Article(id=1149738721962017553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0214-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1518, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=1710777600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048672428, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048672428, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048672428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048672428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=214, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738723891397413, articleId=1149738721962017553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Risk assessment of urban waterlogging and site selection of storage tank based on MCDM-BPNN, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To establish a comprehensive evaluation system for urban waterlogging risk,three dimensions were selected: water accumulation risk,overload risk,and lateral inflow. This system aims to provide a reference for the optimal placement of storage tanks. Firstly,a mixed MCDM framework including the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP),anti-entropy weight method (AEW),and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was designed. Then,the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was compared with IAHP-TOPSIS and AEW-TOPSIS model respectively,and the ranking consistency was verified by Spearman ranking correlation coefficient. The performance of IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was confirmed by calculating variation coefficient,relative range and sensitivity. Finally,a model based on MCDM-BPNN was established and verified by a waterlogging-prone area in Shanxi Province. The results show that water accumulation risk has the most significant influence in the evaluation system of urban waterlogging risk,with the weight of 0.46,followed by the overload risk with the weight of 0.36. The location of the node and the number of connecting pipes greatly affect the risk of waterlogging of the node,and waterlogging occurs more frequently at the junction of pipes or in larger confluence areas. There was better performance exhibited by the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model. In the 5-year and 10-year return periods,the accuracy of MCDM-BPNN model verification set is 93.3% and 100% respectively,which can accurately and rapidly simulate and predict urban floods. After the application case is set up,the number of high,medium and low risk nodes are 7,9,30 and 6,19,21 respectively,and the effect of reducing waterlogging overflow is remarkable.

, correspAuthors=Hongyan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingkai HAO, Hongyan LI, Feng ZHANG, Chong ZHANG, Libo MAO, Dawei LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738735270543513, articleId=1149738721962017553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于MCDM-BPNN的城市内涝风险评价及调蓄池选址, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为建立一套较为完善的城市内涝风险评价体系,并据此确定调蓄池位置,首先,从积水风险、超载风险和边侧进流量3个维度构建评价指标,设计一种包括改进层次分析法(IAHP)、反熵权法(AEW)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)的混合多准则决策框架(MCDM);然后,将IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型分别与IAHP-TOPSIS、AEW-TOPSIS模型对比,通过斯皮尔曼排序相关系数验证排序一致性,通过计算变异系数、相对极差和灵敏度证实IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型的性能;最后,结合反向传播神经网络(BPNN),建立MCDM-BPNN模型,并以山西省某一内涝易发区域为例进行验证。结果表明:积水风险对城市内涝风险评价体系的影响最为显著,所占权重为0.46,其次为超载风险,所占权重为0.36;节点位置与连接管道数量很大程度上对该节点的内涝风险产生影响,在管道汇接处或汇流面积较大处内涝出现更为频繁;IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型在样本判别方面具有更好的性能;在5年与10年重现期下,MCDM-BPNN模型验证集准确率分别为93.3%和100%,能够准确快速模拟和预测城市洪水;应用案例设置调蓄池后,高、中、低风险节点数量分别为7、9、30和6、19、21,内涝溢流削减效果显著。

, correspAuthors=李红艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 李红艳(1975—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,副教授,主要从事灾害风险评估、城市水资源与水系统研究等。E-mail:
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郝景开 (2000—),女,山西太原人,硕士研究生,研究方向为灾害风险评估、城市水资源与水系统。E-mail:

张峰,副教授。

毛立波,正高级工程师。

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郝景开 (2000—),女,山西太原人,硕士研究生,研究方向为灾害风险评估、城市水资源与水系统。E-mail:

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张峰,副教授。

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张峰,副教授。

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毛立波,正高级工程师。

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毛立波,正高级工程师。

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=MCDM-BPNN model for urban waterlogging risk assessment, figureFileSmall=Axg7lW/hUX78wsOBtXP2MA==, figureFileBig=Z78mgnQFKMMQmszGW96cdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730335990724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=评价城市内涝风险的MCDM-BPNN模型

注:J1~J46为节点,H1~Hk为隐藏层,k为隐藏层个数。

, figureFileSmall=Axg7lW/hUX78wsOBtXP2MA==, figureFileBig=Z78mgnQFKMMQmszGW96cdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730382128069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Generalization of study area, figureFileSmall=VOu59PoldZb2MZ7loN7jxg==, figureFileBig=BNiZ8fBjgqCzuao+iz/UvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730428265414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究区域概化, figureFileSmall=VOu59PoldZb2MZ7loN7jxg==, figureFileBig=BNiZ8fBjgqCzuao+iz/UvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730478597063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of the indicator weights under of different weighting methods, figureFileSmall=NjEPJtwgdi950ppbUoB8SA==, figureFileBig=pkvMbKUiDGT69mhDTgH6eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730541511624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同加权方法下指标权重的对比, figureFileSmall=NjEPJtwgdi950ppbUoB8SA==, figureFileBig=pkvMbKUiDGT69mhDTgH6eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730625397705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Performance of ten nodes under each evaluation index, figureFileSmall=sGsuPcMTGR0jzHGU6p3E3w==, figureFileBig=WVg+WEYadMkTi5LyqbHwzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730671535050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=CN, label=图5, caption=节点在各评价指标下的表现, figureFileSmall=sGsuPcMTGR0jzHGU6p3E3w==, figureFileBig=WVg+WEYadMkTi5LyqbHwzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877730751226827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation results of different dimensionless methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 最大贴近度值 最小贴近度值 极差
式(1) 0.958 9 0.195 2 0.763 7
式(6) 0.782 2 0.045 9 0.736 3
), ArticleFig(id=1167877730830918604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同无量纲化方法的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 最大贴近度值 最小贴近度值 极差
式(1) 0.958 9 0.195 2 0.763 7
式(6) 0.782 2 0.045 9 0.736 3
), ArticleFig(id=1167877730914804685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Consistency test of model ranking

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 斯皮尔曼排
序相关系数
变异
系数
相对
极差
灵敏度
IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS 1.000 0 0.353 2 2.393 2 0.571 7
IAHP-TOPSIS 1.000 0 0.362 3 2.465 2 0.582 7
AEW-TOPSIS 0.968 2 0.292 9 1.828 2 0.440 9
), ArticleFig(id=1167877730986107854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721962017553, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型排序一致性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 斯皮尔曼排
序相关系数
变异
系数
相对
极差
灵敏度
IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS 1.000 0 0.353 2 2.393 2 0.571 7
IAHP-TOPSIS 1.000 0 0.362 3 2.465 2 0.582 7
AEW-TOPSIS 0.968 2 0.292 9 1.828 2 0.440 9
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基于MCDM-BPNN的城市内涝风险评价及调蓄池选址
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郝景开 1, 2 , 李红艳 1, 2, ** , 张峰 1, 2 , 张翀 3 , 毛立波 4 , 刘大为 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(8): 214-221
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(8): 214-221
基于MCDM-BPNN的城市内涝风险评价及调蓄池选址
全屏
郝景开1, 2 , 李红艳1, 2, ** , 张峰1, 2, 张翀3, 毛立波4, 刘大为1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 太原理工大学 环境科学与工程学院,山西 晋中 030600
  • 2 山西省市政工程研究生教育创新中心,山西 晋中 030600
  • 3 山西省交通科技研发有限公司,山西 太原 030032
  • 4 山西大地环境投资控股有限公司科创管理部,山西 太原 030032
  • 郝景开 (2000—),女,山西太原人,硕士研究生,研究方向为灾害风险评估、城市水资源与水系统。E-mail:

    张峰,副教授。

    毛立波,正高级工程师。

通讯作者:

** 李红艳(1975—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,副教授,主要从事灾害风险评估、城市水资源与水系统研究等。E-mail:
Risk assessment of urban waterlogging and site selection of storage tank based on MCDM-BPNN
Jingkai HAO1, 2 , Hongyan LI1, 2, ** , Feng ZHANG1, 2, Chong ZHANG3, Libo MAO4, Dawei LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology,Jinzhong Shanxi 030600,China
  • 2 Shanxi Municipal Engineering Graduate Education Innovation Center,Jinzhong Shanxi 030600,China
  • 3 Shanxi Traffic Science and Technology Research and Development Co.,Ltd.,Taiyuan Shanxi 030032,China
  • 4 Science and Technology Management Department of Shanxi Dadi Environmental Investment Holding Limited Liability Company,Taiyuan Shanxi 030032,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1518
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为建立一套较为完善的城市内涝风险评价体系,并据此确定调蓄池位置,首先,从积水风险、超载风险和边侧进流量3个维度构建评价指标,设计一种包括改进层次分析法(IAHP)、反熵权法(AEW)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)的混合多准则决策框架(MCDM);然后,将IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型分别与IAHP-TOPSIS、AEW-TOPSIS模型对比,通过斯皮尔曼排序相关系数验证排序一致性,通过计算变异系数、相对极差和灵敏度证实IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型的性能;最后,结合反向传播神经网络(BPNN),建立MCDM-BPNN模型,并以山西省某一内涝易发区域为例进行验证。结果表明:积水风险对城市内涝风险评价体系的影响最为显著,所占权重为0.46,其次为超载风险,所占权重为0.36;节点位置与连接管道数量很大程度上对该节点的内涝风险产生影响,在管道汇接处或汇流面积较大处内涝出现更为频繁;IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型在样本判别方面具有更好的性能;在5年与10年重现期下,MCDM-BPNN模型验证集准确率分别为93.3%和100%,能够准确快速模拟和预测城市洪水;应用案例设置调蓄池后,高、中、低风险节点数量分别为7、9、30和6、19、21,内涝溢流削减效果显著。

多准则决策框架(MCDM)  /  反向传播神经网络(BPNN)  /  城市内涝  /  风险评价  /  调蓄池

To establish a comprehensive evaluation system for urban waterlogging risk,three dimensions were selected: water accumulation risk,overload risk,and lateral inflow. This system aims to provide a reference for the optimal placement of storage tanks. Firstly,a mixed MCDM framework including the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP),anti-entropy weight method (AEW),and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was designed. Then,the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was compared with IAHP-TOPSIS and AEW-TOPSIS model respectively,and the ranking consistency was verified by Spearman ranking correlation coefficient. The performance of IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was confirmed by calculating variation coefficient,relative range and sensitivity. Finally,a model based on MCDM-BPNN was established and verified by a waterlogging-prone area in Shanxi Province. The results show that water accumulation risk has the most significant influence in the evaluation system of urban waterlogging risk,with the weight of 0.46,followed by the overload risk with the weight of 0.36. The location of the node and the number of connecting pipes greatly affect the risk of waterlogging of the node,and waterlogging occurs more frequently at the junction of pipes or in larger confluence areas. There was better performance exhibited by the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model. In the 5-year and 10-year return periods,the accuracy of MCDM-BPNN model verification set is 93.3% and 100% respectively,which can accurately and rapidly simulate and predict urban floods. After the application case is set up,the number of high,medium and low risk nodes are 7,9,30 and 6,19,21 respectively,and the effect of reducing waterlogging overflow is remarkable.

multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)  /  back propagation neural networks (BPNN)  /  urban waterlogging  /  risk assessment  /  storage tank
郝景开, 李红艳, 张峰, 张翀, 毛立波, 刘大为. 基于MCDM-BPNN的城市内涝风险评价及调蓄池选址. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 214 -221 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1518
Jingkai HAO, Hongyan LI, Feng ZHANG, Chong ZHANG, Libo MAO, Dawei LIU. Risk assessment of urban waterlogging and site selection of storage tank based on MCDM-BPNN[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 214 -221 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1518
中国作为全球第二大经济体,正经历着快速城市化发展阶段。国家统计局数据显示,2022年末,全国常住人口城镇化率为65.22%,2023年已达66.16%[1]。城市扩张使下垫面硬化与不透水比例增加,导致排水压力加重,进而引发城市内涝。2023年8月,受台风杜苏芮等影响,我国华北等地出现极端降水天气,多地发生洪涝灾害,灾害风险评价己成为学术界探讨的热点问题之一[2],在城镇化和极端天气的双重压力下,建立一套针对城市内涝灾害的风险评价体系刻不容缓。
有关城市内涝的洪水风险评价是一个受多因素影响的复杂难题。李碧琦等[3]考虑危险性和易损性2大因素,建立了内涝风险评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)得到研究区域的高风险区与低风险区分布。DUAN Chenyu等[4]采用多准则决策分析方法建立了城市内涝风险评价图,考虑了人为因素对城市内涝风险的影响。LI Ziwei等[5]从致灾因素、孕灾环境敏感性和受灾体脆弱性3方面,采用熵权法(Entropy Weight,EW)、AHP法建立了洪水风险评价模型。现有内涝风险评估模型可分为过程驱动模型和数据驱动模型,城市雨水管理模型(Stormwater Management Model,SWMM)[6]作为一种过程驱动模型,被广泛用于城市内涝风险评估。随着大数据和智能水务技术的发展,人工智能和机器学习等数据驱动模型在内涝评估中的应用也越来越多[7]。王颖等[8]利用模糊层次评价法耦合Epanet、1stOpt模型,准确判断供水管网中安全系数较低的环节。过程驱动模型依赖于水文水力计算,而数据驱动模型通过利用从数据中学习到的物理现象的长期规则,提供了更快的计算速度和更可靠的模拟性能,但也存在忽略水文过程的局限性,将SWMM模型与数据驱动模型结合可以有效解决这一问题。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于积水风险-超载风险-边侧进流量风险的框架构建内涝风险评价指标体系,在多准则决策框架(Multi-criteria Decision Making,MCDM)[9]分析方法基础上探究并制定一种适用于评估城市内涝风险的综合方法,通过反向传播神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Networks,BPNN),在输入和输出数据之间建立映射,评估调蓄前后节点内涝风险,以期为城市灾害应急响应和防汛部门防灾减灾策略提供理论基础和科学依据。
内涝风险评价系统分为目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次,目标层为最高层,为分析目的或需要解决的问题,将内涝风险评估指标A作为目标层;准则层为决策时需要考虑的准则,根据SWMM模型模拟结果选取积水风险B1、超载风险B2和边侧进流量B3作为准则层;指标层是指各种致灾的具体影响因素,综合城市内涝特征,选取准则层中的7个影响因素C1~C7为指标层,如图1所示。根据《室外排水设计标准》(GB 50014—2021),当积水节点深度超过15 cm时,会导致城市交通不便。积水时间可由SWMM模拟结果得到,积水面积和积水深度的计算参照文献[10]。在超载风险方面,当水超过最高的管道顶部时,就会发生超载现象,管道超载可能会降低管道的正常使用年限,导致排水不畅,发生积涝事件。
评价内涝风险的MCDM-BPNN模型框架如图2所示。该模型包括2个部分,第1部分:指标赋权阶段。在构建评价指标体系基础上,提出一种基于改进层次分析法(Improved AHP,IAHP)和反熵权法( Anti-EW,AEW)的主客观综合赋权方法。第2部分:MCDM-BPNN构建阶段。由于所构建的指标均为定量指标,为评价研究区域内存在的超载节点与管段数量,应用优劣解距离法 (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS),将SWMM模型的输出水文过程要素数据作为BPNN的输入,构建风险评价模型。
传统AHP法[11]采用9标度法判定指标的权重,专家的主观性对结果影响较大。采用三标度法更容易对指标的重要性作出判断,减少人为主观因素对评价结果的影响,增强决策科学性。反熵权法[12]是一种客观的加权方法,通过对主客观权重分配合理的比重来获取更为准确的组合权重。根据最小相对信息熵原理,用拉格朗日乘数法优化可得组合权重。
步骤1:构造TOPSIS标准化决策矩阵,记为X=[xij]mxn
r i j = ( m a x j x i j - x i j ) / ( m a x j x i j - m i n j x i j )
式中:xij为各节点对应各指标的值(i=1,2,…,m;j=1,2,…,n),m为需要评价的节点数;n为评价指标数;rij为标准化后的矩阵。
步骤2:根据标准化后的矩阵计算正负理想解。
R j + = m a x R i j | i = 1,2 m = { r 1 + r 2 + r n + } R j - = m i n R i j | i = 1,2 m = { r 1 - r 2 - r n + }
式中 R j + R j -分别为正负理想解的第j项指标在各个评价对象中的最优值和最劣值。
步骤3:根据正理想解和负理想解计算标准化矩阵的综合贴近度。
D i = j = 1 n ω j R i j - r i j 2
C i = D i - D i + + D i -
式中: ω j为组合权重,Ci为综合贴近度; D i + D i -分别为离正负理想解的距离。当Ci接近1时,更接近正理想点,表明城市管网溢流导致的内涝风险较低;当Ci接近0时,表明城市管网溢流导致的内涝风险更高。
BPNN通过BP算法来调整网络中每个神经元的权重和偏置[13],以降低误差,提高网络的精度,可用于解决分类回归、模式识别等问题。通过在输入和输出数据之间建立映射,利用从数据中学习到的长期规则,合理评价城市内涝风险。
选取华北西部黄土高原东侧的山西省某市为研究区域,该区域地貌类型复杂多样,东北高、西南低,属温带大陆性季风气候,年均气温4~14 ℃,由北向南升高,年降水量358~621 mm,季节分布不均。研究区域总面积约为6.07 km2,地面高程为987.07~1 000.18 m,整体坡度较小,存在部分低洼点,当发生暴雨时,极易发生内涝灾害。
排水系统是形成水文径流响应的关键因素,在整个城市发展过程中加强对城市内涝的控制通常通过加强排水系统来实现,故以排水管网溢流风险近似代表内涝情况,在溢流处采取措施以降低内涝风险。排水管网概化是构建城市暴雨内涝模型的关键[14]。根据流域地形和管网流向在SWMM中描绘出主要雨水管道,将研究区域划分为48个汇水单元、46个节点、46条管段和1个出水口O1,研究区域的概化结果如图3所示。文中动态模拟采用选择参数较少且适用于小流域的Horton模型,各参数的物理意义、取值及取值方法参考SWMM使用手册及文献[15]。
降雨强度是影响调蓄池环境效应发挥的重要因素之一,对内涝发生起决定作用。暴雨强度计算式如下:
q = 1532.7 × ( 1 + 1.08 l g P / a ) ( t + 6.9 ) 0.87
式中:q为降雨强度,L/(s·hm2);P为设计重现期,a;t为降雨历时,min。
设计降雨过程采用芝加哥雨型,参考以往降雨雨型研究,选取5与10年重现期,雨水管网优化模拟研究时模拟降雨历时取2 h、雨峰系数取0.4[16]
基于IAHP和AEW确定综合权重。由图4a可知:3种方法确定的B1权重最大,说明积水风险在内涝风险体系中占有最显著的地位;IAHP法确定的B1B2权重相同,而AEW法中B2B3的权值比较接近,且IAHP法和综合权重均表明B3的权重最小,说明边侧进流量对城市内涝风险的影响较小。由图4b可知:AEW法下各指标权重较为接近,而IAHP法的各指标权重差异较大;在AEW法中,权重占比最大的3个因素为C7C6C5,在IAHP法中,权重占比最大的3个因素为C4C1C3,不同赋权方法确定的内涝指标权重差异较大,综合赋权方法能更全面地评价内涝风险。
导致综合评价结果敏感性的原因有指标类型一致化、指标无量纲化、一致化与无量纲化顺序、评价模型的选择和权重系数的不同等,分别采用较为常见的2种TOPSIS无量纲化方法(式(1)和式(6))计算其排序结果,结果见表1。由表1可知:2种方法的排序结果基本一致,但式(1)中各个节点贴近度的极差更大(为0.763 7),能更好地体现各被评价对象的整体差异,敏感性分析效果良好。
r i j = x i j / i = 1 n x i j 2
设置IAHP-TOPSIS、AEW-TOPSIS、IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS 3种模型的对比验证MCDM模型排序结果有效性,选用斯皮尔曼排序相关系数[17]检验排序一致性,通过变异系数、相对极差和灵敏度进行样本判别检验,见表2。对比模型的排序一致性均大于0.95,表明与其他模型相比,所提出模型的排序结果与其他模型的结果不存在显著差异,鲁棒性较好,验证了文中模型排序结果的可靠性;与其他模型相比,IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS模型的样本判别检验指标均大于AEW-TOPSIS模型,说明其具有更好的样本判别性,且在与IAHP-TOPSIS模型结果相差不大的情况下能够兼顾主观权重和客观权重的有效信息,改善单一权重的不足,使排序结果更加有效。综上所述,文中提出的综合赋权法和TOPSIS的MCDM模型具有较强的鲁棒性且在样本判别方面具有更好的性能。
对综合权重进行TOPSIS计算,得出各节点的贴近度,贴近度排名前10的节点在积水风险、超载风险、边侧进流量上的特征如图5所示。由图5a可知:J2贴近度最小,表明其距负理想解最近,根据式(3)、式(4)可知:离负理想解近的节点风险更大,故J2的积水风险最大,积水风险按照J2J13J15J5J36J35J32J33J10J9的顺序依次减少。积水风险与超载风险的权重基本相同且较大,边侧进流量次之,说明积水风险和超载风险是J2风险存在的主要影响因素。同样,J9风险最小,归因于其较好的积水情况。由图5d可知:在管道超载方面超载时间所占权重较大,但其标准化后的值在各节点的波动程度较小。通过计算贴近度发现,J2表现最好,J10表现最差,可能原因是J10为整个排水管网的末端管道,承载的雨量更大,表现为管道超载。由图5e图5f可知:10个节点的边侧进流量差异较大,均方差为0.163 5,高于积水风险(0.062 5)和超载风险(0.095 7)。J2的边侧进流量指标均大于其他节点,原因是J2作为汇合点汇集了4条管道,节点流量大。综上,节点的位置与连接管道数量很大程度上对上述因素产生影响,从而影响调蓄池的选址。
建立BPNN模型,将节点随机分成训练集(70%)和验证集(30%)。5年重现期下得到训练集和验证集的准确率分别为90%和93.3%,证明模型合理。根据相对贴近度大小将46个节点均分为高风险、中风险、低风险3个等级,节点个数分别为15、15、16。选择贴近度排名前10的节点即J15J35J10J32J5J9J2J33J36J13设置调蓄池后使用BPNN模拟,高、中、低风险的节点数目分别为7、9、30。10年重现期模型训练集和验证集的准确率分别为96.7%和100%,高、中、低风险的节点数目分别为6、19、21,达到了较好的内涝削减效果,同时证明了MCDM模型的合理性。
设置轻微内涝节点削减率、严重积水节点削减率、平均积水时间削减率和超载时间削减率4个评价指标。在改造调蓄池后,5年重现期下轻微内涝节点由40个减少至33个,且有39.1%的节点积水深度明显降低。积水时间方面,干管的变化较为明显,设置调蓄池前,积水时间大于2与1h的节点分别占91.3%和100%;设置调蓄池后,积水时间大于2和1 h的节点分别减少为56.5%和84.8%。严重积水节点削减率为38.1%,平均积水时间削减率为17.9%。超载时间方面,21条管段的超载时间发生了不同程度的减少,超载时间削减率为4.5%。重现期为10年时,有18个节点的积水深度有明显降低,轻微内涝节点削减率为9.5%,严重积水节点削减率为39.5%,平均积水时间削减率为16.4%,超载时间削减率为3.5%。经分析发现,削减率大的节点均为多支管的汇接点或沿排水干管分布的节点。
1) 过程驱动模型SWMM与数据驱动模型BPNN的结合整合了现有的城市内涝模型的优点,通过利用从数据中学习到的物理现象的长期规则,提供了更快的计算速度和可靠的模拟性能。
2) 节点位置与连接管道数量对节点的内涝风险影响较大,内涝风险大的点在管道汇接处或汇流面积较大处出现更为频繁;城市内涝更明显地表现为路面积水与管道超载现象。MCDM-BPNN模型对城市内涝风险体系具有良好的适用性,克服了单独使用 IAHP 或 AEW的局限性,预测效率高且能够准确判断节点风险,确定调蓄池位置,可为合理高效模拟预报城市内涝及调蓄池选址提供科学参考。
3) 未来将进一步研究调蓄池设置方式、运行模式与实际应用,将经济目标纳入目标函数进行多目标分析,并通过一二维耦合模型进行水动力学模拟,构建更加精确成熟的城市内涝评价体系。
  • 山西省自然科学研究面上项目(202203021221060)
  • 山西省研究生创新项目(2023KY254)
  • 吕梁市引进高层次科技人才重点研发项目(2021RC-1-22)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1518
  • 接收时间:2023-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-11
  • 修回日期:2024-03-19
基金
山西省自然科学研究面上项目(202203021221060)
山西省研究生创新项目(2023KY254)
吕梁市引进高层次科技人才重点研发项目(2021RC-1-22)
作者信息
    1 太原理工大学 环境科学与工程学院,山西 晋中 030600
    2 山西省市政工程研究生教育创新中心,山西 晋中 030600
    3 山西省交通科技研发有限公司,山西 太原 030032
    4 山西大地环境投资控股有限公司科创管理部,山西 太原 030032

通讯作者:

** 李红艳(1975—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,副教授,主要从事灾害风险评估、城市水资源与水系统研究等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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