Article(id=1149738722784096266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0155-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1894, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708617600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-23, revisedDate=1716566400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048672624, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048672624, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048672624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048672624, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=155, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738722939285515, articleId=1149738722784096266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen energy vehicle leakage in tunnel, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of insufficient research on the non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen leakage in the tunnel,the numerical simulation software Fluent was used to establish a tunnel model with the length,width and height of 60,6.46 and 5.5 m,respectively. The non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen at the ignition time of 75 and 100 s and at ignition positions above and behind the vehicle were studied. The results show that the hydrogen leakage volume fraction field is not uniformly distributed in the tunnel scenario. After the explosion,the pressure wave reflects from the tunnel wall and propagates to the exit at both ends of the tunnel. In the process,the intensity of the pressure wave decreases continuously. The propagation characteristics of the blast wave formed by different ignition positions are obviously different. The influence of the explosion location on explosion overpressure is greater than hydrogen volume fraction. At the same time,the overpressure of ignition behind the vehicle is generally greater than that of ignition above the vehicle. The peak pressure at the position 2 m behind the vehicle can reach about 100 kPa. The rear ignition position within 2 m will cause serious injury or even death to the human body,and personnel within 4 m of the rear ignition position will suffer different degrees of injury.

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为解决隧道内氢气泄漏非均匀混合爆炸特性研究不足的问题,利用Fluent数值仿真模拟软件建立长、宽、高分别为60、6.46和5.5 m的隧道模型,研究75和100 s点火时以及车顶和车后 2个点火位置条件下氢气非均匀混合爆炸特性。结果表明:隧道场景下氢气泄漏体积分数场呈非均匀分布,发生爆炸后压力波与隧道壁面发生反射并向隧道两端出口传播,过程中压力波强度不断减弱;不同点火位置形成的爆炸冲击波传播特征明显不同,爆炸发生位置比氢气体积分数更能够影响爆炸超压;相同时间车后点火的超压普遍大于车顶点火工况的超压,车后2 m位置处的压力峰值能达到100 kPa左右;车后点火位置2 m内会对人体造成严重损伤甚至死亡,车后点火位置4 m范围以内的人员也会受到不同程度的伤害。

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陈佳燕 (1992—),女,浙江绍兴人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事新能源安全、火灾动力学、火灾安全科学、消防规划评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

杨君涛,副研究员。

何其泽,副研究员。

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Hydrogen volume fraction of hydrogen leakage at ignition under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 点火位置 点火时间/s 氢气体积分数/%
1 车顶(隧道中心
距离地面
4 m处)
75 9.9
2 100 10.59
3 150 11.56
4 车后(车尾正后
方0.5 m,距离
地面0.35 m处)
75 5.81
5 100 7.38
6 150 11.44
), ArticleFig(id=1167877780080435351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738722784096266, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同工况下氢气泄漏点火时的氢气体积分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 点火位置 点火时间/s 氢气体积分数/%
1 车顶(隧道中心
距离地面
4 m处)
75 9.9
2 100 10.59
3 150 11.56
4 车后(车尾正后
方0.5 m,距离
地面0.35 m处)
75 5.81
5 100 7.38
6 150 11.44
), ArticleFig(id=1167877780218847384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738722784096266, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Maximum pressure and pressure increase velocity after ignition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 最大爆炸
超压/kPa
最大爆炸压力上升
速率/(kPa·s-1)
1 17.64 59 364.2
2 44.84 97 008.1
3 151.30 204 778.2
4 28.05 136 592.9
5 105.67 260 651.7
6 100.44 327 682.8
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点火爆炸后最大爆炸超压和压力上升速率

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工况 最大爆炸
超压/kPa
最大爆炸压力上升
速率/(kPa·s-1)
1 17.64 59 364.2
2 44.84 97 008.1
3 151.30 204 778.2
4 28.05 136 592.9
5 105.67 260 651.7
6 100.44 327 682.8
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隧道氢能源汽车泄漏非均匀混合爆炸特性研究
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陈佳燕 , 杨君涛 , 何其泽
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(8): 155-161
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(8): 155-161
隧道氢能源汽车泄漏非均匀混合爆炸特性研究
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陈佳燕 , 杨君涛, 何其泽
作者信息
  • 应急管理部上海消防研究所,上海 200032
  • 陈佳燕 (1992—),女,浙江绍兴人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事新能源安全、火灾动力学、火灾安全科学、消防规划评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

    杨君涛,副研究员。

    何其泽,副研究员。

Study on non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen energy vehicle leakage in tunnel
Jiayan CHEN , Juntao YANG, Qize HE
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Fire Research Institute of MEM,Shanghai 200032,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1894
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为解决隧道内氢气泄漏非均匀混合爆炸特性研究不足的问题,利用Fluent数值仿真模拟软件建立长、宽、高分别为60、6.46和5.5 m的隧道模型,研究75和100 s点火时以及车顶和车后 2个点火位置条件下氢气非均匀混合爆炸特性。结果表明:隧道场景下氢气泄漏体积分数场呈非均匀分布,发生爆炸后压力波与隧道壁面发生反射并向隧道两端出口传播,过程中压力波强度不断减弱;不同点火位置形成的爆炸冲击波传播特征明显不同,爆炸发生位置比氢气体积分数更能够影响爆炸超压;相同时间车后点火的超压普遍大于车顶点火工况的超压,车后2 m位置处的压力峰值能达到100 kPa左右;车后点火位置2 m内会对人体造成严重损伤甚至死亡,车后点火位置4 m范围以内的人员也会受到不同程度的伤害。

隧道  /  氢能源汽车  /  氢气泄漏  /  非均匀混合  /  爆炸特性

In order to solve the problem of insufficient research on the non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen leakage in the tunnel,the numerical simulation software Fluent was used to establish a tunnel model with the length,width and height of 60,6.46 and 5.5 m,respectively. The non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen at the ignition time of 75 and 100 s and at ignition positions above and behind the vehicle were studied. The results show that the hydrogen leakage volume fraction field is not uniformly distributed in the tunnel scenario. After the explosion,the pressure wave reflects from the tunnel wall and propagates to the exit at both ends of the tunnel. In the process,the intensity of the pressure wave decreases continuously. The propagation characteristics of the blast wave formed by different ignition positions are obviously different. The influence of the explosion location on explosion overpressure is greater than hydrogen volume fraction. At the same time,the overpressure of ignition behind the vehicle is generally greater than that of ignition above the vehicle. The peak pressure at the position 2 m behind the vehicle can reach about 100 kPa. The rear ignition position within 2 m will cause serious injury or even death to the human body,and personnel within 4 m of the rear ignition position will suffer different degrees of injury.

tunnels  /  hydrogen vehicles  /  hydrogen leakage  /  non-uniform mixing  /  explosion characteristic
陈佳燕, 杨君涛, 何其泽. 隧道氢能源汽车泄漏非均匀混合爆炸特性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1894
Jiayan CHEN, Juntao YANG, Qize HE. Study on non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen energy vehicle leakage in tunnel[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1894
氢能源在未来能源发展中不可缺少 [1-2],氢能源汽车是氢能在交通领域的重要应用[3-4],由此引发的燃爆等安全问题亟待研究[5]。交通隧道具有空间受限、距离长、通风难等特性[6],存在很多安全隐患,亟需研究隧道内氢能源汽车氢气泄漏后意外爆炸的问题。
赵明斌等[7]通过FLACS软件建立地下车库模型,分析了不同泄漏情况下氢能源汽车发生意外点火爆炸后可能造成的事故后果。时婷婷等[8]通过模拟储氢长管拖车发生氢气泄漏的动态过程,分析了隧道内氢气泄漏体积分数、爆炸特性和温度场等特性参数。CUI Shaoqi等[9]使用FLACS软件模拟了氢能源汽车在隧道内出现向下泄漏后点火爆炸的火焰温度分布和压力传播过程等爆炸特性,提出高温区域分布在隧道顶端且压力局部出现负压的结论。GROETHE等[10]得到了障碍隧道内氢气发生爆燃转爆轰的详细火焰演化过程和压力分布。KIM等[11]开发了模拟氢-空气混合物爆炸压力载荷的数值方法。但目前多采用均匀气体[12]或体积分数梯度方法[13]设置燃爆前的氢气体积分数分布,这与真实非均匀混合情况不符[14]
鉴于此,本文将采用Fluent软件模拟隧道中氢能源汽车氢气泄漏,分析不同点火时间和不同点火位置下,氢气燃爆的压力波传播演化过程、爆炸特性以及氢气燃爆的危害程度和影响范围,以期研究隧道内氢能源汽车泄漏非均匀混合爆炸特性。
隧道和车辆模型如图1所示。隧道计算域长、宽、高分别为60、6.46和5.5m,计算域两侧为隧道出口,边界条件设置为压力出口;默认隧道内处于自然通风状态,出口表压为0且氧气正常回流。计算域中央放置长、宽、高分别为3、1.8和1.5m的车辆模型。为模拟车辆发生意外氢气泄漏场景,设置泄漏口位于距车辆底盘正中心1m且靠近车尾的位置,泄漏口直径为0.02m,泄漏流量为0.2kg/s,泄漏方向向下。车辆与隧道壁面的边界条件均为标准无滑移壁面,整个模拟过程中隧道壁面和车辆模型无变化,且车辆位置不发生改变。压力探测点布置如图1所示,上方压力探测点位于隧道中心距离地面高度分别为2、3、4、5和5.5m处,后方压力探测点位于隧道中心水平距离2、4、6、8m且离地高度为0.35m的位置。
氢气通过车底尾部位置的一个泄漏孔泄漏到空气中,氢的泄漏和扩散过程可以认为是一个湍流射流和物质输运过程。气体流动问题的控制方程包括质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分输运方程[15]。模拟选择Fluent2022软件,泄漏和爆炸模拟中均选择三维瞬态求解器计算,以便于更好地捕捉不同时间节点下的泄漏和爆炸特性。湍流模型均选用标准k-ε双方程与标准壁面函数。分别选用组分输运模型和有限速率/涡耗散燃烧模型模拟泄漏过程和爆炸[16],设置半径为0.01m的模拟点火源引燃非均匀混合的氢气混合物。
通过ICEM软件[17]划分计算域网格。选择0.07、0.09和0.11m验证网格的独立性,对比不同网格尺寸下车辆正上方5m处的氢气体积分数。网格独立性检验结果如图2所示,当网格选用0.07和0.09m时,氢气体积分数基本一致,均在150s左右达到稳定。选择0.09m大小的网格,同时加密泄漏口附近网格。网格尺寸加密到0.02m,加密区域的网格逐渐向全局网格尺寸过渡,以免网格尺寸突变导致网格质量降低。
由于相对较大的时间跨度能更好地模拟氢气体积分数场的差异及其对燃爆的影响,因此,选择3个泄漏时间节点:75、100和150s。泄漏不同时间后隧道内非均匀混合的氢气体积分数场分布如图3所示,可以看出,泄漏后的氢气主要集中于隧道顶部,且可燃云分布范围随时间的延长而增大,点火位置处的体积分数也更高。由于车尾泄漏时易在车后和车顶出现氢气体积分数更高(表1)的可燃区域,因此,点火位置选择在车顶和车后。
点火位置位于车顶和车后时爆炸的压力波轴向传播过程如图4所示,截面为隧道正中轴向面。由图4a可以看出,爆炸发生初期压力激增,压力波呈球形向四面传递。当压力波阵面以超高速度通过外部空气区域后,该区域空气介质密度变得稀疏,出现负压。向下传递的压力波到达车辆正上方并与车辆接触;向上传递的压力波接触隧道顶棚后,被隧道顶棚反射并在波锋接触位置出现局部高压区域。10ms时被隧道顶棚反射并向下传播和被车辆表面反射并向上传播的反射压力波在车辆上方相交,再次出现局部高压区域。向隧道两端出口传播的压力波未出现反射现象,自由向隧道两端继续传播。
图4b看出,1ms时压力激增,爆炸初期压力波受到隧道地面和车辆的阻挡,一部分压力波通过车辆底部的空间继续向左传播,另一部分继续向上和车后继续传播。3ms时车辆底部的压力大于车辆后方的压力,其原因是车底的受限空间降低了压力传播过程中的能量损耗,更多压力反射波的相互耦合同样能够增强超压;10ms之前沿车辆向上方传播的压力波越过车尾后向车头发展,形成完整的球形波面向隧道顶棚和后方继续传播;车辆底部的波形在进入车头的空间后同样形成球形波面传播。
点火位置位于车顶和车后时爆炸的压力波径向传播过程如图5所示,截面为隧道正中断面。由图5a可以看出,爆炸压力波没有和隧道顶棚的侧壁发生接触时,爆炸中心的低压区域随着压力波传递而面积不断增加;5ms时向上方传播的压力波被隧道顶棚反射后向下传播;10ms时与隧道顶棚和车辆发生碰撞后形成的反射波相遇发生耦合,在隧道侧壁没有受限影响的压力波和反射波同样发生耦合,因此,在车辆上方和隧道侧壁上方同时出现高压区域,将原本的低压区域分割;低压区域始终落后于压力前锋面。
图5b可以看出,1ms时爆炸开始的超压分布和轴向传播相差不大,3 ~5ms压力波没有受到隧道侧壁影响,未阻碍传播;10ms时压力波被左右两边的隧道侧壁反射,反射压力波与向上传播的压力波耦合,在隧道侧壁底部出现2个低压区域,并在侧壁中部出现2个高压区域。
点火位置位于车顶和车后时爆炸压力波周向传播过程如图6 所示,截面为经过点火源且平行于隧道顶棚的平面。由图6a可以看出,1ms时点火位置出现压力激增;3~5ms压力波没有受到任何阻碍,在隧道轴向和径向传播;10ms向左右两边传播的压力波与隧道侧面发生碰撞后形成反射波和向隧道两端传递的压力波耦合。由于耦合作用,在向隧道两端传递的压力波前锋短暂的低压之后又出现了高压区域,并跟随前锋波面传递。
图6b可以看出,1ms时,超压中心出现低压区域;3~5ms压力波向轴向和径向2个方向传播,并没有与隧道壁面发生碰撞。与车顶点火不同的是,10ms时向隧道两边传递的反射压力波和继续向隧道两端传递的压力波耦合,但并未出现紧跟压力波锋面的高压区域,而是在大面积的低压区域之后,点火位置处再次出现高压区域。
不同压力探测点处的爆炸超压变化曲线如图7所示。对于工况1、2和3,隧道内离点火位置最近的压力在点火爆炸后出现激增,随着距离的增加,爆炸超压逐渐减小。压力激增之后会在几毫秒内快速到达峰值,不同工况的压力峰值同样具有显著差异。经过峰值后压力迅速降低至负压,说明压力波经过最近的探测点,并向外围继续传播。当第1个探测点位置进入负压后,相邻的探测点出现正向的压力波动。该现象由近向远依次通过不同的探测位置数据得出,直到点火后约30ms时,所有压力基本为0,说明压力波已经传播到远处。
不同工况下点火爆炸后产生的最大爆炸超压和最大爆炸压力上升速率的具体数据见表2。可以看出,不同工况下出现的最大爆炸超压与点火位置和点火时间有关。当点火位置位于车顶、点火时间100s时,最大爆炸超压为44.84 kPa;而点火时间提前到75s时,最大爆炸超压显著降低为17.46 kPa,仅为100s点火时间下最大爆炸超压的40%左右。点火时间越长,意味着隧道内氢气体积分数越高,因此,点火爆炸的超压越大。当点火位置位于车后、点火时间为75s时,泄漏的氢气可燃云体积较小,爆炸强度较弱、影响范围较小,压力的峰值只有28.05 kPa左右;随着点火时间延长到150s,隧道内氢气体积分数从5.81%上升到11.44%,点火位置周围的氢气可燃云体积较大,探测点的压力峰值高达100.44 kPa,是工况4的3.75倍,说明在车后点火情况下受限条件相较车顶点火更为不利,导致轻微的氢气体积分数增加可能会对爆炸超压造成巨大影响。
车顶、车后2个点火位置处不同泄漏时间下点火燃爆后的压力变化如图8所示。可以看出,3个不同时间下的压力变化曲线基本一致:超压达到峰值后快速进入负压阶段,最后呈现一个正压与负压间的波动。车顶点火工况下,点火时间为75s的工况超压较小,超压峰值在17 kPa左右;当点火时间延长到100和150s时,压力峰值逐渐升高,且点火时间为150s时最大超压约为150 kPa,远大于点火时间为100s的工况。压力上升和下降的速度随不同工况泄漏时间延长而增大,这是因为随着氢气体积分数增加,爆炸超压的传递速度更快,压力峰值更高。车后点火工况与车顶点火类似,区别在于100和150s的最大超压峰值接近,均为100 kPa左右;虽然100s下的最大压力高于相应时间的车顶点火,但150s对应的最大压力仍小于车顶点火。
综合对比2种点火位置,可以看出,车后点火的爆炸超压远大于车顶点火。比较氢气体积分数可以发现,当点火时间为100s时,虽然车后点火的氢气体积分数小于车顶点火,但车后点火的爆炸超压(105.67 kPa)高于车顶点火。由此可见,爆炸初始位置受限条件比氢气体积分数对爆炸超压的影响更大,车后点火造成的危害大于车顶点火。然而,100~150s内,氢气体积分数从7.38%上升到11.44%,最大爆炸超压基本没有变化,这是由于点火位置处的氧气与氢气已几乎完全反应,更多的氢气也不会进一步促进该化学反应。
对比车后点火(工况4、5、6)隧道纵向不同位置的压力可知:距爆炸位置2m处,爆炸超压达100 kPa,其他工况超压达20 kPa;距爆炸位置4m处的数值大于7 kPa;距爆炸位置6m的超压接近5 kPa,距离更远的探测点压力仅出现较小波动。对比车顶点火(工况1、2、3)隧道竖直不同位置的压力发现,上方压力波传递到地面基本只有1 kPa,因此,可不考虑车顶点火工况造成的伤害。综上所述,与车顶点火相比,在车后受限位置点火会导致更大超压,压力向车后传播过程中的损耗也更小,车后2m位置处的压力最大值达100 kPa,4m位置处的压力值为7.4 kPa,事故的主要灾害区域在车辆后方区域。事实上,隧道上方发生意外点火的概率不大,除有些隧道设施意外点火,基本没有其他点火源。而车后方点火概率较大,氢气泄漏后由后方车辆意外点燃发生的爆炸危害可引用相关伤害评判标准描述[18]:点火位置向车后方向2m内会对人体造成严重损伤甚至死亡,点火位置向车后方向4m范围以内的人员也都会受到不同程度的伤害。
1) 隧道内氢气泄漏非均匀混合时发生点火燃爆,从轴向来看,压力波会与隧道顶棚和地面发生反射并向隧道两端出口传播;从径向来看,压力波与隧道四周壁面发生反射后,压力波强度逐渐减弱。
2) 相同点火位置不同点火时间的工况下,压力波传播特征基本一致,但是点火时间为100s的工况对应的波锋面高压区域厚度大于点火时间为75s的工况。压力波受到隧道壁面反射形成的反射波与其他压力波耦合会形成高压区域,而落后于波锋面的位置总是会出现低压区域。
3) 相同点火位置不同点火时间的工况下,点火时间越晚,爆炸超压越大。相同点火时间不同点火位置的工况下,车后点火的最大爆炸超压大于车顶点火,并且爆炸发生位置比氢气体积分数更能够影响爆炸超压。
4) 车后点火爆炸的危害大于车顶点火。车后2m位置处的压力峰值能达到100 kPa左右,4m位置处的压力值仍有7.4 kPa,因此,车后方向距离点火位置2m内会对人体造成严重损伤甚至死亡,车后方向距离点火位置4m范围以内的人员也都会受到不同程度的伤害。
  • 上海市科委扬帆专项(22YF1452500)
  • 应急管理部消防救援局科技计划项目(2022XFZD09)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1894
  • 接收时间:2024-02-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-23
  • 修回日期:2024-05-25
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上海市科委扬帆专项(22YF1452500)
应急管理部消防救援局科技计划项目(2022XFZD09)
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    应急管理部上海消防研究所,上海 200032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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