Article(id=1149738630043841124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0041-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=1718640000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048650513, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048650513, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048650513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048650513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738630282916455, articleId=1149738630043841124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Vulnerability and resilience analysis of safety behavior of organizations participating in bridge engineering based on GRA-SD, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively implement safety production investment in bridge construction projects,GRA was used to analyze the correlation between the influencing factors of construction safety behavior from both the project supervision organization and construction units,and then the core causal factors were determined. Subsequently,a SD model was proposed to investigate the interaction mechanisms among the core causal factors. Finally,the vulnerability and resilience of the core causal factors affecting construction safety behavior were analyzed. The results indicated that extreme fines imposed by construction units,high supervision costs for project monitoring organizations,and low initial proportions between parties were the key vulnerability factors of the safety behavior in bridge construction. Reasonable economic fines,appropriate supervision costs,and enhanced training to improve frontline personnel's safety awareness significantly improved the construction safety behavior resilience.

, correspAuthors=Bo YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Siyuan ZHANG, Bo YU, Ruipu LI, Qun WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738646959468874, articleId=1149738630043841124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于GRA-SD桥梁工程参建主体组织安全行为脆弱性及韧性分析, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为确保桥梁工程施工安全生产投入有效落实,首先利用灰色关联法(GRA)分析项目监理机构和施工单位施工安全行为影响因素的关联度,并确定核心致因要素;然后,构建系统动力学(SD)模型分析各核心致因要素之间的相互作用机制;最后,分析影响施工安全行为的核心致因要素的脆弱性和韧性。结果表明:施工单位两极化罚款、项目监理机构高额监管成本、双方较低的初始比例是桥梁工程施工安全行为的脆弱点;适度的经济罚款和监管成本以及加大培训提高一线人员的安全意识,对提升施工安全行为韧性具有明显效果。

, correspAuthors=喻博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 喻博(1994—),男,湖南长沙人,博士,讲师,主要从事可持续工程建设与管理方面的研究。E-mail:
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张思远 (1992—),男,辽宁葫芦岛人,硕士,讲师,主要从事可持续工程建设与管理、桥梁结构设计理论与工程应用方面的研究。E-mail:

李睿璞,副教授;

王群,教授

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张思远 (1992—),男,辽宁葫芦岛人,硕士,讲师,主要从事可持续工程建设与管理、桥梁结构设计理论与工程应用方面的研究。E-mail:

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李睿璞,副教授;

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李睿璞,副教授;

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王群,教授

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王群,教授

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caption=Main participants during engineering project construction phases, figureFileSmall=VfGQKVuHYbpJBZ0EiLr+dA==, figureFileBig=SCpaEwkM/SpdhwbeBOkfLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865440811361229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图1, caption=工程项目施工阶段的主要参建主体, figureFileSmall=VfGQKVuHYbpJBZ0EiLr+dA==, figureFileBig=SCpaEwkM/SpdhwbeBOkfLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865440974939089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Grey correlation degree of causal factors, figureFileSmall=m2KWoQsCd9OlYm/Z86QZ4g==, figureFileBig=JTd4SqjAMs/vblxX9HIPsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441063019475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图2, caption=致因要素灰色关联度, figureFileSmall=m2KWoQsCd9OlYm/Z86QZ4g==, 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ArticleFig(id=1167865441440506842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Sf对演化博弈结果的影响, figureFileSmall=rN80wJk/ewmX490l/IgXBw==, figureFileBig=u5UPqsXRaORRXRuk+iN1wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441570530268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of behavioral cost increase on evolutionary game results, figureFileSmall=GL6S5nkiM3ifWI9XZBpAYQ==, figureFileBig=FOFN/a47ZccAqHXcxi24lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441641833438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图5, caption=行为成本增加对演化博弈结果的影响, figureFileSmall=GL6S5nkiM3ifWI9XZBpAYQ==, figureFileBig=FOFN/a47ZccAqHXcxi24lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441717330912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of behavioral cost reduction on evolutionary game results, figureFileSmall=DtMmHKMbdgEBVFjP9arpSA==, figureFileBig=Gp1h6cWG//WD/ebEoVb1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441776051170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图6, caption=行为成本减小对演化博弈结果的影响, figureFileSmall=DtMmHKMbdgEBVFjP9arpSA==, figureFileBig=Gp1h6cWG//WD/ebEoVb1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441834771428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of initial proportions on evolutionary game results, figureFileSmall=CayejAQz7SbZy3JJCLtmgw==, figureFileBig=t2GR9Oqda98FclLtOLkvzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441897685990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图7, caption=初始比例对演化博弈结果的影响, figureFileSmall=CayejAQz7SbZy3JJCLtmgw==, figureFileBig=t2GR9Oqda98FclLtOLkvzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865441977377768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Resilience analysis results, figureFileSmall=syHdKkPxIkfmbG4Wd3wGAw==, figureFileBig=gThQFGuyIKNFpVjIeVU6Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865442036098026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=图8, caption=韧性分析结果, figureFileSmall=syHdKkPxIkfmbG4Wd3wGAw==, figureFileBig=gThQFGuyIKNFpVjIeVU6Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865442094818284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Causal factors in literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 致因要素 文献来源
1 监管成本Jb、安全生产
投入成本Sb
张跃斌[8]、申玲[11]
2 奖励Jj、罚款Sf 王志强[5]、陈述[6]
3 安全人员初始比例Y
(施工单位)、X(项目
监理机构)
CHEN Fangyu[4]
GU Shengyu[9]
4 事故发生率P 王志强[12]、MJAKUSKINA S[14]
5 事故发生后对本单位
的损失Ss(施工单位)、
Js(项目监理机构)
陈雍君[13]、PENG
Wang[15]
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442178704365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

致因要素及文献来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 致因要素 文献来源
1 监管成本Jb、安全生产
投入成本Sb
张跃斌[8]、申玲[11]
2 奖励Jj、罚款Sf 王志强[5]、陈述[6]
3 安全人员初始比例Y
(施工单位)、X(项目
监理机构)
CHEN Fangyu[4]
GU Shengyu[9]
4 事故发生率P 王志强[12]、MJAKUSKINA S[14]
5 事故发生后对本单位
的损失Ss(施工单位)、
Js(项目监理机构)
陈雍君[13]、PENG
Wang[15]
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442291950575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Expert rating

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本量 Sb/Jb Sf/Jj Ss/Js Y/X P
专家1 8/9 7/9 9/8 9/9 6/6
专家2 8/9 8/8 8/9 9/8 7/7
专家3 8/8 7/8 9/7 8/8 5/6
专家4 7/9 8/8 8/9 9/9 8/8
专家5 7/8 8/7 8/9 8/8 6/6
专家6 9/8 8/8 9/8 9/9 7/7
专家7 8/9 7/8 9/9 9/8 6/7
专家8 8/8 8/9 8/8 8/8 5/6
专家9 8/7 7/9 7/9 9/9 7/7
专家10 9/9 9/8 8/8 9/8 9/9
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442375836657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

专家评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本量 Sb/Jb Sf/Jj Ss/Js Y/X P
专家1 8/9 7/9 9/8 9/9 6/6
专家2 8/9 8/8 8/9 9/8 7/7
专家3 8/8 7/8 9/7 8/8 5/6
专家4 7/9 8/8 8/9 9/9 8/8
专家5 7/8 8/7 8/9 8/8 6/6
专家6 9/8 8/8 9/8 9/9 7/7
专家7 8/9 7/8 9/9 9/8 6/7
专家8 8/8 8/9 8/8 8/8 5/6
专家9 8/7 7/9 7/9 9/9 7/7
专家10 9/9 9/8 8/8 9/8 9/9
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442447139827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

SD simulation model variables for construction safety behavior evolutionary game

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称
水平变量
(4个)
项目监理机构—严格监管;项目监理机构—形式监管;
施工单位—规范安全投入;施工单位—不规范安全投入
速率变量
(2个)
项目监理机构严格监管变化率F(x);
施工单位规范施工变化率F(y)
辅助变量
(8个)
项目监理机构对施工单位采取严格监管策略的期望收益U11、采取形式监督的期望收益U12、期望收益差U1;
施工单位规范安全投入的期望收益U21、不规范安全投入的期望收益U22、期望收益差U2;
影子变量(xy)
外部变量
(17个)
施工单位按规范标准及合同要求完成施工任务的正常收益Sz;
项目监理机构按规范标准及合同要求完成监管任务的正常收益Jz;
项目监理机构对施工单位进行安全施工监管的成本Jb;
施工单位根据施工合同规定应对项目投入的安全生产费用Sb;
施工单位对项目实际投入的安全生产费用Sc;
施工单位未规范安全投入,被项目监理机构查处后受到的经济惩罚Sf;
项目监理机构严格监管得到的奖励Jj;
施工单位未规范安全投入,被项目监理机构发现的概率P1;
项目监理机构严格监管,施工单位未规范安全投入且未被发现发生的安全事故概率P2;
项目监理机构在P2情况下产生的损失Js2;
施工单位在P2情况下产生的损失Ss2;
项目监理机构未严格监管,施工单位规范安全投入发生的安全事故概率P3;
项目监理机构在P3情况下产生的损失Js3;
施工单位在P3情况下产生的损失Ss3;
项目监理机构未严格监管,施工单位未规范施工发生的安全事故的概率P4;
项目监理机构在P4情况下产生的损失Js4;
施工单位在P4情况下产生的损失Ss4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442531025909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

施工安全行为演化博弈SD仿真模型的变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称
水平变量
(4个)
项目监理机构—严格监管;项目监理机构—形式监管;
施工单位—规范安全投入;施工单位—不规范安全投入
速率变量
(2个)
项目监理机构严格监管变化率F(x);
施工单位规范施工变化率F(y)
辅助变量
(8个)
项目监理机构对施工单位采取严格监管策略的期望收益U11、采取形式监督的期望收益U12、期望收益差U1;
施工单位规范安全投入的期望收益U21、不规范安全投入的期望收益U22、期望收益差U2;
影子变量(xy)
外部变量
(17个)
施工单位按规范标准及合同要求完成施工任务的正常收益Sz;
项目监理机构按规范标准及合同要求完成监管任务的正常收益Jz;
项目监理机构对施工单位进行安全施工监管的成本Jb;
施工单位根据施工合同规定应对项目投入的安全生产费用Sb;
施工单位对项目实际投入的安全生产费用Sc;
施工单位未规范安全投入,被项目监理机构查处后受到的经济惩罚Sf;
项目监理机构严格监管得到的奖励Jj;
施工单位未规范安全投入,被项目监理机构发现的概率P1;
项目监理机构严格监管,施工单位未规范安全投入且未被发现发生的安全事故概率P2;
项目监理机构在P2情况下产生的损失Js2;
施工单位在P2情况下产生的损失Ss2;
项目监理机构未严格监管,施工单位规范安全投入发生的安全事故概率P3;
项目监理机构在P3情况下产生的损失Js3;
施工单位在P3情况下产生的损失Ss3;
项目监理机构未严格监管,施工单位未规范施工发生的安全事故的概率P4;
项目监理机构在P4情况下产生的损失Js4;
施工单位在P4情况下产生的损失Ss4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442631689206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Game benefit matrix between project supervision organization and construction unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 S
y 1-y
被发现P1 未被发现(1-P1)
项目监
理机构
(J)
x Jz-Jb
Sz-Sb
Jz-Jb+Jj
Sz-Sc-Sf
Jz-Jb-P2×Js2
Sz-Sc-P2×Ss2
1-x Jz-P3×Js3
Sz-Sb-
P3×Ss3
Jz-P4×Js4Sz-Sc-P4×Ss4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865442711380984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738630043841124, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

项目监理机构和施工单位的博弈收益矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 S
y 1-y
被发现P1 未被发现(1-P1)
项目监
理机构
(J)
x Jz-Jb
Sz-Sb
Jz-Jb+Jj
Sz-Sc-Sf
Jz-Jb-P2×Js2
Sz-Sc-P2×Ss2
1-x Jz-P3×Js3
Sz-Sb-
P3×Ss3
Jz-P4×Js4Sz-Sc-P4×Ss4
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基于GRA-SD桥梁工程参建主体组织安全行为脆弱性及韧性分析
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张思远 1 , 喻博 2, ** , 李睿璞 2 , 王群 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(9): 41-49
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(9): 41-49
基于GRA-SD桥梁工程参建主体组织安全行为脆弱性及韧性分析
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张思远1 , 喻博2, ** , 李睿璞2, 王群2
作者信息
  • 1 广州科技职业技术大学 建筑工程学院,广东 广州 510550
  • 2 深圳职业技术大学 建筑工程学院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 张思远 (1992—),男,辽宁葫芦岛人,硕士,讲师,主要从事可持续工程建设与管理、桥梁结构设计理论与工程应用方面的研究。E-mail:

    李睿璞,副教授;

    王群,教授

通讯作者:

** 喻博(1994—),男,湖南长沙人,博士,讲师,主要从事可持续工程建设与管理方面的研究。E-mail:
Vulnerability and resilience analysis of safety behavior of organizations participating in bridge engineering based on GRA-SD
Siyuan ZHANG1 , Bo YU2, ** , Ruipu LI2, Qun WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Construction Engineering,Guangzhou Vocational University of Science and Technology,Guangzhou Guangdong 510550,China
  • 2 School of Construction Engineering,Shenzhen Polytechnic University,Shenzhen Guangdong 518055,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0079
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为确保桥梁工程施工安全生产投入有效落实,首先利用灰色关联法(GRA)分析项目监理机构和施工单位施工安全行为影响因素的关联度,并确定核心致因要素;然后,构建系统动力学(SD)模型分析各核心致因要素之间的相互作用机制;最后,分析影响施工安全行为的核心致因要素的脆弱性和韧性。结果表明:施工单位两极化罚款、项目监理机构高额监管成本、双方较低的初始比例是桥梁工程施工安全行为的脆弱点;适度的经济罚款和监管成本以及加大培训提高一线人员的安全意识,对提升施工安全行为韧性具有明显效果。

灰色关联法(GRA)  /  系统动力学(SD)  /  桥梁工程  /  参建主体  /  安全行为  /  脆弱性  /  韧性  /  施工单位  /  项目监理机构

To effectively implement safety production investment in bridge construction projects,GRA was used to analyze the correlation between the influencing factors of construction safety behavior from both the project supervision organization and construction units,and then the core causal factors were determined. Subsequently,a SD model was proposed to investigate the interaction mechanisms among the core causal factors. Finally,the vulnerability and resilience of the core causal factors affecting construction safety behavior were analyzed. The results indicated that extreme fines imposed by construction units,high supervision costs for project monitoring organizations,and low initial proportions between parties were the key vulnerability factors of the safety behavior in bridge construction. Reasonable economic fines,appropriate supervision costs,and enhanced training to improve frontline personnel's safety awareness significantly improved the construction safety behavior resilience.

grey relational analysis (GRA)  /  system dynamics (SD)  /  bridge engineering  /  main particip ants  /  safety behavior  /  vulnerability  /  resilience  /  construction unit  /  project supervision organization
张思远, 喻博, 李睿璞, 王群. 基于GRA-SD桥梁工程参建主体组织安全行为脆弱性及韧性分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0079
Siyuan ZHANG, Bo YU, Ruipu LI, Qun WANG. Vulnerability and resilience analysis of safety behavior of organizations participating in bridge engineering based on GRA-SD[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0079
桥梁工程服役地域通常环境复杂,参建主体多,管理难度大、效力低,使得桥梁工程施工过程面临诸多安全技术和管理风险,且安全事故频发[1-2]。从近年来的桥梁工程施工安全事故调查分析结果来看,施工安全管理风险是导致事故发生的主要原因[3]。根据安全系统论的“四因素”观点[4],参建主体管理的欠缺是导致事故发生的重要因素甚至是直接因素,对人、物和环境都会产生重要影响[5]。由于桥梁工程施工复杂的作业环境和众多利益联动的参建主体,使得各参建主体的安全行为被认为是施工现场开展安全管理的重要途径,对预防安全事故的发生至关重要[6]。项目施工阶段各参建主体的决策行为受到决策环境的不确定性影响,同时,决策因素之间存在的规则制约和利益联动也会影响参建主体的决策判断,进而影响其决策行为[7]。因此,部分学者开展了相关研究,如张跃斌等[8]研究了政府部门强弱监管与施工单位的应对策略;GU Shengyu等[9]研究了业主、监理单位和承包商的相互影响机制;张仕廉等[10]分析影响施工安全管理行为的关键因素;申玲等[11]探索了影响承包商安全生产投入的关键因素。综上,现有研究推动了施工阶段安全管理体系的逐步完善,但是,其主要关注建筑工程施工阶段各参建主体的施工安全管理,而鲜有聚焦桥梁工程的,同时,对安全生产投入费用的界定不够清晰,甚至忽视了安全生产投入费用对施工阶段各参建主体施工安全管理的影响。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于灰色关联法(Grey Relation Analysis,GRA),识别影响桥梁工程施工阶段参建主体安全行为的核心致因要素;再从安全生产投入监管的视角,以监理单位和施工单位的利益诉求为核心,建立系统动力学(System Dynamics,SD)仿真模型,分析监理单位和施工单位的施工安全行为的脆弱性和韧性,并基于分析结果进行单要素和策略组合分析,以期为我国桥梁工程施工阶段的安全管理提供理论参考。
工程参建主体是指参与工程项目建设并对参建项目承担特定法律责任的单位。各参建主体在工程施工中担任不同角色,并承担相应责任。工程项目施工阶段通常涉及多个参建主体,主要的参建主体有业主方、施工单位和监理单位[12],三者之间的关系如图1所示。
施工现场常驻方主要为施工单位和监理单位指派的项目监理机构,二者均为有限理性人。施工单位从自身利益出发,对于安全生产通常会选择“少投入多报账”的策略,以获取更多的收益,达到降低施工成本的目的。对于项目监理机构而言,也会在合适的时机为施工单位提供“方便”,以谋取更多的利益。因此,双方行为对工程项目施工阶段的安全管理实施效果至关重要[13]
施工安全行为是指为确保工程施工过程中的安全,参建主体在施工过程中面对外界刺激做出理性的、不对自己和其他参建主体产生损害,遵守施工合同、行业规范、国家规范、法规的行为反应。研究对象是工程项目施工阶段的参建主体组织,因此,施工安全行为更倾向于组织安全行为(简称安全行为)。
GRA能够量化各要素之间的关联度,从而识别出影响安全科学系统发展态势的核心致因要素,因此,采用GRA分析和处理样本数据。首先,基于文献综述和专家访谈识别出影响参建主体施工安全行为的致因要素,见表1。然后,邀请来自桥梁工程项目的10位施工单位的项目总工程师和工程部长以及10位项目监理机构的总监和专监,针对所识别出来的致因要素进行两两重要性比较打分,结果见表2。最后,对专家打分数据作无量纲化处理,并根据下式计算灰色关联系数 σ i j和各要素之间的灰色关联度 r j
σ i j = i m i n | u i j - u i 1 | + ρ i m a x | u i j - u i 1 | | u i j - u i 1 | + ρ i m a x | u i j - u i 1 |
r j = i = 1 m σ i j m j = 1,2 n
式中: i为第 i位评分专家;j为第j个影响施工安全行为的致因要素; i m i n为同一致因要素评价指标下对应专家评分值的最小值; i m a x为同一致因要素评价指标下对应专家评分值的最大值; μ i j为评价专家i对致因要素 j的评分值; ρ为削弱最大最小化极差导致关联系数失真而引入的分辨系数,取 ρ = 0.5; m为评分专家的总数; n为影响施工安全行为致因要素的总数。
基于式(1)和式(2),计算得到桥梁工程施工安全行为致因要素的灰色关联度,如图2所示。关联度越大,比较序列和参考序列的变化趋势越相同,与桥梁工程施工现场安全生产的关系越密切。研究结果显示:项目监理机构与施工安全行为相关的5个核心要素的 r j=(0.83,0.77,0.8,0.82,0.72),按照关联度大小排序依次为:监管成本>安全人员初始比例>事故发生后对本单位的损失>奖励>事故发生率;施工单位与施工安全行为相关的5个核心要素的 r j=(0.87,0.76,0.8,0.91,0.68),按照关联度大小排序依次为:安全人员初始比例>安全投入成本>事故发生后对本单位的损失>罚款>事故发生率。
根据致因要素灰色关联度分析结果,将施工单位真实安全投入成本、罚款、安全人员初始比例以及项目监理机构监管成本、安全人员初始比例分别确定为影响施工单位和项目监理机构施工安全行为的核心致因要素。同时,根据各核心致因要素之间的灰色关联度大小,构建演化博弈SD仿真模型。模型包括水平变量、速率变量、辅助变量和常量,见表3
1) 博弈主体。施工单位S和项目监理机构J,双方多次反复博弈,不断寻找最优行为策略。
2) 项目监理机构的行为策略。严格监管和形式监管,对应的概率分别为 x ( 0 x 1 )和1-x,其中,严格监管是指项目监理机构严格按照合同要求对施工单位的施工过程进行符合国家规范与标准的监督管理,而形式监管则刚好相反。
3) 施工单位的行为策略。规范安全投入和不规范安全投入,对应的概率分别为 y ( 0 y 1 )和1-y,其中,规范安全投入是指施工单位严格按照施工合同要求对施工现场进行全额专款专项的安全生产投入,而不规范安全投入则刚好相反。
4) Sb由业主方单独提供,为不可竞争性费用,采取实报实销的方式,剩余部分归业主所有,令ΔS=Sb-Sc
基于文献[16],结合灰色关联度分析结果以及《企业安全生产费用提取和使用管理办法》(财资〔2022〕136号),构建桥梁工程施工阶段项目监理机构和施工单位的博弈收益矩阵,见表4
项目监理机构严格监管水平由严格监管变化率决定,U11U12U1为严格监管变化率的辅助变量,其通过改变项目监理机构严格监管变化率来发挥作用。其中,U11y(影子变量)、收益、监管成本、绩效奖励、事故损失(P2对应的损失)、事故发生概率(P1P2)决定;U12y、收益、事故损失(P3P4对应的损失)、事故发生概率(P3P4)决定;U1U12U12决定。
施工单位规范安全投入水平由施工单位的规范施工变化率决定,U21U22U2为规范施工变化率的辅助变量。其中,U21x(影子变量)、收益、安全成本、事故损失(P3对应的损失)、事故发生概率(P3)决定;U22x、收益、实际安全投入成本、罚款、事故损失(P2P4对应的损失)、发事故生概率(P2P4)决定。U2U21U22决定。
根据项目监理机构和施工单位施工安全行为变化的相互作用关系,构建桥梁工程施工阶段参建主体施工安全行为演化博弈SD仿真模型,如图3所示。
基于上述所构建的桥梁工程施工安全行为演化博弈SD仿真模型,分析项目监理机构和施工单位的施工安全行为的脆弱性。施工安全行为脆弱性是指项目监理机构和施工单位在受到桥梁工程施工安全行为核心致因要素影响时发生安全生产事故的可能性。
根据事故发生可能性等级标准中的相关规定,P2P3为项目监理机构和施工单位两者中的一方在尽职情况下,事故发生的概率等级为偶然,取其中间值0.01,P4属于可能发生的范畴,取其中心值0.1。其他变量则根据实际工程中各参与方的费用形成和相应关系,同时参考《中国建筑业统计年鉴》《公路桥梁和隧道工程施工安全风险评估指南》和部分学者的研究成果[14-16],将项目施工阶段作为仿真时长,并将仿真时长设置为60个月。
为表达清晰,从数据分析图中取前20个月进行分析,项目监理机构和施工单位的初始概率分别取x=0.61,y=0.29,仿真结果如图4所示。结果显示:项目监理机构的主导策略是形式监管,而施工单位的策略则趋向于规范安全投入,双方策略可达到各自稳定均衡,这表明该模型无演化稳定均衡点。为引导施工单位在趋向于规范安全投入的同时,项目监理机构趋向于严格监管,以此模型为基础分别从灰色关联度较高的3个核心致因要素(经济奖惩、行为成本和初始比例)分析施工单位和项目监理机构的施工安全行为的脆弱性。
在其他要素保持不变的前提下,随着Sf的初始值由5变化为7,博弈鞍点由(0.61,0.29)变化为(0.69,0.37),演化博弈结果如图4所示。研究结果显示,随着经济处罚力度的增强,对于施工单位而言,处罚所带来的经济损失会提升其安全生产投入的积极性,重视安全生产投入的比例会逐渐收敛于1。此外,当Sf增至7时,尽管加快了达到演化均衡的速率,但策略选择趋于反方向并收敛于0,表明惩罚力度过大会使施工单位质疑处罚实施的真实性而增加施工单位对不规范安全投入行为的试探,不利于施工单位自身安全体系的建立和项目监理机构的监管。
在其他要素保持不变的前提下,随着施工单位Sf的初始值由5变化为3,博弈鞍点由(0.61,0.29)变化为(0.56,0.20),演化博弈结果如图4所示。研究结果显示:随着处罚力度减弱,施工单位规范施工重视安全生产投入的比例有所下降并逐渐趋于0,高额诱人的利益和“罚款才有几个钱”的心理反差,使得施工单位会出现对安全生产投入费用过度追求利益的现象,导致通常会忽视由此带来的罚款和未知风险。
在其他要素保持不变的前提下,随着项目监理机构Jb的初始值由10变化为12,施工单位Sc的初始值由20变化为22,博弈鞍点由(0.61,0.29)变化为(0.75,0.14),演化博弈结果如图5所示。由图5a可知:随着监管成本投入增强,项目监理机构由风险追求心理逐渐转变为责任意识增强,行为策略在安全生产责任的约束下趋向于1,即当监管成本增强,即使初始比例较低,项目监理机构的行为策略仍会由形式监管转变为严格监管,趋于平衡的速率也随之增强。由图5b可知:Sc增大会显著提升施工单位选择重视安全的比例,且加速收敛于1。此外,随着Sc逐渐增大,会使得ΔS逐渐减小,表明施工单位宁可采取安全欺骗行为,承担安全风险也不愿意增加成本,此时项目监理机构的安全监管失效。
在其他要素保持不变的前提下,随着项目监理机构Jb的初始值由10变化为8,施工单位Sc的初始值由20变化为18,博弈鞍点由(0.61,0.29)变化为(0.48,0.44),演化博弈结果如图6所示。由图6a可知:随着监管成本的降低,项目监理机构由惰性及利益至上心态逐渐转变为严格监管,付出更少成本就能达到合同约定效果,因此,严格监管的比例明显提高并收敛于1。由图6b可知:施工单位重视安全行为策略是典型的付出型决策,随着Sc减弱,ΔS增加,利益至上心态使得施工单位“照章办事”积极性减弱,重视安全的比例降低并趋向于0。
初始比例对演化博弈结果的影响如图7所示。图7a中,施工单位策略选择在鞍点y=0.29附近取值,从0.09~0.49取值范围内观察施工单位重视安全生产投入的初始比例对施工安全行为选择的影响。研究结果显示,在0.2附近存在趋向于对立行为的阈值,当初始比例小于该阈值时,施工单位的策略选择倾向于0;相反,当初始比例大于该阈值时,策略选择倾向于1。由此可知:提高施工单位重视安全生产投入的初始比例能有效确保施工现场安全。
图7b中,项目监理机构策略选择在鞍点x=0.61附近取值,从0.41~0.81取值范围内观察项目监理机构严格监管的初始比例对施工安全行为选择的影响。研究结果显示,在0.6附近存在趋向于对立行为的阈值,当项目监理机构严格监管的比例小于0.6时,选择曲线初期有明显的保持原状现象,最终仍会收敛于0,即最终的策略选择是形式监管;当严格监管的初始比例大于0.6时,项目监理机构选择曲线最终会收敛于1,即策略选择是严格监管。
根据核心致因要素对施工安全行为的脆弱性分析结果,分别分析项目监理机构和施工单位采取对应策略后的施工安全行为的韧性。施工安全行为韧性是指项目监理机构和施工单位在受到桥梁工程施工安全行为核心致因要素影响时,采取相应策略有效降低安全生产事故发生的程度。
根据脆弱性分析结果,针对项目监理机构选取的应对策略分别为增加绩效奖励、降低监管成本和提高初始比例。在上述应对策略下,项目监理机构采取严格监管行为的韧性分析结果如图8所示。研究结果显示,增加绩效奖励、降低监管成本和提高初始比例3个应对策略的叠加效果明显,但应对策略的叠加顺序对结果影响不大。此外,2个应对策略的叠加效果介于3个应对策略的叠加效果和单一应对策略的实施效果之间。研究结果还表明:提高初始比例可有效降低稳定均衡所需的时间,对组合策略中的其他应对策略能起到正向作用。基于研究结果可知:对项目监管人员定期开展安全培训能够有效促使项目监理机构的风险水平趋于稳定,并具有韧性。
根据脆弱性分析结果,针对施工单位选取的应对策略分别为适度增加罚款、增加实际安全生产投入和提高初始比例。在上述应对策略下,施工单位规范安全生产投入的韧性分析结果(图8)显示,部分组合策略具有一致性且达到稳定均衡的时间较长,同时,采取适度加强罚款、增加实际安全生产投入的用对策略没有产生叠加效果且效应不明显。相反,初始比例对应对策略的组合效果影响较大,可快速达到稳定均衡状态。基于研究结果可知:通过定期开展安全培训、实操考核增加施工人员的初始比例可以提升施工单位的整体素质和安全意识,同时提升其他应对策略的实施效果,以提升施工单位施工安全行为的韧性。
1) 所研究的参建主体双方在自身利益与安全风险之间进行全过程动态博弈,安全行为曲线走势取决于核心致因要素的大小。因此,制定有效的安全监管方案应充分考虑不同核心致因要素的影响,保证双方在博弈中长期稳定做出公众所期待的选择。
2) 经济奖惩、行为成本和初始比例是影响项目监理机构和施工单位施工安全行为的核心致因要素,其中,初始比例的影响最大。
3) 施工单位未规范安全投入受到的经济惩罚并非越高越好,重罚和轻罚均会造成监管失效,同时,适罚代管可以起到监管和服务的作用,经济惩罚应遵循适度原则;安全成本投入是付出型决策,当监管成本发生波动,双方会在一定范围内追求更高获利;初始比例不仅能有效提升人员的安全意识,而且还能提升其他应对策略的实施效果,最终达到严格监督和规范安全投入的“双赢”局面。
4) 文中存在的局限性主要为缺少对实际桥梁工程项目开展实证研究,因此,在后续的研究中应收集相关典型案例数据,进一步探索施工单位和项目监理机构在桥梁工程施工过程中采取不同的安全行为应对策略的演化路径,使研究结果更能有效指导实践。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52078305)
  • 教育部人文社科青年基金资助(20YJCZH074)
  • 广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD24YGL26)
  • 广东省教育厅科研项目(2023WCXTD037)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0079
  • 接收时间:2024-03-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-14
  • 修回日期:2024-06-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52078305)
教育部人文社科青年基金资助(20YJCZH074)
广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD24YGL26)
广东省教育厅科研项目(2023WCXTD037)
作者信息
    1 广州科技职业技术大学 建筑工程学院,广东 广州 510550
    2 深圳职业技术大学 建筑工程学院,广东 深圳 518055

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** 喻博(1994—),男,湖南长沙人,博士,讲师,主要从事可持续工程建设与管理方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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