653118853686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weights of individual core risk calculated by entropy weight method

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指标 发生频率 信息熵值 信息效用值 权重
RE 0.846 0.935 0.065 0.084 74
LOC 0.032 0.634 0.366 0.474 46
CFIT 0.122 0.660 0.340 0.440 80
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653211128375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

熵权法计算单项核心风险权值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 发生频率 信息熵值 信息效用值 权重
RE 0.846 0.935 0.065 0.084 74
LOC 0.032 0.634 0.366 0.474 46
CFIT 0.122 0.660 0.340 0.440 80
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653303403064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Similarity of results of two methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
飞行员个体数 相关系数
Top 100% 0.965
Top 50% 0.926
Top 10% 0.751
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653399872057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2种计算方法结果相似性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
飞行员个体数 相关系数
Top 100% 0.965
Top 50% 0.926
Top 10% 0.751
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653462786618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of K-means clustering algorithm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类类别 频数 占比/% 均值±标准差 聚类中心
类别1 1 490 88.009 0.02±0.017 0.019 735 623 2
类别2 176 10.396 0.119±0.041 0.336 348 159 5
类别3 27 1.595 0.336±0.077 0.118 726 863 1
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653571838523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

K-means算法聚类分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类类别 频数 占比/% 均值±标准差 聚类中心
类别1 1 490 88.009 0.02±0.017 0.019 735 623 2
类别2 176 10.396 0.119±0.041 0.336 348 159 5
类别3 27 1.595 0.336±0.077 0.118 726 863 1
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653655724604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

K-means clustering algorithm performance measure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 轮廓系数 DBI CH
得分 0.762 0.462 4 012.724
), ArticleFig(id=1167877653710250557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738724541514537, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

K-means聚类算法性能度量指标得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 轮廓系数 DBI CH
得分 0.762 0.462 4 012.724
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基于QAR数据的飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型
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汪磊 1 , 安佳宁 1 , 赵新斌 2 , 俞力玲 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理安社科 2024,34(8): 35-42
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理安社科 2024, 34(8): 35-42
基于QAR数据的飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型
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汪磊1 , 安佳宁1, 赵新斌2, 俞力玲2
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2 中国民航科学技术研究院 航空安全研究所,北京 100028
  • 汪磊(1982—),男,安徽霍山人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事航空安全与人为因素等方面的研究。E-mail:

    赵新斌,副研究员。

    俞力玲,研究员。

Refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk based on QAR data
Lei WANG1 , Jianing AN1, Xinbin ZHAO2, Liling YU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2 Aviation Safety Institute,China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology,Beijing 100028,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1824
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为定量评价飞行员个体超限风险,提出一种基于快速存取记录器(QAR)数据和飞行品质监控(FOQA)的飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型。首先,根据事故统计结果、国际民航组织 (ICAO)及FOQA基站划分的核心风险类别,选取其中3类风险的FOQA监控项目作为评价指标,计算飞行员个体单项核心风险值;然后,运用熵权逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)测算各项核心风险值所占权重,提出飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型;最后,将模型运用于实际飞行风险量化评价,通过采集中国民航(CAAC)FOQA基站中共9 317条多源融合数据,量化飞行员个体超限风险,得到飞行员个体超限风险量化值排序,结合K-means聚类算法划分飞行员个体超限风险等级。结果表明:该模型可量化排序1 693名飞行员个体超限风险,并将飞行员超限风险等级划分为高风险、中风险和低风险3类。

快速存取记录器(QAR)数据  /  个体超限风险  /  精细化评价  /  飞行品质监控(FOQA)  /  熵权逼近理想解排序(TOPSIS)法  /  K-means聚类

In order to achieve a quantitative evaluation of individual pilot's exceedance risk,a refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk was established based on QAR data and the flight operations quality assurance(FOQA) monitoring items. Firstly,according to accident statistics,International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the core risks divided by the FOQA station,the FOQA monitoring items associated with the three types of core risks were selected as the evaluation indexes,and the risk value for each core risk of the individual pilots was calculated. In the next step,the weight of each core risk value was calculated by entropy weighted TOPSIS. Then,the refined evaluation model for the pilot's individual exceedance risk was established. Finally,the model was applied to the quantitative evaluation of actual flight risk. By collecting 9 317 pieces of multi-source fusion data from the FOQA station of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC),the individual exceedance risk of the pilots were quantified,the ranking of individual pilots' exceedance risk was obtained,and the pilot's individual exceedance risk levels were also divided with the use of K-means clustering algorithm. The results show that the model can quantify and rank 1 693 individual pilots' exceedance risk,and divide the pilot's exceedance risk into three types,including high risk,medium risk and low risk.

quick access recorder (QAR) data  /  individual exceedance risk  /  refined evaluation  /  flight operations quality assurance (FOQA)  /  entropy-weighted technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)  /  K-means clustering
汪磊, 安佳宁, 赵新斌, 俞力玲. 基于QAR数据的飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 35 -42 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1824
Lei WANG, Jianing AN, Xinbin ZHAO, Liling YU. Refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk based on QAR data[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 35 -42 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1824
安全始终是航空运输业快速健康发展的决定性因素。各类统计数据表明:超过80%的飞行事故都与人为因素密切相关[1]。根据中国民航局2022年发布的中国民航航空安全报告,在2012—2021年我国发生的所有飞行事故中,因机组操作原因导致的事故数占事故总数的67.59%[2]。作为飞机的直接操控者,飞行员在保障飞机安全运行方面扮演着至关重要的角色。因此,针对飞行员个体开展风险量化评价具有重大现实意义。
国际民航组织在2022年发布的安全年度报告中强调了应持续重点关注的高风险事件类别[3],包括冲偏出跑道(Runway Excursion,RE)、空中失控(Loss of Control,LOC)以及可控飞行撞地(Controlled Flight into Terrain,CFIT)3类核心风险。诸多统计表明:这3类事件在众多影响飞行安全的风险事件中具有举足轻重的地位。2022年,空客公司发布的商业航空事故统计分析报告指出[4],在1958—2022年全球商业航空致命事故中,空中失控、可控飞行撞地、冲偏出跑道为导致商用飞机致命事故的前3大原因;汪磊等[5]通过分析1959—2019年间国际民航发生的626起事故,得出发生频次最高的3类事故为冲偏出跑道、空中失控和可控飞行撞地。
飞行品质监控(Flight Operational Quality Assurance,FOQA)是基于飞机上的快速存取记录器(Quick Access Recorder,QAR)数据,通过监控飞行参数超限情况开展飞行事故统计及安全风险评价的重要手段。目前,国内已有诸多学者通过采集飞行QAR数据,结合FOQA监控标准及各种风险评估模型和智能算法,对超限事件风险开展研究,按照研究所采用方法的不同大致分为3类。第1类研究采用了传统统计建模方法建立QAR超限风险评价模型,汪磊等[6]依据重着陆判定参数的分布函数,运用定量风险评价方法建立了重着陆风险定量评价模型,为预测超限事件和事故征候发生的风险提供客观参考;孙瑞山等[7]将QAR超限事件作为评价指标,构建了飞行安全评价模型,并通过实际数据进一步证实了该模型在评价飞行安全水平方面的有效性。第2类研究聚焦于特定超限风险事件,基于数据挖掘和聚类的机器学习算法对QAR数据建模,卢宾宾等[8]利用QAR数据对空中颠簸开展研究,为进一步评估飞机空中颠簸的风险提供充分依据;尚家兴等[9]提出了一种基于QAR数据的曲线聚类方法,将K-means聚类算法转化为半监督聚类算法自动识别重着陆模式,根据聚类结果和模式相似度评估重着陆事件的超限风险;汪磊等[10]以QAR数据为依据,基于贝叶斯网络,建立了着陆超限风险贝叶斯网络模型。第3类研究着重运用深度学习模型算法从QAR大数据中挖掘相关信息,康宗伟[11]提出融合多层编解码器和TG-Attention的飞机着陆距离预测模型,实现了对飞机冲出跑道的实时预警;陈农田等[12]提出了基于LSTM-DNN的民机高高原进近着陆风险评估方法,为评估高高原民机进近着陆风险提供客观参考。综上所述,目前大多数研究都是选取特定的超限事件,运用不同算法开展飞行安全风险评价,缺乏对多项超限风险事件的综合分析。有些学者尝试将研究重点迁移至飞行员个体[13],但较少存在对飞行员个体超限风险的定量评价。
基于此,笔者拟聚焦于飞行员个体风险的定量评估,参照FOQA监控项目规范及要求,将威胁民航运行安全的3类典型核心风险作为衡量飞行员个体超限风险的标准,建立基于QAR数据的超限风险精细化评价指标体系,计算飞行员个体单项核心风险值。综合熵权逼近理想解排序(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution,TOPSIS)法对飞行员单项核心风险值赋权,构建飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型。将模型应用于实际飞行风险量化评价,得到个体飞行员超限风险值及其排序情况,运用K-means聚类算法划分飞行员超限风险等级,以期有效预防飞行事故。
QAR设备能够完整记录有关飞行操纵、飞机状态以及气象情况等多方面信息,涵盖了飞机在整个飞行过程中的上千个参数。QAR超限事件是指当飞机处于运行过程中的特定阶段或特定时刻,其QAR参数超出预设监控标准的不安全事件。QAR超限事件通常不会对飞行安全造成显著影响,但该类事件的发生暴露出飞行员在操作过程中存在某些问题,如果不及时加以改进,在特定条件下可能会导致更为严重的后果。
目前,航空公司主要通过收集分析日常航线运行中的QAR数据,监测飞行参数超限情况。FOQA的价值在于通过监测识别QAR超限事件,充分识别出飞行员不符合标准的操作以及飞行中可能存在的各类安全隐患,并将结果应用于对飞行员操纵行为的监督和培训,来提高飞行机组操作品质,完善标准操作程序。
核心风险的定义主要包括冲偏出跑道、空中失控和可控飞行撞地3类风险事件。
冲偏出跑道通常发生在起飞和着陆阶段,其中,着陆阶段约占事故总数的77%[13]。研究表明:飞机在进近阶段(特别是最后进近阶段)的表现对着陆质量的好坏影响显著[14-15]。因此,可以认为,导致飞机进近不稳定、影响飞机着陆表现的因素是诱导飞机发生冲偏出跑道事故的关键因素。
空中失控通常表现为飞机气动失速或进入复杂状态[16],其发生的典型特征包括飞机的坡度角、飞机的俯仰姿态及空速偏离正常运行参数范围[17]
可控飞行撞地事故主要集中发生在进近和着陆阶段[18],其成因非常复杂,包括人为因素、环境因素和技术因素,其中,人为差错占有绝对比重,而环境因素主要包括当时的风速风向、能见度等,技术因素主要是指飞机速度、航向等。
依据局方基站选取的3类核心风险对应的监控项目[19],参考民机飞行专业知识和行业专家经验,得出基于QAR超限事件监控的评价指标体系,见表1
飞行员个体单项风险的可能性表示为飞行员在某段时期内发生单项核心风险超限事件的频次与总飞行航班数的比值,因此,个体单项核心风险值测度的重点在于充分评估指标的严重度。赵新斌等[20]提出了一种运行风险量化模型,依据选定的运行风险量化指标,将对应的QAR数据输入模型,计算得到运行风险值。涉及到的个体飞行员单项核心风险按下式计算:
S t = 1 m 1 × S α t + 1 m θ × S θ t = 1 m 1 × 1 M t i = 1 M t j = 1 q w j S i j t + 1 m θ × 1 M t i = 1 M t l = 1 p w l y i l t
其中,
S i j t = x i j t - x i j 0 m a x { x j - x j 0 } x i j t > x i j 0 0 x i j t x i j 0
式中:St为待评价对象在第t天总的运行风险值;m1为待评价对象的非警告类监控项目在一个历史周期之内的风险均值;Sαt为待评价对象的非警告类监控项目在第t天的运行风险值;mθ为待评价对象的警告类监控项目在一个历史周期之内的风险均值;Sθt为待评价对象的警告类监控项目在第t天的运行风险值;Mt为第t天的航班总数;q为非警告类监控项目的总数;wj为第j个非警告类监控项目对于运行风险的权重;Sijt为第j个非警告类监控项目在第t天的第i个航班中相对于预设标准值的偏移量比上全行业在所述历史周期内该非警告类监控项目相对于预设标准值的最大偏移量;p为警告类监控项目的总数;wl为第l个警告类监控项目对于运行风险的权重;yilt为第l个警告类监控项目在第t天的第i个航班中发生的次数。
以3类单项核心风险为评价指标,基于熵权TOPSIS法[21]建立飞行员个体超限风险评价模型,具体计算步骤如下:
第1步:构建标准化评价矩阵。设飞行员个体超限风险的原始评价指标矩阵为R:
$\boldsymbol{R}=\left(r_{a b}\right)_{m x n}\left[\begin{array}{cccc} r_{11} & r_{12} & \cdots & r_{1 n} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} & \cdots & r_{2 n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ r_{m 1} & r_{m 2} & \cdots & r_{m n} \end{array}\right]$
式中:rab为第a名飞行员个体在第b项核心风险上所对应的风险值;m为飞行员数量;n为核心风险个数,取n=3。
由于单项核心风险值越大,在综合评价个体风险时所起到的作用越显著,因此,将3类核心风险值都看作正向指标,对原始数据作归一化处理:
z a b = r a b - m i n ( r a b ) m a x ( r a b ) - m i n ( r a b )
zab为经过归一化处理后第a名飞行员在第b项核心风险上对应的风险值。
处理后得到规范化矩阵如下:
$\overline{\boldsymbol{R}}=\left(z_{a b}\right)_{m x n}\left[\begin{array}{cccc} z_{11} & z_{12} & \cdots & z_{1 n} \\ z_{21} & z_{22} & \cdots & z_{2 n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ z_{m 1} & z_{m 2} & \cdots & z_{m n} \end{array}\right]$
第2步:计算指标权值。第b项指标的信息熵值eb计算如下:
e b = - 1 l n m i = 1 m h a b l n h a b b = 1,2 n
其中,
h a b = z a b a = 1 m z a b
式中hab为第a名飞行员个体在第b项核心风险上所对应的风险均值。
根据第b项指标的信息熵值eb计算出对应的权重wb:
w b = 1 - e b a = 1 m ( 1 - e b )
第3步:生成规范化加权评价矩阵。将规范化处理后的矩阵元素乘以各指标的权值,得到规范化加权评价矩阵V:
$\boldsymbol{V}=\left(v_{a b}\right)_{m x n}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} w_{1} z_{11} & w_{2} z_{12} & \cdots & w_{n} z_{1 n} \\ w_{1} z_{21} & w_{2} z_{22} & \cdots & w_{n} z_{2 n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ w_{1} z_{m 1} & w_{2} z_{m 2} & \cdots & w_{n} z_{m n} \end{array}\right]$
第4步:确定正负理想解。通过计算得到正理想解与负理想解为:
正理想解:
V + = m a x b V a b | a = 1,2 m
负理想解:
V - = m i n b V a b | a = 1,2 m
第5步:计算距离。计算评价指标与正负理想解之间的距离。
评价指标与正理想解的距离:
d a + = b = 1 n V a b - V + b 2 1 2
评价指标与负理想解的距离:
d a - = b = 1 n V a b - V - b 2 1 2
第6步:计算相对接近程度。最终,求出相对接近程度Da值。Da越大,说明该飞行员个体超限风险越高,排名情况根据Da值的大小排序。
D a = d a - d a + + d a - ( a = 1,2 m )
综合上述计算过程,得到模型公式如下:
I a = b = 1 n ( w b z a b - m i n b w b z a b ) 2 b = 1 n ( w b z a b - m a x b w b z a b ) 2 + b = 1 n ( w b z a b - m i n b w b z a b ) 2
式中:Ia为第a名飞行员的个体超限风险值;wb为根据熵权法得到的第b项指标权重。
数据来源为中国民航FOQA基站,基站以全行业运输飞机QAR数据为核心,综合各类航空安全信息及FOQA信息,同时融合机组、地理、气象等飞机运行相关数据,开展典型安全事件监控。
试验所采用的数据是基于局方基站收集到的QAR数据、飞行员云执照数据、机组排班信息等多种数据源,运用数据关联、重组技术,处理得到涵盖各类要素的多源异构融合数据,共计9 317条。包含的字段有时间、核心风险类别、飞行员身份信息及通过计算获得的飞行员个体单项核心风险值。将飞行员身份信息脱敏后,得到具体数据实例见表2(仅列出数据集中部分原始数据,F表示飞行员)。
将上述原始数据按照飞行员个体分类,得到飞行员个体及其对应的3类核心风险值,共计1 693条数据。对同一名飞行员而言,若多次发生某项核心风险,则将其对应该项风险的所有风险值求和,作为该名飞行员在这项风险上的最终得分。通过将所有单项核心风险值加和,各项风险的发生频次均被纳入模型的计算结果,得出的个体超限风险量化结果更贴合实际。
为方便后续计算,将所有飞行员个体单项核心风险数据的量纲统一至(0,100)范围内,具体数据实例见表3
利用熵权法可测算出飞行员单项核心风险的权重占比,见表4。指标权重高表示不同飞行员在该维度下的数据波动幅度明显,在评价飞行员个体超限风险时中发挥的作用更大。因此,指标权重越高,在个体超限风险判定过程中就越关键。评价结果中,LOC权重最高,其次是CFIT,最低为RE。
国际航空运输协会发布的统计数据显示,全球运输航空在2017—2021年共发生229起事故图1,造成1 017人死亡[22]。虽然LOC、CFIT事故发生数量占比较低,分别只占总事故数的6.6%和4.4%,但此类事故一经发生,往往会导致机毁人亡的灾难性结果。统计结果表明:LOC和CFIT造成的死亡人数共占事故总死亡人数的77.7%,其致命风险远远高于其他类事件。因此,在计算个体风险值时,这2项指标发挥着决定性作用。而RE发生较为频繁,且造成重大和严重损害后果的可能性相对很低,因此,该指标在综合计算个体风险值时,取值无显著差距。
表4数据为基础,结合3类核心风险的评价维度,综合评价飞行员个体超限风险。将处理好的数据代入模型,得到飞行员个体超限风险计算值,并对计算结果排序。图2为部分飞行员3类核心风险得分情况以及个体超限风险值计算结果(取超限风险值排名前10的飞行员)。
在验证模型有效性时,将3类核心风险值的算数平均数作为模型提出前飞行员个体超限风险量化值,与模型计算结果展开对比。
首先,根据2种方法依次评价飞行员个体超限风险,并基于模型计算结果按风险值从大到小对飞行员排序。分别选取个体风险排名前100%、前50%及前10%的飞行员对应的2组风险值序列,对其进行Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验,检验结果表明所有风险值序列均不符合正态分布。
由此,选择Spearman相关性分析计算2组风险值序列的相关性,结果见表5。可以看出,2组计算结果间的相似程度随飞行员范围不断缩小,呈现出持续降低的趋势。
分析可知:文中提出的风险量化模型可以得到更细粒度的结果,适合用于飞行员个体超限风险的精细化评价。此外,模型综合考虑3类核心风险的发生频率及影响程度,可弥补简单将风险均值作为衡量个体超限风险标准的方法在实际飞行风险评价中的局限性,使超限风险管理更加科学有效。
为划分飞行员个体超限风险等级,采用K-means聚类算法分析飞行员个体超限风险计算结果。聚类数量K值的选择是否恰当对聚类效果有着至关重要的影响。根据肘部法则选取K值,计算结果如图3所示。可以看出,当K=3时,K-means聚类的损失函数下降速度显著放缓,因此,选择K=3为聚类数量。
K-means聚类分析的结果见表6。可以看出,飞行员个体超限风险等级可划分为3类,每类包含飞行员数量占比分别为88.009%、10.396%和1.595%,对应聚类中心的值(保留十位小数)为0.019 735 623 2、0.336 348 159 5和0.118 726 863 1。
采用轮廓系数、DBI和CH 3项评价指标评价聚类结果。轮廓系数的取值范围为(-1,1),同类别样本距离越紧凑、不同类别样本之间距离越分明,轮廓系数得分越趋近于1,聚类效果越好。DBI计算每个类别和其最相近类别之间的相似度,再通过求出所有相似度的平均值衡量聚类结果的优劣,值越小表示聚类效果越好。CH指数作为簇间距离与簇内距离的比值,值越大表示聚类效果越好。表7为试验所得到的K-means聚类结果在3项算法性能评价指标上的得分。综合各评价指标的含义及度量标准,得出试验聚类效果较为优质可信。
通过分析聚类结果,将个体超限等级划分为低风险、中风险及高风险3个等级。被划分为类别1的飞行员,在日常飞行任务中超限操作较少,发生3类核心风险超限的可能性及严重性均保持在较低水平,因此,可将该类飞行员的超限风险等级判定为低风险;被划分为类别2的飞行员,个体超限风险计算值处于中等范围,飞行技能存在一定短板,需及时加强训练,改善不合规范的操作,该类飞行员对应个体超限风险等级可划分为中风险;被划分为类别3的飞行员,个体超限风险值普遍较高,发生可控飞行撞地及空中失控这2类严重事故的隐患较大,航空公司需重点管控该类飞行员,加强飞行技能考核,制定专项评估及相应训练计划,此类飞行员被确定为高风险飞行员。飞行员个体超限风险及等级划分情况如图4所示。
1) 以 9 317条多源融合数据为基础,构建飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价模型,得到1 693名飞行员的超限风险量化值及对应风险等级,为飞行安全管理提供有力的数据支持。建立飞行员个体超限风险精细化评价指标体系,计算出飞行员单项核心风险量化值,并综合3类核心风险的概念及特点,完成权重分配。
2) 相较于传统风险评价方法将各项超限事件风险均值作为飞行员个体超限风险量化标准,模型能够深入挖掘影响飞行员个体风险的不同维度,结合实际不断优化,得出更为精细的风险评价结果,有助于精准排查风险人员,提升超限风险管理效率。
3) 下一步尝试分析不同超限风险等级飞行员的操作特征,为不同机队、航司优化飞行员训练方案、提升飞行绩效提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32071063)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1824
  • 接收时间:2024-02-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-19
  • 修回日期:2024-05-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(32071063)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
    2 中国民航科学技术研究院 航空安全研究所,北京 100028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
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Percentage of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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