Article(id=1149738719424463623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0120-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0712, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=1716393600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048671822, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048671822, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048671822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048671822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738719718064904, articleId=1149738719424463623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on effect of shape factor on dispersion characteristics of aluminum powder inside 20 L sphere, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study is to investigate the dispersion of aluminium powders with different SF in a 20 L spherical container. By establishing a numerical model describing the formation of a two-phase dispersion system of dust carried by a gas stream,including the equations of the gas flow and the trajectory of the dust particles,unsteady numerical simulations were carried out. The spatial distribution of dust,the turbulent kinetic energy and velocity at the center of the spherical chamber with time changes were analyzed under the conditions of SF of 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1.0,respectively. The results show that the dispersion of airflow-carried dust inside the ball chamber can be divided into four stages,including powder intake,diffusion,stabilization and settling,and the dispersion uniformity and maximum velocity values are enhanced with the increase of SF. The bigger SF is,the closer the particle shape is to spherical,and the better the dispersion of aluminum dust is. The smaller SF is,the easier the dust will accumulate near the wall surface. When the nominal concentration is certain,SF ≤ 0.4,the peak concentration increases with the increase of SF,SF > 0.4,the peak concentration decreases with the increase of SF. The maximum value of the turbulent kinetic energy of the aluminum powder-air mixture decreases with increasing values of SF,the peak velocity of the aluminum powder particles increases with increasing values of SF.

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为研究不同形状系数(SF)的铝粉在 20 L球型容器中的分散特征,通过建立描述气流携带粉尘形成两相分散系的非稳态数值模型,包括气体流动和粉尘颗粒运动轨迹方程,开展非稳态数值模拟,分析粉尘SF分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0条件下的粉尘空间分布以及球室中心的湍流动能、速度随时间变化。结果表明:球室内气流携带粉尘分散可以分为进粉、扩散、稳定和沉降4个阶段,其分散均匀性和最大速度值随SF的增加而增强;SF越大,即颗粒形状越接近球形,铝粉尘的分散性越好;SF越小,粉尘容易堆积在壁面附近;标称浓度一定时,SF≤0.4,浓度峰值随SF的增加而增加;SF>0.4,浓度峰值随SF的增加而减小;铝粉-空气混合物的湍流动能最大值随SF值的增加而降低;铝粉颗粒的速度峰值随SF值的增加而升高。

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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

董呈杰,讲师。

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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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董呈杰,讲师。

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董呈杰,讲师。

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Aluminum dust parameter settings

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参数 数值
SF 0.2,0.4,0.6,0. 8,1.0
粒径/μm 75
质量浓度/(kg·m-3) 0.25
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铝粉尘参数设定

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参数 数值
SF 0.2,0.4,0.6,0. 8,1.0
粒径/μm 75
质量浓度/(kg·m-3) 0.25
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形状系数对20 L球内铝粉分散特性的影响研究
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关文玲 1 , 金美华 1, 2 , 董呈杰 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(8): 120-127
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(8): 120-127
形状系数对20 L球内铝粉分散特性的影响研究
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关文玲1 , 金美华1, 2, 董呈杰1
作者信息
  • 1 天津理工大学 环境科学与安全工程学院,天津 300384
  • 2 辽宁石化职业技术学院应用化学系,辽宁 锦州 121001
  • 关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

    董呈杰,讲师。

Study on effect of shape factor on dispersion characteristics of aluminum powder inside 20 L sphere
Wenling GUAN1 , Meihua JIN1, 2, Chengjie DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering,Tianjin University of Technology,Tianjin 300384,China
  • 2 Department of Applied Chemistry,Liaoning Petrochemical College,Jinzhou Liaoning 121001,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0712
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为研究不同形状系数(SF)的铝粉在 20 L球型容器中的分散特征,通过建立描述气流携带粉尘形成两相分散系的非稳态数值模型,包括气体流动和粉尘颗粒运动轨迹方程,开展非稳态数值模拟,分析粉尘SF分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0条件下的粉尘空间分布以及球室中心的湍流动能、速度随时间变化。结果表明:球室内气流携带粉尘分散可以分为进粉、扩散、稳定和沉降4个阶段,其分散均匀性和最大速度值随SF的增加而增强;SF越大,即颗粒形状越接近球形,铝粉尘的分散性越好;SF越小,粉尘容易堆积在壁面附近;标称浓度一定时,SF≤0.4,浓度峰值随SF的增加而增加;SF>0.4,浓度峰值随SF的增加而减小;铝粉-空气混合物的湍流动能最大值随SF值的增加而降低;铝粉颗粒的速度峰值随SF值的增加而升高。

形状系数(SF)  /  20 L球  /  铝粉尘  /  粉尘质量浓度  /  分散特性  /  数值模拟

The aim of this study is to investigate the dispersion of aluminium powders with different SF in a 20 L spherical container. By establishing a numerical model describing the formation of a two-phase dispersion system of dust carried by a gas stream,including the equations of the gas flow and the trajectory of the dust particles,unsteady numerical simulations were carried out. The spatial distribution of dust,the turbulent kinetic energy and velocity at the center of the spherical chamber with time changes were analyzed under the conditions of SF of 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1.0,respectively. The results show that the dispersion of airflow-carried dust inside the ball chamber can be divided into four stages,including powder intake,diffusion,stabilization and settling,and the dispersion uniformity and maximum velocity values are enhanced with the increase of SF. The bigger SF is,the closer the particle shape is to spherical,and the better the dispersion of aluminum dust is. The smaller SF is,the easier the dust will accumulate near the wall surface. When the nominal concentration is certain,SF ≤ 0.4,the peak concentration increases with the increase of SF,SF > 0.4,the peak concentration decreases with the increase of SF. The maximum value of the turbulent kinetic energy of the aluminum powder-air mixture decreases with increasing values of SF,the peak velocity of the aluminum powder particles increases with increasing values of SF.

shape factor  /  20 L sphere  /  aluminum dust  /  dust mass concentration  /  dispersion characteristics  /  numerical simulation
关文玲, 金美华, 董呈杰. 形状系数对20 L球内铝粉分散特性的影响研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 120 -127 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0712
Wenling GUAN, Meihua JIN, Chengjie DONG. Study on effect of shape factor on dispersion characteristics of aluminum powder inside 20 L sphere[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 120 -127 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0712
铝粉作为一种公认的高性能金属材料,常用于制作航空航天燃料、推进剂和炸药[1]。铝粉的高燃烧率和高能量密度,决定了铝粉的爆炸事故总是被描述为致命的或毁灭性的[2]。1985—2005年,美国铝粉爆炸事故发生次数占各类金属粉尘爆炸的25%[3],我国“8·2”昆山工厂铝粉爆炸事故,造成146人死亡[4]。因此,研究铝粉爆炸特性和过程,对于预防铝粉爆炸事故,具有重要意义。
粉尘爆炸发生的必要条件之一是粉尘在相对密闭的空间中颗粒悬浮,其分散特性影响相关爆炸参数测试的准确性,尤其是最小可爆炸浓度参数[5]。目前,常用的粉尘爆炸特性测试装置主要为20L球粉尘爆炸测试装置[6],试验中粉尘质量浓度以粉尘质量除以爆炸腔体容积来计算,称为标称质量浓度。然而,受20L球形爆炸装置结构特性及粉尘自身物性的影响,粉尘在球室内的分散不可能是完全均匀的,通过试验获得粉尘的空间分布及运动轨迹非常困难。随着数值模拟和计算机技术的发展,学者们尝试采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)工具模拟试验过程的粉尘分散特性[7-8]。SARLI等[9-10]应用三维CFD模型,模拟了球形粉尘不同颗粒直径和质量浓度条件下20 L球室内分散情况,随着标称质量浓度的增加,粉尘表现出明显的沉降现象;随着直径增加,粉尘将集中在容器壁面上;还有研究探究了初始压力对湍流场、粉尘分散和进料效率的影响[11],发现最小可爆炸浓度随初始压力的增加而增加,而容器中心的实际粉尘质量质量浓度与标称质量浓度存在差异。PORTARAPILLO等[12]模拟了1 m3容器内的球形粉尘分散和流场分布,结果表明:配置有环形喷嘴的1 m3容器内湍流动能的空间分布较为均匀,但进料不完全,大部分粉尘仍存在于喷嘴中。ISLAS等[13]利用开源的CFD代码模拟球形粉尘分散过程,成功验证了试验测量结果,并考虑了颗粒大小对气体载流的影响,发现粉尘颗粒的存在减弱了其湍流强度。赵一姝等[14]通过改变浓度值,分析了对于球形硫磺粉尘的流场特性,发现标称浓度对应的最佳点火时间存在显著影响。
综上所述,现有与粉尘分散相关的研究大多假定粉尘颗粒为标准球形,而针对非球形铝粉尘的研究较少。在质量浓度一定的前提下,形状系数(Shape Factor,SF)会影响爆炸性粉尘的比表面积和燃烧反应速率[15];此外,在铝材的加工过程中,产生的颗粒往往不是球形的,非球形铝粉尘在实际生产过程中较为常见。因此,笔者拟以球形铝粉尘颗粒作为参照,建立CFD模型,在忽略颗粒形状与回弹喷嘴之间相互作用的前提下,模拟不同SF的非球形铝粉尘在20L球室中的分散情况,分析铝粉的形状与粉尘分散、湍流分布及流场的相互作用,以期为相关粉尘爆炸试验研究提供依据。
基于《粉尘云爆炸特性标准测试法》[16],采用标准的20L球形爆炸测试装置,建立三维数值模型,如图1所示。球形爆炸室的体积为20 L,粉尘仓的体积为0.6 L,二者间的连接管直径为0.02 m。几何模型离散为非结构四面体网格,如图2所示。在回弹喷嘴进行局部加密,网格数量共计4 475 140。数值模拟采用瞬态求解,时间步长为0.5 ms。爆炸腔体壁面为无滑移边界条件,表示流体与腔体无质量、热量交换;颗粒相与边界的接触过程设置为反射边界条件。
对于20L球内铝粉分散的气固两相流数值模拟,气体为连续相,通过Navier-Stokes方程来求解气体流动行为,该过程遵循质量、动量和能量守恒定律;铝粉尘作为离散相,通过受力平衡方程来预测粉尘颗粒的运动轨迹及分散特性[17]:
m d d u d d t = m d u - u d τ r + m p g ( ρ d - ρ ) ρ d + F
式中: m d为粉尘质量,kg;u为气流速度,m/s;ud为粉尘速度,m/s; ρ为气体密度,kg/m3;ρd为粉尘密度,kg/m3;F为附加力,N; m d u - u d τ r为阻力,N; m p g ( ρ d - ρ ) ρ d 为重力,N; τ r为粉尘达到平衡状态花费的时间,计算公式如下:
τ r = 24 ρ d d d 2 18 μ C d R e
式中: μ为气体的分子黏度,Pa·s; d d为粉尘粒径,m; C d为阻力系数; R e为相对雷诺数,定义为:
R e = ρ d d u d - u μ
在开始喷粉前,将20L球室抽真空至0.4MPa,并将粉尘仓充压至2MPa,利用二者之间的压差,使铝粉-空气混合物快速进入爆炸室内。设置标称质量浓度为0.25kg/m3,即放进粉尘仓的铝粉质量为5g,粉尘密度为2 719kg/m3,颗粒的体积分数 α d = 9.19 × 10 - 5。对于体积分数在10-6~10-3区间的颗粒,考虑流体相与粒子之间的相互作用,忽略粒子与粒子的作用力[18]
SF为与粒子体积相同的球体的表面积和粒子的实际表面积之比,取值在0~1之间,如图3所示。SF数值越小,颗粒的形状越接近棒状或纤维状,数值越大越趋近于球形,SF=1.0时,颗粒为球形[19]。数值模拟选取SF分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0,计算它们的分散特性参数[20],具体工况见表1
为考察数值模型的可靠性,依据DAHOE等[21] 的试验工况,以粉尘分散时刻t=0开始模拟,20L 球室和粉尘仓内压力随时间变化如图4所示。可以看出,20L 球室和粉尘仓的压力在短时间内急剧变化,t=40ms 时,压力趋近于0.1MPa,数值模拟结果与所参考的试验工况测试数据基本一致。因此,建立的三维数值模型可用来描述20L球内铝粉尘/空气的分散过程。
SF=1.0时,球形铝粉粒子在20L球室内的三维空间运动轨迹如图5所示。在t=2ms时,铝粉经回弹喷嘴注入到球室内,分作3股粉尘颗粒射流,其中一股沿回弹喷嘴中间的小孔喷出,垂直指向球室顶部;另外2股射流从回弹喷嘴的两侧,经由挡板反弹后形成对称流。t=6 ms时,粒子的对称运动更加明显,3股颗粒射流在球室上部汇聚。t=10和15 ms时,在球室中央可以观察到由于密集的颗粒聚集而形成的深色区域。20ms时,粒子在球室内开始扩散,30和40 ms时球室顶部和回弹喷嘴附近颗粒数量较多。从40~60ms,颗粒运动趋于稳定,较多颗粒聚集的深色区域位置没有太大变动;60ms时,球室上方的颗粒减少,颗粒出现沉降。80ms时颗粒粉尘呈现明显在下部集中。
综合20L球室和粉尘仓的压力-时间曲线及颗粒运动轨迹的变化情况,将铝粉尘的分散过程大致分为4个阶段:进粉阶段(0≤ t < 15 ms)、扩散阶段(15≤ t < 40 ms)、稳定阶段(40≤ t < 60 ms)和沉降阶段(60≤ t ≤ 80 ms)。在进粉阶段,高压气流携带粉尘颗粒快速注入到球室内。在扩散阶段,铝尘颗粒在球室内的分布并不均匀,气流作用减弱,粉尘颗粒保持一定的悬浮状态在球室内做扩散运动。40ms以后,气流对粒子的夹带作用进一步减弱,粉尘在做无规则运动的同时,受重力作用缓慢沉降,这种现象在60~80ms时更加明显。
非球形颗粒前20ms的运动轨迹与球形颗粒的类似,但由于SF不同,60ms时在20L球室内的分散状态如图6所示。对于SF=0.2的铝粉,60ms时大部分粒子都集中在壁面附近,在球室内可以观察到左右两侧的粉尘数量较少;SF=0.4时,粒子大多数都位于近壁面处,球室内形成了位置上下分布的2个含尘量较少的区域。对于SF为0.6和0.8的铝粉尘,粒子在球室中心的数量明显增多,尤其是SF=0.8时,球室内空心区域不明显。可以看出:随着SF的增加,颗粒形状越趋近于球形,粉尘在球室内的分布越均匀;对于SF较小的铝粉,粒子更倾向于堆积在壁面附近。在SF≤0.4的铝粉的扩散过程中,颗粒不容易受气流的夹带在球室内做相对均匀的分散,因而更容易在壁面上聚集。
图7图11分别为SF=0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0时铝粉尘在20、40、60和80ms下在XY平面的质量浓度分布。SF=0.2时,20ms时铝粉尘在点火电极附近和壁面处质量浓度较大;随着粉尘的扩散,60ms时球室内高质量浓度区增多,80ms时因颗粒沉降,高质量浓度区在下部比较集中。
SF=0.4时,20ms在球室中心存在高浓度区,随着进粉过程结束,在壁面附近形成一层薄薄的沉淀物。显然,对于SF≤0.4的铝粉,尽管有高压气流的携带作用,粒子并没有进行很好的扩散。SF=0.6和0.8时,从图9图10可以看出,整个球室内形成粒子相对均匀的分布,且随着SF的增大,这种现象更明显。
为了解不同SF的铝粉在点火电极附近的浓度变化,以球室中心为圆心,以0.033 6m为半径监测此球体区域的质量浓度随时间变化,结果如图12所示。在不同SF条件下,铝粉尘均在15ms内出现质量浓度的最大值,但质量浓度峰值存在差别,SF=0.2时,质量浓度峰值仅为0.22kg/m3;SF=0.4时,质量浓度峰值为0.36 kg/m3。随着SF增加,质量浓度峰值也增加,最高可达1.22 kg/m3
对比不同SF下铝粉尘的质量浓度最大值,SF较小(≤0.4)时,质量浓度峰值随SF的增加而增加;SF较大(>0.4)时,质量浓度峰值的变化与SF的增加成反比,这一现象可根据颗粒在球室内的扩散均匀性和沉降程度来解释。SF较小时,颗粒的分散性较差,但由于SF=0.4的铝粉尘受到的阻力比SF=0.2的小,分散初期受气流夹带聚集在点火电极附近的粒子数量相对多一些,故而在球室中心的质量浓度峰值稍高;SF>0.4时,铝粉尘的分散质量高,且颗粒的沉降程度也随SF值的升高而加强,因而表现出中心位置的质量浓度峰值随SF增加而下降的趋势。
图13为不同SF下铝粉-空气混合物在20L球中心处的湍流动能-时间曲线。对于SF=0.2的铝粉尘,不仅在较早时间内达到湍流动能的峰值,且上升速率快、增幅较大,最高可达827.58m2 /s2;随着SF值的升高,铝粉尘的湍流动能上升速率减缓,增幅相对较小,SF=0.8时最大湍流动能值仅为 293.24m2/s2
在铝粉尘扩散的整个周期内,湍流动能在早期进行快速积累,然后在进粉阶段结束前进入衰减过程。这可能与斜压效应在湍流产生的来源中占据主导地位有关[20]。随着装置内压力梯度的减小,湍流开始衰减。40ms后,容器内压力梯度降低,气流速度不断降低,湍流动能曲线波动趋于平缓。
20L球内中心处气体速度-时间曲线如图14所示。可以发现,当SF≤0.4时,气体速度的峰值较大,气流波动的幅度相对较小,而在SF>0.4,气体速度峰值较小,并存在较大幅度的波动。主要因为SF小的颗粒会引发更为复杂的流动行为,从而导致气体速度的波动。
图15为铝粉尘颗粒在20 L球中心处速度随时间的变化曲线。可以发现,不同SF下,速度峰值差异很大,SF=0.8时最大,为212.43 m/s;SF=0.2时最小,仅为22.53 m/s,但最大速度都随着SF的增加而增大。这主要是因为非球形颗粒受到的阻力随SF值增大而减小。此外,还发现后期速度曲线的波动程度随SF值的减小而增强。这主要是因为粉尘的不规则性增加了其与气流、湍流以及颗粒之间的相互作用,导致颗粒速度曲线波动的增强,从而影响了粉尘的分散特性。
1)铝粉尘在20L球室内的扩散过程可分为进粉(0 ≤ t < 15 ms)、扩散(15 ≤ t < 40 ms)、稳定(40 ≤ t < 60 ms)和沉降(60 ≤ t ≤ 80 ms)4个阶段。
2)铝粉尘的分散均匀性随SF的增加而增强,SF越大,颗粒形状越接近球形,铝粉尘的分散性越好;SF越小,铝粉尘分散质量较差,更容易堆积在壁面附近。
3) 标称质量浓度一定时,SF≤0.4,球室中心粉尘浓度峰值随SF的增加而增加;SF>0.4,粉尘质量浓度峰值随SF的增加而减小。
4)铝粉尘的湍流动能峰值与SF的大小呈负相关,随 SF 值的增加而降低;颗粒速度峰值与SF的大小呈正相关,SF值大的铝粉颗粒能够具备较高的最大速度。
  • 2022年天津市应用基础研究多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00840)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0712
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
  • 修回日期:2024-05-23
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2022年天津市应用基础研究多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00840)
作者信息
    1 天津理工大学 环境科学与安全工程学院,天津 300384
    2 辽宁石化职业技术学院应用化学系,辽宁 锦州 121001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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