Article(id=1149738723283223330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0204-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048672743, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048672743, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048672743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048672743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=204, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738723446801187, articleId=1149738723283223330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Review of research on escape lighting of disaster scene based on bibliometric analysis, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to understand the research status and development trends of evacuation lighting in disaster scenarios,based on Citespace and literature visualization tools,408 articles as samples up to July 2023 were selected from the core journal database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS),and analyzed from the aspects of publication year,journal source,author organization,topic clustering and keywords. Results show that this topic has appeared a rapid upward trend in English literature in the past 10 years. Most of the researchers are from the United States and China. There has been no significant growth in Chinese literature during the same period. The research in China focuses on building fire evacuation,and some nighttime disaster-appropriate lighting. English focuses on a variety of disaster scenarios,which tends to extend from indoor evacuation lighting to outdoor evacuation lighting. The research method is mainly technical application and problem induction in Chinese,and experimental simulation and behavioral research in English. Its research method from real scene simulation to model calculation combined with virtual reality is worthy learning. It is necessary to strengthen research on evacuation lighting in various disaster types and multiple scenarios,and explore evacuation lighting methods suitable for disaster evacuation in outdoor environments in the future.

, correspAuthors=Yonghong YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yongliang DU, Yonghong YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738744464458502, articleId=1149738723283223330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于文献计量分析的灾害场景下疏散照明研究综述, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解灾害场景下疏散照明的研究现状和发展趋势,基于Citespace软件和文献可视化工具,使用中国知网(CNKI)和科学网(WOS)核心数据库截至2023年7月的相关文献,筛选出408篇中英文文献作为样本,从发表年份、期刊来源、作者机构、主题聚类及关键词等方面分析灾害场景中疏散照明的研究态势。研究结果表明:该主题在近10年英文文献中呈快速上升趋势,其中,研究者多来自美国和中国,同期中文文献无显著增长;研究主题中文以建筑物火灾疏散为主,兼顾夜间适灾照明,英文关注多种灾害场景,有从室内疏散照明延伸至室外避难照明的趋势;在研究方法方面,中文以技术应用和问题归纳为主,英文以试验模拟和行为研究为主,其从实景模拟到模型计算结合虚拟现实的试验方法值得借鉴;未来需加强对全灾种、多场景下疏散照明的研究,探索室外环境中适灾避难的疏散照明方法。

, correspAuthors=严永红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 严永红(1967—),女,重庆人,博士,教授,主要从事健康照明及其产业化、城市照明规划、室内外建筑照明设计等方面的研究。E-mail:
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杜永亮 (1985—),男,河北滦县人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为建筑光环境、城市夜景照明、应急照明等。E-mail:

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2 中国建筑设计研究院有限公司,北京 100044
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杜永亮 (1985—),男,河北滦县人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为建筑光环境、城市夜景照明、应急照明等。E-mail:

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杜永亮 (1985—),男,河北滦县人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为建筑光环境、城市夜景照明、应急照明等。E-mail:

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基于文献计量分析的灾害场景下疏散照明研究综述
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杜永亮 1, 2, 3 , 严永红 1, 3, **
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(8): 204-213
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(8): 204-213
基于文献计量分析的灾害场景下疏散照明研究综述
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杜永亮1, 2, 3 , 严永红1, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1 重庆大学 建筑城规学院,重庆 400030
  • 2 中国建筑设计研究院有限公司,北京 100044
  • 3 重庆大学 山地城镇建设与新技术教育部重点实验室,重庆 400030
  • 杜永亮 (1985—),男,河北滦县人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为建筑光环境、城市夜景照明、应急照明等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 严永红(1967—),女,重庆人,博士,教授,主要从事健康照明及其产业化、城市照明规划、室内外建筑照明设计等方面的研究。E-mail:
Review of research on escape lighting of disaster scene based on bibliometric analysis
Yongliang DU1, 2, 3 , Yonghong YAN1, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Architecture and Urban planning,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400030,China
  • 2 China Architecture Design & Research Group,Beijing 100044,China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400030,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1245
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为了解灾害场景下疏散照明的研究现状和发展趋势,基于Citespace软件和文献可视化工具,使用中国知网(CNKI)和科学网(WOS)核心数据库截至2023年7月的相关文献,筛选出408篇中英文文献作为样本,从发表年份、期刊来源、作者机构、主题聚类及关键词等方面分析灾害场景中疏散照明的研究态势。研究结果表明:该主题在近10年英文文献中呈快速上升趋势,其中,研究者多来自美国和中国,同期中文文献无显著增长;研究主题中文以建筑物火灾疏散为主,兼顾夜间适灾照明,英文关注多种灾害场景,有从室内疏散照明延伸至室外避难照明的趋势;在研究方法方面,中文以技术应用和问题归纳为主,英文以试验模拟和行为研究为主,其从实景模拟到模型计算结合虚拟现实的试验方法值得借鉴;未来需加强对全灾种、多场景下疏散照明的研究,探索室外环境中适灾避难的疏散照明方法。

文献计量  /  灾害场景  /  疏散照明  /  应急照明  /  户外灾害

In order to understand the research status and development trends of evacuation lighting in disaster scenarios,based on Citespace and literature visualization tools,408 articles as samples up to July 2023 were selected from the core journal database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS),and analyzed from the aspects of publication year,journal source,author organization,topic clustering and keywords. Results show that this topic has appeared a rapid upward trend in English literature in the past 10 years. Most of the researchers are from the United States and China. There has been no significant growth in Chinese literature during the same period. The research in China focuses on building fire evacuation,and some nighttime disaster-appropriate lighting. English focuses on a variety of disaster scenarios,which tends to extend from indoor evacuation lighting to outdoor evacuation lighting. The research method is mainly technical application and problem induction in Chinese,and experimental simulation and behavioral research in English. Its research method from real scene simulation to model calculation combined with virtual reality is worthy learning. It is necessary to strengthen research on evacuation lighting in various disaster types and multiple scenarios,and explore evacuation lighting methods suitable for disaster evacuation in outdoor environments in the future.

bibliometrics  /  disaster scene  /  escape lighting  /  emergency lighting  /  outdoor disasters
杜永亮, 严永红. 基于文献计量分析的灾害场景下疏散照明研究综述. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 204 -213 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1245
Yongliang DU, Yonghong YAN. Review of research on escape lighting of disaster scene based on bibliometric analysis[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 204 -213 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1245
我国是世界上自然灾害最严重的国家之一[1],2022年,各种自然灾害共造成1.12亿人次受灾,直接经济损失2 386.5亿元[2-3]。灾害发生时,疏散照明系统能够为灾害中的人群提供避难路径指引,减少开阔区域人群的恐慌心态,为受到惊吓的人提供安全感[4-5]
根据汶川地震幸存者的回忆,大多数人对于如何逃离到避难场所印象模糊,都是凭借本能抵达安全场地[6],如果有基本的疏散照明条件,会有助于慌乱中的受灾人群更快抵达安全场所。国内标准对于避难路线的照明条件要求较少,仅对避难场所的服务范围和覆盖距离作出规定[7]。对于夜间突发灾害,避难路线的照明条件直接影响疏散效率,所以,灾害中的疏散照明是关注的重点。国外对于灾害场景的疏散照明研究起步较早,BOYCE[8]通过试验明确了室内开敞办公室疏散路线照明条件,认为0.2 lx的最低照度和1 lx的平均照度比较合理。同期的研究关注建筑物火灾烟气条件下疏散标志的可视性,发现亮度、高度、烟雾浓度等因素起共同作用[9-10]。2003年的韩国大邱地铁火灾案验证了烟气条件下应急灯光对出口引导的作用,JEON等[11]将室内环境的研究扩展至城市地下空间。之后的学者延续这一传统,持续关注地下空间中烟气条件下的疏散特征,RONCHI等[12]获得了在真实隧道中,有无烟气条件下疏散速度与照明条件和出口标志的关系,以及人员对出口的选择。FRIDOLF等[13]汇总之前研究中地下空间疏散速度的影响参数,指出可视性是影响疏散速度的首要因子。室内疏散在烟气模拟条件下取得了较多成果,超越之前单项设置变量的试验条件,通过实景模拟获得多项变量的影响系数[14]。秋月有紀[15-16]总结了室内疏散路线的可视性研究,认为近年研究重点转向地震海啸等自然灾害下室外环境疏散与照明的领域,并提出防灾照明的理念。
室外环境变量多,条件复杂,夜间照明如何在灾难中帮助人员快速安全抵达避难场所,又能平灾结合,是今后研究的重点。鉴于此,笔者拟通过文献计量分析获得这一领域的最新视角,跟踪研究动向,找出研究薄弱点,总结研究方法,为下一步的工作打好基础。
文献来自中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI)和科学网(Web of Science,WOS)的2个数据库,为便于共被引分析,英文仅使用WOS的核心合集。检索应急避难、疏散路线、避难路线,以及照明、可视性、可见性2个部分的交集,文献筛选要求几个条件:①2部分的主题词做自由组合;②经同行评议的期刊发表;③时间无限定;④专注于工程学科下的照明领域。经过筛选获得中文文献221篇,英文文献187篇。
文献计量是目前分析图书、文献等媒体发展态势,定量呈现整体模型的主流方法,采用数据库的默认文献可视化结果,并使用CiteSpace软件进行数据的科学计量和共被引分析。具体的研究流程如图1所示。
中文期刊发文量排名前3的是《现代建筑电气》《建筑电气》和《光源与照明》,占比接近50%,排行如图2所示,发文趋势如图3所示。发文始于1982年,并于2004年开始持续攀升,2009年达到高峰后稳定至今。
英文期刊发文量排名前3的是《Eletrical Review》《Lichttechnik》《Accident Analysis and Prevention》,发文量均大于6篇,如图4所示。发文趋势如图5所示。发文始于1969年,在1975年出现一小波高峰,之后趋于停滞,1993年起恢复并逐年攀升,在2020年达到高峰,年均20余篇,2022年被引频次达到高峰并仍在上涨。
通过数据对比获悉,国外研究起步早,成果丰富,并且已进入快速增长期,国内近年的发文量稳步上涨,呈追赶之势。
作者分析发现,中英文作者无重合,中文作者排行如图6所示,作者机构排行如图7所示。发文最多的为徐华,高校中,清华大学和同济大学发文量最多,企业机构中发文量多的是福建省建筑设计研究院和中国建筑标准设计研究院。发文机构所处地区以北京和上海居多。英文作者排行如图8所示。排除匿名者,发文最多为NILSSON。从地区看,美国和中国的发文量远超其他国家。从研究主题看,中文文献主要主题为应急照明、消防应急照明、疏散照明等,次要主题为集中电源、消防应急照明和疏散指示、应急照明灯具等。英文文献宏观主题为交通系统、能源系统、计算机图像、可持续科学等,微观主题为人群模拟、道路安全、直流转换、人体舒适度等。由此可见:中英文文献研究的重点和层次差异较大,中文文献关注规范解读、技术应用和工程问题,沿袭高层疏散照明-建筑疏散照明-智能消防照明的发展路径,发文量充足;英文文献关注交叉学科的系统研究,宏观扩展至交通、能源、可持续发展等领域,微观借助实证研究分析模拟,获得基础性研究数据和结论。
通过Citespace软件分析,以关键词的共现频次作为数据,获得各个研究主题之间的内在关联,同时,按照关联度形成大小不同的研究聚类,每个聚类以共现网络中频次最高者作为代表,可获得聚类标签。
中文文献中,以关键词为要素获得5个聚类,分析各个聚类的潜在语义索引获得研究重点。聚类1为电气设计,关注疏散指引和智能消防;聚类2为安全疏散,关注高层建筑和排烟疏散;聚类3为标识系统,关注应急照明和住区防灾,聚类4为城市空间,关注照明设计和城市防灾;聚类5为疏散照明,关注水平照度和光强等参数。聚类之间的共被引关系如图9所示。
英文文献中,以关键词为要素获得8个聚类,其中,聚类1为机器学习,关注交通事故与模型算法;聚类2为虚拟现实,关注火灾场景的虚拟推演;聚类3为疏散,关注火灾疏散模拟与照明标识;聚类4—聚类6分别为儿童急诊、网状网络和加州等交叉词汇;聚类7为应急照明,关注应急灯具的技术演进;聚类8为设计实施,关注照明设计和模型模拟。聚类之间的共被引关系如图10所示。
中英文文献聚类差异主要有2点:①聚类交叉情况。中文各个聚类之间相互独立,少有交叉,各自形成研究领域;英文文献除去聚类1、5、6相对独立之外,其余聚类存在不同程度的边界混合,并形成相互的共被引关系,而独立的3个聚类与整体主题的偏差较大,说明英文文献的成果共享度较高。②聚类标签的扩展度。中文文献围绕电气照明和建筑类型,标签代表的研究方向相对密实;英文文献类型更加多元,以疏散和照明之外,延伸至模型模拟、智能人工、交通驾驶等领域,研究方向更为松散。
分析各个聚类,并形成研究的时间脉络图,以此展开空间和时间维度研究,获得详细的研究谱系,中文文献聚类演进如图11所示;英文文献聚类演进如图12所示。
图11可知:
1) 中文聚类1共计16篇文章,同质性为0.974,最早发表于2013年,平均年份(代表聚类中文献的远近关系,用来判断这一聚类的整体新颖程度)为2019年。在电气设计这一主题下,早期关注应急避难和疏散的指示,中期开始关注人防设计与校园避难,近2年重点关注智能照明与供电方式出现研究高峰。智能照明在消防应急中逐渐普及,提高了人员的疏散效率,并改善应急照明系统的能源释放方式,达到节约能源的目的。此外,通过消防互联和智能预警,智能系统能够为全灾种、大应急的“十四五”要求提供更强有力的支撑[17]
2) 中文聚类2共计14篇文章,最早发表于2009年,平均年份为2014年,是最早的一个聚类。在安全疏散这一主题下,早期关注高层建筑的安全疏散,中期扩展至建筑的内部消防安全与疏散,近期针对新规范和智能化有一定的研究,主要围绕建筑物消防安全前提下的室内疏散照明。研究比对国内外最新的应急照明标准,包括疏散走道照度、应急标识、失能眩光、自适应照明系统等,对推动国内的研究进展和规范更新有很大帮助[18]
3) 中文聚类3共计14篇文章,同质性0.987为聚类中最高。最早发表于2012年,平均年份为2017年。在标识系统这一主题下,紧密围绕应急照明、既有住区、紧急疏散、夜间灾害、适灾韧性等相关子主题,早期研究关注火灾下的应急照明系统,中期扩展至夜间灾害的疏散标识,一直延续至今,并且在近期结合行为心理学和适灾韧性产生了新的研究方向。适灾韧性源于韧性理论,于伟巍等[19]提出以社区防灾为基础,降低灾害风险和损失为目的,重点考虑夜间防灾的照明原则、侧重点和优化建议,集中在布局优化和分级系统2个方面,为社区住户和临访人员提供具有针对性的,分层次、分批次的疏散指引。谷溢[20]在夜间因素影响下,对城市公共空间重新分类,针对我国防灾体系提出夜间防灾的照明体系规划和实施策略。在防灾避难和标识系统结合方面,成为应急照明的一个研究热点,尤其在室内应急疏散照明相对成熟下,如何弥补室外应急照明的研究不足,是未来的重点方向。
4) 中文聚类4共计13篇文章,最早发表于2009年,平均年份为2016年。在城市空间这一主题下,关注城市照明、城市防灾和避难,早期在汶川地震之后,提出城市防灾公园的建设,中期形成了城市防灾照明的设计和标准,近期延伸至规划方法和功能提升。城市防灾照明在国内研究相对较少,仅有《防灾避难场所设计规范》(GB 51143—2015)对于户外应急避难所的照明作出了粗略的规定,李农等[21]根据国外相关规范,给出室外城市防灾避难场所照明的推荐值,并结合实际案例提出改进措施,这在国内的研究背景下具有重要意义。
5) 中文聚类5共计12篇文章,最早发表于2012年,平均年份为2020年,是最新的一个聚类。在疏散照明这一主题下,关注应急照明的模型模拟和公式推导,早期界定备用照明、疏散照明和安全照明的条件,近期对疏散照明的参数要求作了大量的模拟和推演细化工作。蔡长雨等[22]结合疏散照明设计中的平均照度和水平照度的易混淆概念进行计算,论证了不同场景下的使用要求;洪天成[23]根据实际案例剖析了应急照明疏散指示系统的消防联动方式,指出在应用中容易出现的错误和应注意的问题;王本彦[18]对比了国内外应急照明标准,比对了照度规定、眩光控制、安装位置、灯具要求等参数,提供了深化研究的诸多角度。
图12可知:
1) 英文聚类1共计24篇文章,最早发表于2014年,平均年份为2018年。以机器学习为主题,早期关注风险伤害与视觉辅助,近期关注交通事故的预防和模型推导。属于相对独立的一条研究线路,从交通事故的研究和视觉避障开始,结合近年的人工智能有了长足的进展,主要从交通灾害的避免和减轻事故损害角度,对于车辆和道路的应急照明提出了新的要求。机器学习算法可预测碰撞严重程度,学者通过算法比对,推出随机欠采样多数类技术,由此可为决策者提供更加真实的事故模拟,便于规划和管理道路交通,制定应急照明方案[24]
2) 英文聚类2共计22篇文章,最早发表于2009年,平均年份为2015年。在虚拟现实这一主题词下,早期源自韩国大邱地铁火灾事故,引发对于地下空间火灾应急避难和照明标识的反思,之后借助新兴的虚拟现实(Virtual Reality,VR)技术开展了多项火灾行为与环境条件的研究,近期延伸到应急照明和标识在火灾中的作用评估,核心关键词为行为学。SHARMA等[25]利用遗传算法、神经网络、联邦学习对多智能体系统中学习和自适应进行建模,真实地反映实施疏散的情况,为建筑物疏散演习和评估提供了有力支撑。瑞典隆德大学利用VR设备研究人类在火灾场景下的疏散行为,发现情景参与者的行为与真实火灾受害者类似,并将此方法命名为法医虚拟现实调查法[26]
3) 英文聚类3共计22篇文章,最早发表于2009年,平均年份为2012年,核心主题词为疏散。早期模拟分析了火灾疏散,分析了应急标志、可视性等核心问题,形成研究高峰,之后对于应急标志的数码化和行为学持续研究,不断完善室内疏散路径和标志的设计。如OLANDER等[27]通过调查问卷,运用可视性理论分析了禁止标志在不使用出口的应用;YASUFUKU等[28]模拟了海啸发生时户外街道应急标志在夜间的效用,并提出优化建议,将疏散照明的研究从室内扩展到室外场地。
4) 英文聚类4-6与文中研究关联度较低。
5) 英文聚类7共计14篇,最早发表于2012年,平均年份为2014年,核心主题词为应急照明,早期对于应急照明效率以及具体的技术提升作出研究,后期转向光学检测和视觉图像分析,从技术演进角度延续应急照明灯具的相关研究。KANTERMANN等[29]分析了包括应急灯具在内的致癌性;PINTO等[30]提出使用发光二极管(Light-Emitting Diode,LED)灯具代替传统灯具作为应急灯,具有寿命长、能耗低、便于更换维修等优点;SCHIAVONI等[31]提出近零能耗建筑要求下新的照明设计需求。
6) 英文聚类8共计7篇文章,首篇发表于2016年,其余全部发表于2018年,核心主题词为设计与实施,围绕照明设计及模型模拟,对实际工程项目进行总结思考,找到相互印证的依据。PUSCASU等[32]介绍了一种新技术,通过楼梯的脚步压力能量回收,为应急照明灯具供能,通过实体搭建示范了整个发光过程,并提出增加能量密度的方法。持久发光材料可作为暖白光LED的发射层,在自维持安全照明等应用中展现出巨大的潜力[33]
对比中英文聚类的标签与方向,二者从不同角度展开户外疏散照明的研究。中文聚类3和聚类4从适灾韧性和城市空间角度提出户外的夜间防灾目标,并提出一定的框架和照明指标,这些需要大量的实证研究去支撑和完善;英文聚类2和聚类3基于城市灾害事故调整照明的疏散场景,发展出模拟现实的试验方法,形成更多场景下的试验数据,这为户外灾害中疏散照明的研究提供了基础。
关键词是文献研究的核心词汇,反映研究重点关注的主题和领域,也反映文献的研究方向,对Citespace的数据分析进行排序,将出现频次大于2的关键词计入有效统计数据,合并同类数据汇总获得某一主题的出现频次,用以衡量该领域的重点关注方向。
中文关键词排列如图13所示。除去应急照明、照明设计、电气设计、民用建筑、建筑电气、建筑工程等专业范围用语,出现频率最高的词组依次为疏散指引、消防、防灾避难。疏散指引和消防同属于消防应急疏散,基于应急照明对于火灾情境下,建筑内部人员疏散通道的光环境和指引需求,二者占据了关键词中近一半的比重。防灾避难频次为9,出现在社区和韧性2个主题下,另外包括人防工程这一特别子项。
英文关键词排列如图14所示。除去模型、系统、互联网、设计等词汇以外,出现频率最高的词组分别为行为选择、模型模拟、防灾避难、消防。防灾避难的频次最高,主题涵盖交通事故、隧道逃生、应急逃生、疾病、人身伤害、社会影响等方面,相对全面的反映各种灾害。另外在模型模拟和行为选择方面频次较高,反映对于应急场景的实证研究和试验模拟,反而在消防方面频次较低。
通过中英文关键词对比可知:中文文献重点关注单一灾种——火灾的疏散照明,由于疏散这一专用名词的指向性,成果主要集中在室内照明领域;英文文献灾种更为全面,反映相对成熟的应急场景研究,同时,对于室外避难(主要在于交通事故)亦有所关注,二者共同的不足是对于自然灾害的研究缺失。此外,中文文献“人防工程”领域相对特殊,针对国情和规范的要求,同样具有较多的研究关注,可成为区别与英文文献的一个研究特色,在未来继续发展。对于研究方法的体现,中文文献更多地出现设计、照明,而英文汇集为模拟研究和行为研究,差别在于研究层次与基础等级。英文文献更多展示事件和试验的模拟数据,通过行为学理论分析形成指导性成果,用于未来扩展和规范优化,如OLANDER等[27]通过可视性理论,对于劝阻性应急灯具的颜色、亮度和闪烁模拟试验,获得绿色为底、红色为灯,闪烁强化的结论;而OLSSON等[34]通过试验和模型模拟的比对,获得软件Simulex与实际疏散时间的差值,从而为支撑模拟数据,优化模拟软件提供帮助;而中文文献偏向设计应用与规范解读,从实用角度展示场景,分析工程的实际问题,甚至反馈出具体数据和规范的不足,获得优化的建议,如邴树奎等[35]早年总结独立型疏散照明灯四大现实问题,提出智能消防疏散照明系统,从而引发之后若干年的研究热潮;刘凯等[36]深度解读了新的消防疏散照明规范,展示不同的产品类型和适用场所,设计人员根据图示快速设计,完善照明系统。中英文文献从不同切入点,殊途同归,反馈至应急照明领域的研究不足,为这一领域增加、完善成果。
综上,英文文献研究方法分3种:①用真实场地模拟灾害场景,尽量控制变量,增加被试的范围,如路灯的步行安全试验[4]、隧道烟气疏散试验等[12],因成本过高,条件不可控而成果有限,个别代表性灾害的事后调查往往成为某些研究的突破点[11];②计算机模拟实现多次重复试验、变量控制、优化被试,如早期的室内照明疏散模型[37],随仿真计算的发展,增加遗传算法、神经网络和模糊逻辑等内容,让模拟被试更加接近真实情况[38];③利用VR技术,较好地融合了真实被试和可控场景,如模拟视觉损伤,还原视觉障碍者在灾害中的疏散情况,模拟轮椅疏散[39],在VR中添加健康恶化的感知功能,更好地模拟真实情况[26],在此基础上实体搭建灾害场景,印证电脑模拟的成果[28]。这些方法融合虚拟与现实,让灾害实验变得条件可控,成本可控,被试可控,便于重复试验获得更加真实详细的数据,值得受到重视与推广。
通过计量分析发现,国内外灾害场景下的疏散照明取得了一定的成果,以室内疏散为主,含少量户外灾害下的避难照明,经过对比,中英文文献分别存在如下不足:
1) 对户外灾害场景下的疏散照明还应展开更多研究。研究缘起自建筑物火灾,因其发生频率高,生命财产危害大而获得大量关注,中英文文献均体现出该领域的成果。近年来,其他灾害研究日渐兴盛,与此对应的应急照明成为亟待补充的环节。中文研究局限于室内封闭空间,英文研究以室内为主,在交通灾难和地震中延伸至室外环境,取得了一些成果,未来的疏散照明应着重补充室外大型灾难,概率低、影响大,防患于未然。
2) 疏散照明应针对不同的灾种类型和特点进行对应的研究。中文文献主要针对建筑物内部火灾,英文文献还涵盖地下空间火灾、交通事故和流行疾病,但总体来说对全灾种的避难场景研究不足,其中,日本学者对于地震和海啸的疏散路径照明研究形成了补充,这在国内强调“全灾种,大应急”时代背景下具有特殊的意义,国内研究者更应抓住时机,推动多样灾害场景下的疏散照明研究。
3) 应加大对于真实数据和试验模拟的重视。概括而言,中文研究注重工程案例的经验总结,英文研究注重试验模拟和理论分析,户外大型灾难的发生概率低,影响因素相较室内封闭空间更为复杂,因此,需要更加注重真实事件的数据整理,以此为依据优化仿真试验模拟机制,为未来的研究提供有力支撑,其中,部分英文研究者的虚实对照试验方法矫正模拟水平值得更多地采用和推广。
综上,在未来的灾害场景疏散照明研究中,应关注时代应急的趋势与需求,增加对户外场景、多个灾种的类型研究,结合灾难发生的特征,采用以实为主、虚实结合的研究方法,改善试验条件、降低试验难度,为复杂多变的灾害场景提供更多的数据,为防灾减灾的措施提供更多的指导。
1) 整体发文量逐年攀升。疏散照明领域的研究起步较早,研究成果较为丰富,国外早在20世纪初就关注到生产场所疏散照明的重要性,从现象总结—试验模拟—制定标准这一路径形成多项成果,国内则更多依赖标准转译—应用反馈—标准优化这一路径。对灾害场景照明的研究,国内外起点相对接近,植根于类似的自然条件与社会发展背景,同样提出对灾难应急的需求。自2010年前后至今,相关文献发文量均处于一个短暂起步后的发展阶段,年发文量均低于30篇,英文相对增长较快,中文持平,需要增加更多的投入。
2) 在研究机构、期刊、作者方面的异同点。英文文献更多依赖于高校研究机构,且美中2国发文量遥遥领先,中文文献头部为高校机构,中段大量为设计企业,体现出强烈的应用属性;期刊数量分布方面英文文献更为平均,中文文献3大期刊占比近半,呈现寡头趋势;在作者方面,中英文均体现出平均分布的现象,并未形成汇集度较高的作者群体,这与发文量不高的因素有关。
3) 中英文文献主题均以室内火灾疏散照明为主,形成相对成熟的研究成果和多样的试验手段,中文文献重应用反馈,英文文献重试验模拟,各自路径下系统已基本完善。此外,对于其他灾害,尤其户外大型灾害的研究不足,中文文献提出韧性防灾的城市应急照明规划,英文文献开始出现对于地震及海啸等大型自然灾害的避难路线的照明研究,但对于其他灾种的疏散照明研究仍显不足。
  • 重庆市城乡建设委员会两江四岸夜景现状调研基金(Z20181024)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1245
  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
基金
重庆市城乡建设委员会两江四岸夜景现状调研基金(Z20181024)
作者信息
    1 重庆大学 建筑城规学院,重庆 400030
    2 中国建筑设计研究院有限公司,北京 100044
    3 重庆大学 山地城镇建设与新技术教育部重点实验室,重庆 400030

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** 严永红(1967—),女,重庆人,博士,教授,主要从事健康照明及其产业化、城市照明规划、室内外建筑照明设计等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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