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Article(id=1149738721177678844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0043-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1213, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708704000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-24, revisedDate=1716825600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048672241, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048672241, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048672241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048672241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738721358033918, articleId=1149738721177678844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effects of emotion on safety behavior decision-making of low sensation seekers: evidence from ERPs, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of different incidental emotions on low sensation seekers' unsafe behavior decision-making process from a neural level，ERPs technique was used. The Chinese version of the Sensation Seeking Questionnaire for College Students was used to select low and medium sensation seekers (control group). Then，video clips were used as emotional stimulus materials to induce positive and negative emotions before the experiment，and a risk scenario task was set to perform risk decision-making experiments. The results indicated that when the emotional stimulus variable was not considered，there was no significant difference in safe behavior decision-making between the low sensation-seeking and the control groups. Under positive emotion，low sensation seekers maintained risk aversion. However，low sensation seekers were more likely to make unsafe behavior decisions regarding behavioral performance under negative emotion. Under negative emotion，the latency of LPP induced by low sensation seekers was delayed，indicating that the interference of negative emotion made it more difficult for individuals to classify and evaluate risks. Therefore，the intrinsic reasons for their external behavioral performance can be explained from a neural level. Therefore，emotions play a moderating role in the process of sensation seeking affecting safe behavior decision-making.

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为从神经层面深究不同偶然情绪对低感觉寻求者的不安全行为决策过程的影响作用，采用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术进行试验研究。使用中国版大学生感觉寻求问卷筛选低感觉寻求者和中感觉寻求者(对照组)。采用视频片段作为情绪刺激材料在试验前诱发正性和负性情绪，并设置风险情景任务进行风险决策试验。结果表明：不考虑情绪变量时，低感觉寻求组与感觉寻求对照组在安全行为决策上无显著差异；正性情绪下，低感觉寻求个体保持风险规避倾向；负性情绪下，在行为表现上，低感觉寻求者更倾向作出不安全行为决策；负性情绪下，在ERPs成分上，低感觉寻求者诱发的晚期正成分(LPP)潜伏期更晚，表明负性情绪的干扰导致个体在风险分类与评价时难度增大，故此从神经层面解释其外在行为表现的内在原因。总之，情绪在感觉寻求影响安全行为决策过程中产生调节作用。

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张舒 (1985—)，女，湖南冷水江人，博士，副教授，主要从事安全管理、神经安全学、安全心理与安全行为方面的研究。E-mail：。

史秀志，教授

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张舒 (1985—)，女，湖南冷水江人，博士，副教授，主要从事安全管理、神经安全学、安全心理与安全行为方面的研究。E-mail：。

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张舒 (1985—)，女，湖南冷水江人，博士，副教授，主要从事安全管理、神经安全学、安全心理与安全行为方面的研究。E-mail：。

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2 中南大学 安全理论创新与促进研究中心，湖南 长沙 410083, bio={"content":"

史秀志，教授

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史秀志，教授

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=CN, label=图5, caption=情绪在感觉寻求对安全行为决策影响过程中的调节作用, figureFileSmall=/5pZKwPxDvLJ5zJOMreodw==, figureFileBig=hLCYLHSQG18LIRMtPK3wkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877672144220693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

ANOVA for participants' unsafe behavior proportion

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变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p值
组内 情绪类型 0.03 1 0.03 5.026* 0.039
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 0.033 1 0.033 5.570* 0.031
误差(情绪类型) 0.096 16 0.006 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 0.379 1 0.379 4.033 0.062
误差 1.503 16 0.094 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672219718166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

被试不安全行为比例方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p值
组内 情绪类型 0.03 1 0.03 5.026* 0.039
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 0.033 1 0.033 5.570* 0.031
误差(情绪类型) 0.096 16 0.006 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 0.379 1 0.379 4.033 0.062
误差 1.503 16 0.094 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672291021335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ANOVA for participants' mean reaction time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p
组内 情绪类型 243 157.472 1 243 157.472 57.092*** 0
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 13 793.72 1 13 793.72 3.239 0.091
误差(情绪类型) 68 144.622 16 4 259.039 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 1 786.753 1 1 786.753 0.051 0.824
误差 560 726.347 16 35 045.397 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672362324504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

被试平均反应时方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p
组内 情绪类型 243 157.472 1 243 157.472 57.092*** 0
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 13 793.72 1 13 793.72 3.239 0.091
误差(情绪类型) 68 144.622 16 4 259.039 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 1 786.753 1 1 786.753 0.051 0.824
误差 560 726.347 16 35 045.397 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672467182105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA for EPN mean amplitude

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p
组内 情绪类型 10.270 1 10.270 3.035 0.101
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 15.933 1 15.933 4.709* 0.045
误差(情绪类型) 54.140 16 3.384 — —
电极点 138.213 2 69.107 11.485*** 0.000
电极点×感觉寻求类型 8.141 2 4.070 0.676 0.516
误差(电极点) 192.556 32 6.017 — —
情绪类型×电极点 1.767 2 0.884 7.820** 0.002
情绪类型×电极点×感觉寻求 0.119 2 0.060 0.528 0.595
误差(情绪类型×电极点) 3.616 32 0.113 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 0.709 1 0.709 0.012 0.913
误差 918.643 16 57.415 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672559456794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

EPN平均幅值方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p
组内 情绪类型 10.270 1 10.270 3.035 0.101
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 15.933 1 15.933 4.709* 0.045
误差(情绪类型) 54.140 16 3.384 — —
电极点 138.213 2 69.107 11.485*** 0.000
电极点×感觉寻求类型 8.141 2 4.070 0.676 0.516
误差(电极点) 192.556 32 6.017 — —
情绪类型×电极点 1.767 2 0.884 7.820** 0.002
情绪类型×电极点×感觉寻求 0.119 2 0.060 0.528 0.595
误差(情绪类型×电极点) 3.616 32 0.113 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 0.709 1 0.709 0.012 0.913
误差 918.643 16 57.415 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672685285916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ANOVA for LPP latency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p
组内 情绪类型 10 005.356 1 10 005.356 1.687 0.212
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 38 661.356 1 38 661.356 6.518* 0.021
误差(情绪类型) 94 910.489 16 5 931.906 — —
电极点 179 169.333 4 4 4792.333 9.776*** 0.000
电极点×感觉寻求类型 7 752.889 4 1 938.222 0.423 0.791
误差(电极点) 29 3247.378 64 4 581.990 — —
情绪类型×电极点 6 110.756 4 1 527.689 0.813 0.522
情绪类型×电极点×感觉寻求 17 218.756 4 4 304.689 2.290 0.069
误差(情绪类型×电极点) 120 331.289 64 1 880.176 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 3 125.000 1 3 125.000 0.114 0.740
误差 439 822.844 16 27 488.928 — —
), ArticleFig(id=1167877672802726431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738721177678844, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

LPP潜伏期方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F p
组内 情绪类型 10 005.356 1 10 005.356 1.687 0.212
情绪类型×感觉寻求类型 38 661.356 1 38 661.356 6.518* 0.021
误差(情绪类型) 94 910.489 16 5 931.906 — —
电极点 179 169.333 4 4 4792.333 9.776*** 0.000
电极点×感觉寻求类型 7 752.889 4 1 938.222 0.423 0.791
误差(电极点) 29 3247.378 64 4 581.990 — —
情绪类型×电极点 6 110.756 4 1 527.689 0.813 0.522
情绪类型×电极点×感觉寻求 17 218.756 4 4 304.689 2.290 0.069
误差(情绪类型×电极点) 120 331.289 64 1 880.176 — —
组间 感觉寻求类型 3 125.000 1 3 125.000 0.114 0.740
误差 439 822.844 16 27 488.928 — —
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情绪对低感觉寻求者安全行为决策的影响：来自ERPs的证据
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张舒 1, 2 , 杨齐玉 1, 2 , 余欣柔 1, 2 , 王双 1, 2 , 史秀志 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理安社科 2024,34(8): 43-52
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理安社科 2024, 34(8): 43-52
情绪对低感觉寻求者安全行为决策的影响：来自ERPs的证据
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张舒1, 2 , 杨齐玉1, 2, 余欣柔1, 2, 王双1, 2, 史秀志1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中南大学 资源与安全工程学院，湖南 长沙 410083
  • 2 中南大学 安全理论创新与促进研究中心，湖南 长沙 410083

    • 张舒 (1985—)，女，湖南冷水江人，博士，副教授，主要从事安全管理、神经安全学、安全心理与安全行为方面的研究。E-mail：。

    史秀志，教授

Effects of emotion on safety behavior decision-making of low sensation seekers: evidence from ERPs
Shu ZHANG1, 2 , Qiyu YANG1, 2, Xinrou YU1, 2, Shuang WANG1, 2, Xiuzhi SHI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Safety Engineering，Central South University，Changsha Hunan 410083，China
  • 2 Safety & Security Theory Innovation and Promotion Center ( STIPC)，Central South University，Changsha Hunan 410083，China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1213
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摘要
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为从神经层面深究不同偶然情绪对低感觉寻求者的不安全行为决策过程的影响作用，采用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术进行试验研究。使用中国版大学生感觉寻求问卷筛选低感觉寻求者和中感觉寻求者(对照组)。采用视频片段作为情绪刺激材料在试验前诱发正性和负性情绪，并设置风险情景任务进行风险决策试验。结果表明：不考虑情绪变量时，低感觉寻求组与感觉寻求对照组在安全行为决策上无显著差异；正性情绪下，低感觉寻求个体保持风险规避倾向；负性情绪下，在行为表现上，低感觉寻求者更倾向作出不安全行为决策；负性情绪下，在ERPs成分上，低感觉寻求者诱发的晚期正成分(LPP)潜伏期更晚，表明负性情绪的干扰导致个体在风险分类与评价时难度增大，故此从神经层面解释其外在行为表现的内在原因。总之，情绪在感觉寻求影响安全行为决策过程中产生调节作用。

情绪  /  低感觉寻求  /  安全行为决策  /  事件相关电位(ERPs)  /  晚期正成分(LPP)

To investigate the effects of different incidental emotions on low sensation seekers' unsafe behavior decision-making process from a neural level，ERPs technique was used. The Chinese version of the Sensation Seeking Questionnaire for College Students was used to select low and medium sensation seekers (control group). Then，video clips were used as emotional stimulus materials to induce positive and negative emotions before the experiment，and a risk scenario task was set to perform risk decision-making experiments. The results indicated that when the emotional stimulus variable was not considered，there was no significant difference in safe behavior decision-making between the low sensation-seeking and the control groups. Under positive emotion，low sensation seekers maintained risk aversion. However，low sensation seekers were more likely to make unsafe behavior decisions regarding behavioral performance under negative emotion. Under negative emotion，the latency of LPP induced by low sensation seekers was delayed，indicating that the interference of negative emotion made it more difficult for individuals to classify and evaluate risks. Therefore，the intrinsic reasons for their external behavioral performance can be explained from a neural level. Therefore，emotions play a moderating role in the process of sensation seeking affecting safe behavior decision-making.

emotion  /  low sensation seeking  /  safe behavior decision-making  /  event-related potentials (ERPs)  /  late positive potential (LPP)
张舒, 杨齐玉, 余欣柔, 王双, 史秀志. 情绪对低感觉寻求者安全行为决策的影响：来自ERPs的证据. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1213
Shu ZHANG, Qiyu YANG, Xinrou YU, Shuang WANG, Xiuzhi SHI. Effects of emotion on safety behavior decision-making of low sensation seekers: evidence from ERPs[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1213
正文
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0 引言
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行为决策失误是不安全行为发生的直接原因[1]，人的决策过程受到生理、心理和环境等的影响，其中，情绪作为关键心理因素，具有不可忽视的作用。“3·12”尼泊尔首都机场坠机事故中，机长由于心理压力大致使情绪崩溃，后降落操作不规范导致坠机，整机71人共51人遇难[2];“10·28”重庆公交坠江事故中，司机因与乘客争吵诱发不良情绪，导致车辆失控后整车14人坠江丧命[3]。情绪失控导致的事故造成恶劣的社会影响，故探究情绪对安全行为决策的影响作用具有重要意义。
SIMON[4]提出的有限理性模型认为，理性是有限的，人在决策时往往更多考虑自己的心理主观需要。研究者发现，人们在一种情境下诱发的情绪会影响其在另一不相关情境下的决策，这种由与当前决策任务无关的因素引发的情绪被称为偶然情绪[5]。JOHNSON等[6]验证了偶然情绪对风险决策的影响。在此基础上，研究者们发现，处于正性情绪的个体会作出乐观的判断[7]，而处于负性情绪的个体会作出悲观的判断，降低冒险意愿[8]，表现出风险回避[9]。
此外，个体差异会影响情绪体验、感知与调节，进而影响个体的判断与决策[10]。感觉寻求作为个体差异因素之一，在安全行为决策研究中逐渐引起学者重视。ZUCKERMAN[11]将感觉寻求定义为是个体通过生理或社会的冒险行为获得新奇、复杂多变的体验或感受的一种人格特质，并发现相比高感觉寻求个体，低感觉寻求个体更多地作出保守性决策。张敏[12]研究发现，低感觉寻求者对负性刺激更敏感。其他研究[13]也表明：这一群体在面对恐惧或威胁性刺激时表现出更强烈的情绪性反应。由此可知：尽管低感觉寻求者倾向于风险规避，但在决策过程中可能会受到情绪的干扰，进而作出冒险行为决策酿成事故。故应探讨情绪对低感觉寻求者的安全行为决策的影响作用。
事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials，ERPs)技术是一种在行为决策研究中广泛应用的方法，它从脑电(Electroencephalogram，EEG)信号中提取特定成分，并据此提供个体在决策过程中的客观生理和心理反应的重要信息。其中，P2成分与注意偏向以及情感信息的处理相关。刘曜中等[14]研究发现，风险追求者的P2幅值高于风险回避者。N2成分与认知冲突、定向反应的自动与受控边界相关。ZHENG Yan等[15]研究发现，在情绪刺激下，低感觉寻求者的N2幅值比高感觉寻求者的更大，表明其在前期更关注情绪意义的刺激。早期后部负成分(Early Posterior Negativity，EPN)反映早期自然选择性注意，对情绪相关刺激敏感，LEITE[16]研究发现，含有情绪内容的图片比中性图片诱发更大的EPN波幅。反馈相关负成分(Feedback-Related Negativity，FRN)与反馈认知加工相关。于凯等[17]研究发现，低感觉寻求者在负性反馈结果条件下对惩罚机制更敏感，表现出风险规避，并诱发更大的FRN波峰值。P3系列成分包括P3a(主要分布在额区)、P3b(主要分布在顶区)和晚期正成分(Late Positive Potential，LPP)。P3成分与注意资源分配有关，反映刺激评估判断过程。ZHENG Ya等[18]研究发现，高感觉寻求者在高刺激时P3降低，而在低刺激时P3没有降低，认为感觉寻求中的冒险行为表现为预期阶段和结果评估阶段对风险的迟钝神经反应。LPP成分与持续性的注意资源分配有关，反映更复杂的信息处理过程。DENG Xinmei等[19]通过ERPs研究发现，高感觉寻求青少年在情绪调节期间LPP振幅更大，认为他们对情绪刺激的反应更大且认知控制较差，从神经学角度为情绪对感觉寻求的调节作用提供证据。以往研究表明：情绪会影响个体的决策，且不同感觉寻求个体的决策倾向存在差异。但针对情绪在不同感觉寻求个体安全决策行为中的影响作用尚不明确。
综上，为探明低感觉寻求者在不同情绪状态下的安全行为决策特点，笔者结合感觉寻求量表(Sensation Seeking Scale，SSS)和ERPs，通过诱发出正、负性情绪后进行安全风险情境决策任务[20]，从行为和神经层面分析不同情绪状态调节下，低感觉寻求个体的行为表现和神经过程差异，以期为特殊情绪状态下的个体行为干预提供理论基础。
1 情绪作用下的行为决策试验
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1.1 不同感觉寻求试验对象
有偿招募22名在校大学生作为被试，均为右利手，视力或矫正视力正常。所有被试均无精神系统疾病史，试验期间精神及身体健康状态良好。由于试验刺激图片中安全风险场景与电动车骑行有关，因此，选取的被试均有骑电动车或乘坐电动车经历，但是无相关事故经历。采用《中国版大学生感觉寻求问卷》，从所招募的22名被试中筛选出低感觉寻求组和对照组各9人(t=8.295，p<0.001)，剔除 4名高感觉寻求者。其中，男性9名，女性9名，平均年龄22.44岁，标准差为1.947。对照组的感觉寻求得分中等，即相对于高、低感觉寻求，其没有明显的行为偏向。被试在试验前已经充分了解试验流程及任务，并签署了知情同意书。
1.2 试验材料
1) 感觉寻求问卷。该问卷由赵闪[20]根据我国大学生感觉寻求的特点，在国外学者开发的SS-Ⅴ和SSS-Ⅵ以及Arnett感觉寻求测验(Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking，AISS)基础上修订而成。问卷共有36道题目，由兴奋与冒险寻求和去抑制2个因素组成。
2) 情绪诱导视频。课题组测试筛选获得诱导视频[21]。视频截选自电影片段，正性和负性情绪诱导视频各12段，每段视频时长为2~4min。招募25名被试(男性14名，女性11名，平均年龄23.32岁，标准差0.900)。被试采用情绪自我评估表[22]对视频诱导情绪的效价和唤醒度进行评分，根据评分结果筛选出情绪诱导效果最好的正负性视频各5段。对2组视频的效价评分进行配对T检验，数据结果显示，2组视频的效价有显著差异(t=-23.038，p<0.001，正性情绪下均值Mz=3.078，方差SDz=0.375;负性情绪下均值Mf =8.394，方差SDf=0.278)。
3) 图片刺激材料。课题组根据校园的日常交通环境设计绘制形成刺激材料，共15张包含不同交通风险情境的图片，如转弯时有行人、两车夹道、即将过减速带、人车混行道骑行等各种突发风险情境。试验时被试眼睛距屏幕1 m，刺激图片呈现视角为6.8°×5.8°，所有图片的大小、亮度保持相同，呈现在分辨率为1 920×1 080的显示器上，部分材料如图1所示。
4) EEG设备。被试头戴电极帽采集EEG数据，采集设备为EEG采集系统，采样频率为500 Hz，全程保持所有电极点阻抗不超过5 kΩ。
1.3 试验任务及程序
1) 试验范式。采用“1个刺激-2种按键选择(S-K1/K2)”的试验范式，即被试对看到的刺激图片都要作出按键反应。设置风险情境任务，即有一门重要考试即将迟到，需要骑电动车赶往考试地点，过程中会遇到各种风险情境(风险情境图片)。被试看到刺激图片后要在3 s内进行决策并按键，按键选择为左键“←”(减速)或右键“→”(保持高速行驶)，分别表示选择安全行为或选择不安全行为。
2) 试验过程。试验前向被试详细说明任务及流程。签署《试验知情同意书》后被试开始参与正式试验。首先为被试佩戴电极帽，再利用导电膏将头皮与电极间的阻抗降至5 kΩ以下。其后，低感觉寻求组和对照组的每位被试均先后完成正性情绪刺激和负性情绪刺激2轮试验。每轮试验包含5个组块，每个组块有30个试次，即每轮试验共150个试次。每个组块开始前播放一段2~4min的情绪诱导视频，每轮试验需观看5次情绪诱导视频。1轮试验结束休息30min后进入第2轮试验。首先进行正性情绪组的试验。
3) 刺激试验流程。以E-prime3.0软件呈现试验流程，如图2所示。首先，屏幕中央出现一个注视点“+”，持续时长500 ms;接着，出现500 ms的空白屏；随后，屏幕中央出现风险情境图片(刺激材料S)，呈现时长为3 000 ms，按键后出现500 ms的空白屏，接着进入下一个试次；若被试在3 000 ms内没有作出按键反应，图片消失，500 ms空白屏后自动进入下一个试次。
1.4 行为数据与ERPs成分采集与分析
采用E-prime3.0软件记录行为数据，包括被试的按键选择及按键反应时。试验结束后剔除未反应数据和反应错误数据。行为指标包括不安全行为比例和按键平均反应时。不安全行为比例是被试选择按右键的次数占其全部按键次数的比例，表明被试在试验中的决策倾向。按键平均反应时是被试在一组试验中按键反应的总时间与按键总次数的比值，表明被试在试验过程中决策的平均消耗时间。
试验结束后，采用Analyzer 2.2.0软件进行处理分析。首先，选取双侧乳突(TP9/TP10)进行重参考，设置带通滤波为0.3~40 Hz，随后，去除伪迹、眼电、肌电。根据情绪类型分段得到不同情绪状态下的ERP波形。再按照刺激呈现前200 ms和呈现后1 000 ms分段，选取-200 ms的脑电作为基准值进行基线校正，再对这1 200 ms内的ERP波形进行叠加平均，并将分段后的各情绪状态下ERP波形分别进行组平均处理。将感觉寻求类型设为组间变量，情绪类型和电极点作为组内变量进行混合设计方差分析。
为探究低感觉寻求被试在不同情绪状态下进行决策任务诱发的ERPs波形以及各脑区激活状态，比较分析脑电地形图和平均波形，如图3所示。图中电压值越大表示激活程度越高，颜色也越深。从图3可以看出，不论何种条件下，大脑头皮的激活主要集中在刺激呈现后200~600 ms范围内，额区、中央区以及顶枕区都有不同程度的激活。存在差异的是：200~600 ms内，负性情绪下额区和中央区的激活程度和激活范围显著更大，正性情绪下顶枕区的激活程度更明显。200~400 ms对照组在额区和中央区的激活程度更明显，而400~600 ms内低感觉寻求组在顶枕区的激活程度更明显。
不同感觉寻求组在不同情绪状态下顶区电极点的EPN波形如图4所示。结合所有的地形图和波形图可得：试验过程中有4个ERPs成分(P2、N2、EPN和LPP)稳定存在。结合前人研究，将P2成分取180~250 ms的平均波幅，N2成分取200~350 ms的平均波幅，EPN成分取200~350 ms的平均波幅，LPP成分取400~700 ms的平均波幅进行研究。
2 情绪作用不同感觉寻求者试验
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2.1 行为决策
将情绪类型(正性/负性)作为组内变量，感觉寻求类型(对照组/低)作为组间变量，分析被试不安全行为比例的混合设计方差。结果显示：感觉寻求类型主效应[F(1，16)=4.033，p=0.062>0.05]不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型交互作用[F(1，16)=5.570，p=0.031<0.05]显著，被试不安全行为比例方差分析见表1。通过事后检验得到：低感觉寻求被试组中，负性情绪下被试的不安全行为比例(M=0.551，SD=0.080)要显著大于正性情绪下被试的不安全行为比例(M=0.433，SD=0.069);而在对照组中，正性情绪下的不安全行为比例(M=0.288，SD=0.069)和负性情绪下被试的不安全行为比例(M=0.285，SD=0.080)不存在显著差异。结果说明，在不考虑情绪因素时，低感觉寻求者的行为决策与对照组无统计学差异。但在情绪因素影响下，低感觉寻求者的不安全行为比例有了显著变化，负性情绪下低感觉寻求者的不安全行为比例显著更高。
将情绪类型(正性/负性)作为组内变量，感觉寻求类型(对照组/低)作为组间变量，分析被试平均反应时的混合设计方差，见表2。结果显示：感觉寻求类型主效应[F(1，16)=0.051，p=0.824>0.05]不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型交互作用[F(1，16)=3.239，p=0.091]不显著。结果说明：在不考虑情绪因素时，低感觉寻求组与对照组的平均反应时无统计学差异，且情绪因素对低感觉寻求组和对照组的平均反应时都无显著影响作用。
2.2 来自ERPs的证据
180~250 ms内，将情绪类型和电极点(F3、Fz、F4、C3、Cz、C4)作为组内变量，感觉寻求类型作为组间变量，分析P2平均幅值的混合设计方差。结果显示：感觉寻求类型[F(1，16)=0.637，p=0.436]主效应不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型的交互作用[F(1，16)=0.977，p=0.338]、感觉寻求类型和电极点的交互作用[F(5，80)=0.060，p=0.998]以及3因素的交互作用[F(5，80)=0.481，p=0.789]均不显著。结果说明，在安全行为决策过程中，个体都投入了一定的早期注意，都有稳定的早期风险感知过程。
200~350 ms内，将情绪类型和电极点(F3、Fz、F4、C3、Cz、C4)作为组内变量，感觉寻求类型作为组间变量，分析N2平均幅值的混合设计方差。结果显示：感觉寻求类型[F(1，16)=0.661，p=0.428]主效应不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型的交互作用[F(1，16)=0.967，p=0.340]、感觉寻求类型和电极点的交互作用[F(5，80)=0.273，p=0.926]、情绪类型和电极点交互作用[F(5，80)=3.666，p=0.005<0.01]以及3因素的交互作用[F(5，80)=0.142，p=0.982]均不显著。N2成分表征认知冲突，其幅值体现认知冲突的程度，冲突越大，N2幅值越大。结果表明：在安全行为决策过程中，个体都产生一定的认知冲突，表现出稳定的风险分析过程。
200~350 ms内，将情绪类型和电极点(P3、Pz、P4)作为组内变量，感觉寻求类型作为组间变量，分析EPN平均幅值的混合设计方差。结果显示：感觉寻求类型[F(1，16)=0.012，p=0.913]主效应不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型交互作用较显著[F(1，16)=4.709，p=0.045<0.05](表3)。通过事后检验得到：对照组中，正性情绪(M=2.454，SD=0.997)和负性情绪(M=1.069，SD=1.122)下被试所诱发的EPN成分平均幅值存在显著差异，由于EPN为早期后部负波，在试验中EPN成分表现为负向正值，因此，EPN平均幅值的绝对值越小，其实际幅值越大，负性情绪下对照组的EPN波幅更大；而在低感觉寻求被试组中，正性情绪(M=1.848，SD=0.997)和负性情绪(M=1.999，SD=1.122)下所诱发的EPN成分平均幅值没有显著差异。结果表明：低感觉寻求者在情绪刺激下对威胁性刺激不敏感。
400~700 ms内，将情绪类型和电极点(C3、C4、Cz、CP1、CP2)作为组内变量，感觉寻求类型作为组间变量，分析LPP成分的潜伏期、平均幅值的混合设计方差。LPP潜伏期的数据结果显示：感觉寻求类型[F(1，16)=0.114，p=0.740]主效应不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型的交互作用[F(1，16)=6.518，p=0.021]显著。LPP潜伏期方差分析见表4。通过事后检验得到：低感觉寻求被试组中，负性情绪下(M=522.889，SD=16.532)被试所诱发的LPP成分潜伏期要显著晚于正性情绪下(M=478.667，SD=21.665)被试所诱发的LPP成分潜伏期；而在对照组中，正性情绪(M=516.311，SD=21.665)和负性情绪(M=501.911，SD=16.532)下所诱发的LPP成分潜伏期没有显著差异。LPP成分的平均幅值数据结果显示：感觉寻求类型[F(1，16)=0.166，p=0.689]主效应不显著，情绪类型和感觉寻求类型的交互作用[F(1，16)=1.235，p=0.283]、感觉寻求类型和电极点的交互作用[F(4，64)=0.300，p=0.877]以及3因素的交互作用[F(4，64)=0.198，p=0.939]均不显著。结果说明，感觉寻求因素在LPP成分的潜伏期上无统计学差异，个体在安全行为决策中，都存在稳定的风险评价过程。低感觉寻求者在负性情绪下，对风险信息存在迟钝反应，风险评价能力更弱。
3 情绪对低感觉寻求者安全行为决策的影响
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结合行为决策结果和ERPs成分结果，分析感觉寻求对安全行为决策的影响作用以及情绪的影响作用，研究发现，不考虑情绪刺激变量时，感觉寻求对安全行为决策没有直接影响作用。感觉寻求对个体安全行为决策的影响受到情绪的调节作用。
1) 感觉寻求单因素对安全行为决策的影响。试验数据结果表明：不考虑情绪变量时，低感觉寻求个体与对照组个体在安全行为决策的结果和神经过程上无显著差异。根据以往研究，由于高低感觉寻求者的最佳刺激与觉醒水平不同[23]，因此，对刺激的追求倾向存在差异，这也就导致了不同感觉寻求者有不同的风险偏好，在进行安全行为决策时会有不同的行为选择。分析本研究结果，原因可能有几点：首先，中、低感觉寻求组之间的差异相对较小，反应结果相似是可以预见的；其次，这可能与行为决策任务相关，以往绝大部分研究采取经济决策任务，但在安全风险情境任务中会有所差异。因此，未来研究需要考虑安全风险决策的特殊性。
2) 正性情绪的影响作用。以往研究表明：正性情绪作为一种积极情绪，会提高个体的注意广度[24-25]和思维灵活性[26]，从而促进个体在任务中的表现。本试验结果显示，相对负性情绪，正性情绪下的低感觉寻求个体只在LPP潜伏期上更早，而且在行为数据上不安全行为比例更低。表明正性情绪下低感觉寻求个体对风险情境图片刺激进行了相对稳定的感知、认知以及分析评价过程，且作出的行为决策相对较保守，与前人研究相符，且验证了情绪维持假说[27]。这表明低感觉寻求个体在正性情绪状态下的思维灵活性相对较高，为维持其良好的情绪状态而避免去冒险，因此，倾向于作出风险规避行为。
3) 负性情绪的影响作用。行为结果显示，低感觉寻求个体在负性情绪下的不安全行为比例更高。这说明低感觉寻求个体在安全行为决策中更易受负性情绪的干扰。这一结论与一项磁共振功能成像研究结果相似[28]。相关研究表明：面对国际情感图片，低感觉寻求个体内侧眶额皮质前部和前扣带回等与情绪控制相关的脑区有较早且更高的激活[29]。这提示低感觉寻求个体对情绪效价更敏感，而文中结果为情绪效价影响低感觉寻求个体的行为决策提供了证据。低感觉寻求个体在负性情绪下不安全行为的比例相对更高，这可能与低感觉寻求个体的风险评价失误有关。EPN成分表明大脑对动机相关刺激投入注意力资源的多少，反映了基于特定刺激特征的早期自然选择阶段[30]，投入的注意力越多，其平均幅值越大。试验中，对照组在负性情绪下进行决策诱发的EPN平均幅值显著大于正性情绪下的，而低感觉寻求组的EPN平均幅值没有显著差异，但是负性情绪下均值仍高于正性情绪下的。说明在负性情绪下，低感觉寻求个体在早期对动机性刺激不敏感，对风险信息投入较少的早期注意，因此，失去评价风险的更多依据，导致更大的风险评价偏差，为作出不安全行为决策奠定了早期基础。
研究发现，低感觉寻求个体在负性情绪下，评价决策的难度更大。LPP潜伏期反映对刺激分类和评价的时间，时间越长LPP峰值潜伏期出现越晚[31]。当任务需要更多注意资源时，LPP波幅更低，峰值潜伏期更长[32]。低感觉寻求组在负性情绪下诱发LPP成分的峰值潜伏期要显著晚于正性情绪，而对照组被试的LPP成分潜伏期没有显著差异。说明在负性情绪下低感觉寻求者对图片中的风险信息处理的难度更高，需要更多的注意资源，且在晚期进行风险评价时更易受到负性情绪的干扰，风险评价能力更易被削弱。此外，低感觉寻求个体只有在负性情绪下，反应时没有显著差异，但LPP潜伏期却显著更晚，而对照组个体却都无显著变化。LPP成分是研究情绪调节作用指标之一[33]，这说明更晚的LPP潜伏期可能是低感觉寻求个体受情绪调节影响的一种特征现象，未来可展开更进一步的研究。
综上，在低感觉寻求对安全行为决策的影响过程中，情绪产生调节作用，表现为行为和神经过程的差异。在负性情绪下，低感觉寻求个体的早期感知阶段会相对忽略更多的风险信息，从而导致后续的风险刺激评价和分类的难度增加，表现为LPP峰值潜伏期增加。由于负性情绪对低感觉寻求个体风险评价能力的削弱，导致其风险评价失误，因此，作出不安全行为决策。在这一过程中，情绪的调节作用如图5所示。此外，为进一步增强研究结果的统计显著性和可靠性，在后续的研究中，可扩大被试样本量进而更有效地探究EEG活动的细微差异。
4 结论
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1) 在低感觉寻求对安全行为决策的影响过程中，情绪产生调节作用，间接影响安全行为决策。
2) 低感觉寻求个体在负性情绪下对早期动机性刺激不敏感，导致其在晚期风险评价上增加难度，在神经层面表现为更晚的LPP潜伏期。
3) 低感觉寻求个体的安全行为决策易受情绪干扰。尽管低感觉寻求个体倾向于风险规避，但负性情绪影响个体在安全风险情境中对风险信息的注意力投入，干扰其认知判断与评价过程，从而导致个体作出不安全行为。因此，在安全管理工作中应关注低感觉寻求个体，及时发现其负性情绪并采取干预措施。
基金
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  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ40801)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1213
  • 接收时间：2024-02-24
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-24
  • 修回日期：2024-05-28
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湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ40801)
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    1 中南大学 资源与安全工程学院，湖南 长沙 410083
    2 中南大学 安全理论创新与促进研究中心，湖南 长沙 410083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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