Article(id=1149738720590480141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0170-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1561, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707494400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-10, revisedDate=1715356800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048672101, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048672101, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048672101, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048672101, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738720796001038, articleId=1149738720590480141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Structural health monitoring and damage alarming for existing masonry buildings, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to guarantee the structural safety of masonry structures in existing buildings and prolong their lifespan,a SHM system and the mean value control charts were employed to investigate the condition evaluation and early alarming mechanism of these structures. The monitoring items for this structure were chosen to be the load-bearing wall cracks and the relative displacement of window sills. The data about structural reaction and ambient temperature was collected,and a correlation model between these two factors was built. Additionally,the correlation model was employed to replicate the temperature impact of the data collected from monitoring the structural response. Ultimately,the structural condition index was suggested and integrated with the mean value control chart to assess the early detection of potential issues in the structure. The structural condition index represented the disparity between the simulated outcomes of the correlation model and the real measured values. The findings demonstrate that the system has the capability to gather real-time monitoring data,accurately assess structural health,and promptly alert about structural damage. The monitoring data indicate that the crack width varies between 0.746 and 4.391 mm,while the sill relative displacement spans from 1.282 to 5.690 mm. Both of these variations are within the acceptable safety limit. From the findings of the mean value control chart in the early alarming system,the fracture width and relative displacement of the window sill are within normal parameters.

, correspAuthors=Yang DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liang ZHENG, Lei TAN, Xiaohui YANG, Yuhang LI, Yang DENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738737573216606, articleId=1149738720590480141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=既有建筑砌体结构健康监测和损伤预警研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为保障既有建筑砌体结构运营期间的结构安全并延长其使用寿命,利用结构健康监测(SHM)系统与均值控制图,研究砌体结构的状况评估和预警机制。以北京市东城区某砌体结构为例,首先,根据该结构病害和损伤状况设计并实施对应的SHM系统,选取该结构承重墙裂缝和窗台相对位移作为监测对象;其次,收集结构响应和环境温度的数据,并利用收集后的监测数据构建结构响应同环境温度的相关性模型;然后,利用相关性模型模拟出结构响应监测数据的温度效应;最后,提出结构状态指数,并结合均值控制图预警分析该结构。结果表明:该监测系统能够实时采集监测数据,掌握砌体结构的健康状况,并对其结构损伤做出预警;根据监测结果,裂缝宽度和窗台相对位移的变化范围分别为[0.746,4.391]和[1.282,5.690 ]mm,均处在安全范围之内。根据预警系统中均值控制图结果,该结构裂缝宽度和相对位移发展趋势均处于正常状态。

, correspAuthors=邓扬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 邓扬(1984—),男,湖南张家界人,博士,教授,主要从事工程结构健康监测与状态评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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郑亮 (2000—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士研究生,研究方向为结构健康监测数据清洗。E-mail:

谭磊,高级工程师。

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既有建筑砌体结构健康监测和损伤预警研究
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郑亮 1 , 谭磊 2 , 杨晓辉 2 , 李雨航 3 , 邓扬 1, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(8): 170-177
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(8): 170-177
既有建筑砌体结构健康监测和损伤预警研究
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郑亮1 , 谭磊2, 杨晓辉2, 李雨航3, 邓扬1, **
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 102627
  • 2 北京市建设工程质量第三检测所有限责任公司,北京 100037
  • 3 北京电子科技职业学院 机电工程学院 北京 100176
  • 郑亮 (2000—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士研究生,研究方向为结构健康监测数据清洗。E-mail:

    谭磊,高级工程师。

通讯作者:

** 邓扬(1984—),男,湖南张家界人,博士,教授,主要从事工程结构健康监测与状态评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
Structural health monitoring and damage alarming for existing masonry buildings
Liang ZHENG1 , Lei TAN2, Xiaohui YANG2, Yuhang LI3, Yang DENG1, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Transportation,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Beijing 102627,China
  • 2 Beijing Construction Engineering Quality Third Inspection Institute Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100037,China
  • 3 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Beijing Polytechnic,Beijing 100176,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1561
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为保障既有建筑砌体结构运营期间的结构安全并延长其使用寿命,利用结构健康监测(SHM)系统与均值控制图,研究砌体结构的状况评估和预警机制。以北京市东城区某砌体结构为例,首先,根据该结构病害和损伤状况设计并实施对应的SHM系统,选取该结构承重墙裂缝和窗台相对位移作为监测对象;其次,收集结构响应和环境温度的数据,并利用收集后的监测数据构建结构响应同环境温度的相关性模型;然后,利用相关性模型模拟出结构响应监测数据的温度效应;最后,提出结构状态指数,并结合均值控制图预警分析该结构。结果表明:该监测系统能够实时采集监测数据,掌握砌体结构的健康状况,并对其结构损伤做出预警;根据监测结果,裂缝宽度和窗台相对位移的变化范围分别为[0.746,4.391]和[1.282,5.690 ]mm,均处在安全范围之内。根据预警系统中均值控制图结果,该结构裂缝宽度和相对位移发展趋势均处于正常状态。

既有建筑  /  砌体结构  /  结构健康监测(SHM)  /  损伤预警  /  相关性模型  /  均值控制图

In order to guarantee the structural safety of masonry structures in existing buildings and prolong their lifespan,a SHM system and the mean value control charts were employed to investigate the condition evaluation and early alarming mechanism of these structures. The monitoring items for this structure were chosen to be the load-bearing wall cracks and the relative displacement of window sills. The data about structural reaction and ambient temperature was collected,and a correlation model between these two factors was built. Additionally,the correlation model was employed to replicate the temperature impact of the data collected from monitoring the structural response. Ultimately,the structural condition index was suggested and integrated with the mean value control chart to assess the early detection of potential issues in the structure. The structural condition index represented the disparity between the simulated outcomes of the correlation model and the real measured values. The findings demonstrate that the system has the capability to gather real-time monitoring data,accurately assess structural health,and promptly alert about structural damage. The monitoring data indicate that the crack width varies between 0.746 and 4.391 mm,while the sill relative displacement spans from 1.282 to 5.690 mm. Both of these variations are within the acceptable safety limit. From the findings of the mean value control chart in the early alarming system,the fracture width and relative displacement of the window sill are within normal parameters.

existing buildings  /  masonry structures  /  structural health monitoring(SHM)  /  damage alarming  /  correlation analysis  /  mean control chart
郑亮, 谭磊, 杨晓辉, 李雨航, 邓扬. 既有建筑砌体结构健康监测和损伤预警研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 170 -177 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1561
Liang ZHENG, Lei TAN, Xiaohui YANG, Yuhang LI, Yang DENG. Structural health monitoring and damage alarming for existing masonry buildings[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 170 -177 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1561
砌体结构以其造价低廉、美观舒适的优势被广泛应用于住宅和办公房屋建筑[1],因为外部环境的不断变化,某些砌体结构房屋存在地基沉降,建筑材料老化、墙体开裂等多种结构损伤和病害。随着时间的推移,这些问题将不断放大,可能造成结构局部甚至整体倒塌,丧失建筑使用功能,乃至引发人员伤亡。因此,迫切需要开发一个可以实时监测砌体结构重要构件和敏感部位的结构健康监测(Structure Health Monitoring,SHM)系统,使得相关技术和管理人员能够根据系统所采集的长期监测数据评估砌体结构的健康状态,并进行维护、维修和管理,从而降低安全事故的风险。
建筑SHM在国内外已经得到广泛关注,并在工程上得到了大量应用[2-4]。DAL等[5]对意大利某砌体教堂的墙壁和梁拱裂缝进行了长达3年的位移监测,评估了开裂程度,并根据数据分析结果验证了加固措施,有效抑制了裂缝的扩展。BARRIAS等[6]在西班牙巴塞罗那圣保罗医院的维修整改过程中,使用分布式光纤传感器监测了楼板的应力变化,监测数据表明:砌体柱更换过程中原有结构受力形式未发生较大改变,监测区域未产生明显裂缝。BLANCO等[7]开发了一种适用于砖石历史建筑的SHM系统,并利用该系统开展了西班牙某历史教堂裂缝和倾斜监测。ZINI等[8]对意大利佛罗门萨圣尼科洛大门进行了SHM,通过少量加速度传感器确定的有限元模型,设计了长期结构监测的最佳传感器布置网络。上述研究主要采用SHM系统在砌体结构建筑翻修或者采取加固措施的过程中,对其进行健康评估,但是,还较少涉及监测数据的损伤预警分析。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于既有建筑砌体SHM系统的架构和功能设计方法,以某砌体居民楼为对象,针对其结构病害、损伤现状和房屋危险性等级,确定监测内容和测点布置;在此基础上,分析137天的监测数据,研究环境温度变化对结构位移和裂缝宽度的影响特征并构建了环境温度和结构响应的相关性模型;之后,利用相关性模型剔除了结构响应中的温度效应。最后,提出结构状态指数并基于均值控制图的方法完成了结构损伤预警,以期掌握既有建筑砌体结构的实时运行状况并为其可能存在的结构损伤做出预警。
本文基于物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)、人工智能和大数据分析等技术以及建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM),构建既有建筑砌体结构监测系统,其架构如图1所示。
系统自上而下分为3层:
1) 感知层。主要通过各种传感器来获取相应的数据采集,包括北斗、温度、湿度、位移等传感器,采集所需的数据。这个层面上主要用到的是传感器及节点设备。
2) 网络层。是指通过IoT节点把采集的信息,通过网络传送至后台服务器。数据传输主要通过不同的无线或有线传输技术。如无线网络、4G/5G等无线传输技术,以及经无线路由器采集,通过有线宽带传输至服务器等方法。
3) 应用层。通过前端采集得到的信息和数据,进行过滤、分析、存储和处理,实现具体的应用落地,并且可通过大数据分析得到所需数据。此外,还可进行调整、管理和控制相关的IoT设备。
针对SHM系统的设计目标,设计该系统的主要功能。该SHM系统能够实现项目地图展示、远程设备的安装与调试、数据展示(多种方式展示)和处理(平滑,各种应用场景下的处理)、对数据进行统计分析、预警功能、成果报告(自动生成数据报表)、权限管理(不同用户不同权限,操作日志)并且具有移动端同步使用功能(随时随地在线监测)。与其他SHM系统[9-10]相比,该系统的功能设计有许多突出优势:①能够支持与BIM、视频监控画面、二维结构图等多种方式结合的数据融合展现。②支持传感器设备远程安装与调试、灵活采集、一键生成数据报表等多种功能,提高监测工作效率。
选取某老旧砌体居民楼为监测对象,该建筑位于北京市东城区,建成于1949年之前,总建筑面积为407.8 m2,建筑立面如图2所示。结构形式为地上2层、地下1层砖木结构,地下一层、地上一层和地上二层层高分别为3.0、4.1和3.0 m,楼面采用木质楼板,屋面形式为木屋架两面坡屋面。
经现场检测与调查,该建筑的结构损伤主要表现为墙体开裂和风化,图3为墙体的垂直裂缝和墙体表面的风化现象。该房屋表面墙体共存在3处局部裂缝,裂缝宽度均超出规范限值。墙体风化主要表现为墙体材料在干湿交替的环境下出现结构材料表面损伤,使得砌体有效截面面积减小,降低结构承载力。该建筑房屋共有4处墙体出现风化现象,其风化程度均超出规范限值。
根据危险房屋鉴定标准[11-12],判定该结构危险构件并根据其占比进行综合评分和危险性评级。其中,需要判定的结构构件分别有中柱、边柱、角柱、墙体、屋架、中梁、边梁、次梁、板和围护结构。经过现场勘察,得出基础层和负一层危险构件为0;地上一层仅有5面危险墙体;地上二层仅有6面危险墙体。根据危险房屋鉴定标准分别给出的基础结构,上部结构和整体结构危险构件综合比例计算公式,得出其基础和地下一层危险构件综合比例Rf R s - 1均为0、地上一层危险构件综合比例R1为18.39、地上二层R2危险构件综合比例为20.43、整体结构危险构件综合比例R为11.62%。根据房屋危险等级判定准则,5%<R<25%,而且,各楼层和基础危险等级均非Du级,故可判定其整体结构房屋危险性等级为C级。因此,在加固维修该建筑前有必要开展SHM,保障结构安全和正常使用。
1) 持久性准则。由于SHM系统要求长期有效的监测数据,需要保证测点传感器的耐久性和可靠性。监测采用传感器测点和内部线圈均处于非接触状态,能够保证设备在安装和正常使用的过程中不易损坏。且主要传感器类型,如测缝计、位移计均内置半导体温度传感器修正自动温度,保证监测数据的持久测量。
2) 安全性准则。传感器在布置过程中不仅要考虑人身安全更要考虑被监测结构的安全。在布置传感器结构时,采用对结构扰动最小的方式布置,减轻甚至消除传感器布置系统对被监测结构的影响。
3) 科学先进准则。采用的传感器设备具有高灵敏度、高精度、高稳定性、温度影响小等优点。
根据该砌体结构的病害和损伤情况,确定主要监测内容为:①北面二层墙体裂缝;②二层窗台相对墙体位移;③环境温湿度。传感器的主要布设位置集中在该房屋北面二层墙体上,有利于数据采集和日后正常维护,并能够有效防止传感器系统在正常运行过程中遭受破坏。结合BIM模型,测点布置如图4所示,其中,LF01和LF02分别表示裂缝测点;WY01和WY02分别表示位移测点,图4还列出了采集箱的安放位置。
砌体结构中,裂缝的存在会降低墙体质量,是安全监测关注的重点。该砌体结构的裂缝形式为由上至下的竖缝,主要出现在窗台底部的墙体处,选择宽度较大的2条裂缝布置传感器,测点为房屋北侧二层墙体裂缝处,传感器布置方向与裂缝扩展方向垂直,采用双滑移支座测定2支座之间位移变化来取代裂缝变化值,传感器实际安装位置如图5a所示。该测点所用传感器类型为智能温度型位移传感器,具有高灵敏度、高精度、高稳定性、温度影响小的优点,适用于长期监测,广泛应用于伸缩缝位移的精确测量。监测结构位移能够直观地反映建筑局部地区的空间位置变化,掌握该区域的结构状态。由于建筑结构的不均匀沉降或者倾斜,建筑结构中强度较弱的部分会逐渐与整体脱离,如窗台和门框会与原有墙体之间发生相对位移。位移的监测测点选定在二层窗台处。传感器支座固定在外墙墙体上,传感器指针指向窗台,测定位移为窗台相对于外墙墙体的横向水平移动。选用传感器为智能位移传感器,实际安装位置如图5b所示。
该监测系统于2022年6月21日开始采集数据,数据采集时间间隔为1 h。首先,对数据进行预处理,针对数据存在的异常,如离群和缺失,通过移窗和广义3σ准则 [13]处理局部离群数据,再使用样条插值法处理缺失数据[14],之后,再通过小波降噪去掉监测数据的噪声[15]。在此基础上,分析2022年10月1日—2023年2月14日的监测数据。
以裂缝测点LF01为例,首先,选取连续一周的监测数据分析裂缝宽度的日变化规律,如图6a所示。可以看出,随着一天昼夜温差的变化,裂缝宽度呈现周期性变化,一天内变化趋势为先上升、后下降、再上升。进而,为考察裂缝宽度的季节性变化,选取时间跨度为2022年10月1日—2023年2月13日的裂缝宽度日平均值进行研究。
图6b看出,10月—12月,裂缝呈现逐步上升的趋势,12月—次年2月,裂缝的发展逐渐平稳,图7为同样时段环境温度的变化过程。观察2图发现,裂缝宽度变化与环境温度存在显著相关性,总体表现为温度升高、裂缝宽度减小,温度降低、裂缝宽度增大的特征。进一步,图6b中裂缝宽度变化范围为[0.746,4.391] mm,变化幅度为3.645 mm,裂缝宽度最大值出现在2023年1月24日,当日平均温度为-9.35 ℃,裂缝宽度最小值出现在2022年10月1日,当日平均温度为25.21℃。根据《民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准》[16],承重墙体最大裂缝宽度大于5 mm,应视为不适用于承载的裂缝。从上述分析结果可知:该测点裂缝最宽已达到4.391 mm,若该裂缝持续发展,墙体的承载能力会受到严重影响。
以位移测点WY01为例,选取与裂缝测点LF02相同时段的监测数据分析,监测数据如图8所示。
与裂缝宽度监测数据的规律类似,窗台相对位移与环境温度也表现出显著的相关性,呈现温度升高、相对位移减小,温度降低、相对位移增大的特征。图8b中,相对位移的变化范围为[1.282,5.690] mm,变化幅度为4.408 mm,最大值和最小值出现的时间与裂缝宽度一致。上述窗台相对位移的产生主要是因为建筑结构地基的不均匀沉降或者墙体倾斜,造成结构强度较弱的部分,如窗台与墙体产生脱离。
与3.1节类似,选取测点LF01和WY01从2022年10月1日—2023年2月14日共137天的监测数据,分别建立原始监测数据(数据采集时间间隔为1 h)和日平均值的相关性模型。结果如图9图10所示。其中,C为裂缝宽度,D为窗台相对位移,t为环境温度。结构响应与环境温度成反比关系,两者相关性系数 R 2均达到0.98以上。其中,日平均值的相关性模型较原始数据的相关性模型呈现出更好的相关性。
对砌体结构进行长期静态SHM监测,其结果往往会遭到可逆季节变化的反复干扰[17],使监测数据呈现出跟随环境温度一同变化的趋势。为消除温度变化对结构的反复性干扰,得到结构的真实响应,需要定量地评价温度对结构响应的影响。研究[18]通过建立某大桥伸缩缝位移同温度的线性模型消除了环境温度的影响。鉴于此,选择建立相关性模型来消除温度变化对结构变形的干扰。
选取上述分析数据中前92天的监测数据日平均值为基础建立相关性模型,而后45天的数据则作为测试样本,用于评估相关性模型的准确性。建立的线性相关模型表达式分别为:①C = -0.105t + 3.303;②D = -0.128t + 4.379。随后,将后45天的环境温度原始数据代入上述相关模型表达式中,计算CD的预测值。
结构响应预测结果如图11所示。图中展示了后45天CD预测值与实测值的对比。采用均方根误差公式来评估模型预测的准确性。经计算,裂缝宽度和相对位移的均方根误差分别为0.057和0.076,表明所建立的相关性模型具有较高的准确性,能够有效消除温度变化对结构响应的影响。
接下来,为定量评估结构状态,定义结构状态指数为e。计算方法如下:
e = V m - V r
式中:Vm为结构响应实测值,mm;Vr为相关性模型计算值,mm。
在此基础上,采用均值控制图检验的方法判断结构响应是否出现异常。均值控制图检验是一种统计模式损伤识别方法,基本原理是:在同一环境结构中提取2种不同时间段的数据。一组数据信息是结构正常状态下的;另一组数据是结构待检验状态下的。通过比较2组数据的差异程度,实时进行结构损伤预警。均值控制图检验需要确认3个基本参数,分别是上控制线(Upper Control Line,UCL),中心线(Control Line,CL)和下控制线(Lower Control Line,LCL)。中心线表示结构正常状态下数据样本均值的位置,上控制线和下控制线是根据一定置信度获取的置信区间,其数学表达式分别为:
C L = μ
U C L = μ + k σ
L C L = μ - k σ
式中:μ为正常状态下结构状态指数均值,mm;σ为正常状态下结构状态指数标准差,mm;k为均值控制图基本参数,用来确定均值控制图的上下限,要求使所有正常状态下结构状态指数都能处在均值控制图之内。
将结构待检验状态下结构状态指数e输入到均值控制图,结果如图12所示。由图12可知:绝大部分输入点均处在控制图上下限之内,且均匀分布在中心线两侧。然而,结构变形还受多种因素影响,有部分点出现在上下限边缘属于正常现象。但当测点产生进一步损伤时,输入到控制图中的点会发生整体偏移,大量点会出现在上下限之外,届时便可判定结构发生损伤;只要输入点没有大量连续地出现在上下限之外,均可判断结构变形处于正常状态。故由图12可知:该砌体建筑结构变形处于正常状态,未出现异常。
1) 应用于该砌体结构上的监测系统能够实时监测结构响应,并提供结构损伤预警。
2) 根据监测数据,得出墙体裂缝和窗台位移的总体变化范围。其中,墙体裂缝宽度的变化范围为[0.746,4.391] mm,变化幅度为3.645 mm,窗台相对位移的变化范围为[1.282,5.690] mm,变化幅度为4.408 mm。
3) 数据表明:该砌体结构响应与环境温度具有高度相关性,其原始监测数据相关性系数分别为0.996 3和0.986 2,结构响应同环境温度成反比关系。
4) 根据均值控制图结果显示,结构状态指数e大部分落在上下控制线之中,且其未产生明显的趋势性变化,表明该结构承重墙裂缝和窗台相对位移没有继续开展的趋势,不影响结构正常使用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52278290)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1561
  • 接收时间:2024-02-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-10
  • 修回日期:2024-05-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(52278290)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 102627
    2 北京市建设工程质量第三检测所有限责任公司,北京 100037
    3 北京电子科技职业学院 机电工程学院 北京 100176

通讯作者:

** 邓扬(1984—),男,湖南张家界人,博士,教授,主要从事工程结构健康监测与状态评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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