Article(id=1149738629641187936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0234-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=1716566400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048650417, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048650417, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048650417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048650417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=234, endPage=240, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738630073201253, articleId=1149738629641187936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Assessment of firefighting and rescue capacity in concentrated area of built heritage in forest environments, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem that the regional environment of cultural relic buildings in a forest environment is complex,and it is difficult to accurately evaluate the regional firefighting and rescue ability,an evaluation method of firefighting and rescue ability of a single cultural relic building coupled with forest factors was constructed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),which covered 19 secondary indicators such as building materials,forest fire separation zones,and fire water sources. Based on single-unit assessment,a firefighting and rescue capacity assessment model based on the variable-rights method was established from the regional perspective for the centralized area of cultural relics buildings in the forest environment. A mixed-type variable-rights function dominated by penalties was introduced. The model was established by setting up the evaluation strategy,determining the penalties and incentives intervals,differentiating the protection level of cultural relics buildings,and putting forward the risk level division method. The firefighting and rescue capacity of the forest environment heritage building concentration area (Yuelu mountain scenic spot) was evaluated by combining the fixed-rights method and variable-rights method through field research and data collection. The results show that the number of individual heritage buildings rated as 'excellent,good,moderate,substandard,poor' accounted for '12%,20%,32%,20% and 16%'. For the centralized area,the fixed-rights method scored 75.27 (Level III,no need to take upgrading measures),while the variable-rights method scored 69.97 (Level IV,need to take upgrading measures). Therefore,it is recommended that measures such as installing additional electrical fire warning systems and increasing forest fire breaks be taken to enhance firefighting and rescue capabilities.

, correspAuthors=Dingli LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Long YAN, Qi LI, Jiaxin ZHENG, Zhisheng XU, Dingli LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738636389823256, articleId=1149738629641187936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估, columnId=1149733268855108116, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=应急技术与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对森林环境文物建筑集中区域环境复杂,难以准确评估区域灭火救援能力等问题,基于层次分析法(AHP),提出耦合森林因素的单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估方法,涵盖建筑材料、森林防火隔离带、消防水源等19个二级指标;在单体评估基础上,从区域视角建立一种基于变权法的森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估模型;并引入惩罚占主导的混合型变权函数,设置评价策略,确定惩罚与激励区间,区分文物建筑保护等级,提出风险等级划分方法;通过实地调研和数据收集,结合定权法和变权法评价森林环境文物建筑集中区域(岳麓山风景名胜区)的灭火救援能力。结果表明:单体文物建筑评级为优、良、中、次、差的数量占比分别为12%、20%、32%、20%、16%。区域定权法得分为75.27(Ⅲ级,不需采取提升措施),变权法得分为69.97(Ⅳ级,需采取提升措施);建议采取增设电气火灾预警系统、增加森林防火隔离带等措施来提升灭火救援能力。

, correspAuthors=刘顶立, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 刘顶立(1990—),男,湖南长沙人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全规划及火灾风险防控研究。E-mail:
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颜 龙 (1987—),男,四川乐山人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事防火阻燃及灭火技术研究。E-mail:

徐志胜,教授

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颜 龙 (1987—),男,四川乐山人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事防火阻燃及灭火技术研究。E-mail:

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颜 龙 (1987—),男,四川乐山人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事防火阻燃及灭火技术研究。E-mail:

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徐志胜,教授

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Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 2010, 30(4): 723-731., articleTitle=Analytic hierarchy process based on variable weights, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865118273576973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=2411, pageEnd=2422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=35, authorNames=李坦, 陈天宇, 米锋, journalName=中国环境科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李坦, 陈天宇, 米锋, 等. 基于变权理论和DPSIRM的中国森林生态安全评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41 (5): 2411-2422., articleTitle=基于变权理论和DPSIRM的中国森林生态安全评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865118344880142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=2411, pageEnd=2422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=36, authorNames=LI Tan, CHEN Tianyu, MI Feng, journalName=China Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Tan, CHEN Tianyu, MI Feng, et al. Evaluation of China's forest ecological security based on variable weight theory and DPSIRM[J]. 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Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2021, 18(3): 813-820., articleTitle=Fire risk evaluation of subway group based on consequence probability estimation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865118558789649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=24, issue=增1, pageStart=301, pageEnd=304, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=39, authorNames=熊鹰, 杨雪白, journalName=中国人口资源与环境, refType=null, unstructuredReference=熊鹰, 杨雪白. 城市山岳型旅游地旅游资源空间承载力分析:以岳麓山风景区为例[J]. 中国人口资源与环境, 2014, 24(增1): 301-304., articleTitle=城市山岳型旅游地旅游资源空间承载力分析:以岳麓山风景区为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865118655258642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=24, issue=S1, pageStart=301, pageEnd=304, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=40, authorNames=XIONG Ying, YANG Xuebai, journalName=China Population, Resources and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIONG Ying, YANG Xuebai. Research on the carrying capacity of resources space of city-mountain resorts: a case study of Yuelu mountain[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(S1): 301-304., articleTitle=Research on the carrying capacity of resources space of city-mountain resorts: a case study of Yuelu mountain, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167865115111072744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, awardId=52276143, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52276143), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167865115169793001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, awardId=52204202, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52204202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167865115224318954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, awardId=2021SK2054, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省重点研发计划项目(2021SK2054), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167865109528454065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167865109536842674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, companyId=1167865109528454065, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Civil Engineering,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410075,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167865109545231283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, companyId=1167865109528454065, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中南大学 土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167865109717197748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167865109721392053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, companyId=1167865109717197748, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha Hunan 410114,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167865109729780662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, companyId=1167865109717197748, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 长沙理工大学 交通运输工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167865114024747996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cultural relics buildings concentrated area evaluation result diagrams of Yuelu Mountain, figureFileSmall=B8Bzw7RPQfTgHXCbqdR5Lw==, figureFileBig=pIt/KQrrH0RwvxXXX/Axpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865114100245469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=CN, label=图1, caption=岳麓山风景区文物建筑集中区域评价结果, figureFileSmall=B8Bzw7RPQfTgHXCbqdR5Lw==, figureFileBig=pIt/KQrrH0RwvxXXX/Axpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865114242851806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Categories of experts and weighting factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号 领域 人数 权重系数kn
1 消防救援 3 k1=0.4
2 高校科研 5 k2=0.3
3 建筑设计 1 k3=0.2
4 建筑管理 1 k4=0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114301572063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

专家类别及权重系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号 领域 人数 权重系数kn
1 消防救援 3 k1=0.4
2 高校科研 5 k2=0.3
3 建筑设计 1 k3=0.2
4 建筑管理 1 k4=0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114372875232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Weighting factors coefficients for single building assessment models

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一级
指标
权重
系数/%
二级指标 权重
系数/%
自身影
响因素
A1
20.81 建筑材料B1 2.77
用火情况B2 4.17
用电情况B3 2.73
避雷设施B4 1.41
堆积可燃物B5 4.24
防火间距B6 2.65
消防车道B7 2.84
森林影
响因素
A2
27.46 森林防火隔离带B8 8.04
植被类型B9 5.16
气候条件B10 5.76
枯叶堆积B11 8.49
自身灭火
救援力量
A3
33.79 灭火设施B12 9.11
微型消防站B13 6.56
内部消防水源B14 4.72
人员灭火救援能力B15 13.41
外部消防
救援力量
A4
17.94 人员到达时间B16 3.91
装备到达时间B17 5.50
室外消火栓B18 5.02
外部消防水源B19 3.50
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114456761313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单体建筑评估模型指标权重系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级
指标
权重
系数/%
二级指标 权重
系数/%
自身影
响因素
A1
20.81 建筑材料B1 2.77
用火情况B2 4.17
用电情况B3 2.73
避雷设施B4 1.41
堆积可燃物B5 4.24
防火间距B6 2.65
消防车道B7 2.84
森林影
响因素
A2
27.46 森林防火隔离带B8 8.04
植被类型B9 5.16
气候条件B10 5.76
枯叶堆积B11 8.49
自身灭火
救援力量
A3
33.79 灭火设施B12 9.11
微型消防站B13 6.56
内部消防水源B14 4.72
人员灭火救援能力B15 13.41
外部消防
救援力量
A4
17.94 人员到达时间B16 3.91
装备到达时间B17 5.50
室外消火栓B18 5.02
外部消防水源B19 3.50
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114540647394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cultural relics and buildings fire-fighting and rescue capability assessment level division

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 得分 灭火救援能力评价
[90,100]
[80,90)
[70,80)
[60,70)
V [0,60)
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114603561955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

文物古建筑灭火救援能力评估等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 得分 灭火救援能力评价
[90,100]
[80,90)
[70,80)
[60,70)
V [0,60)
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114670670820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

List of cultural relics in Yuelu mountain scenic area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 名称
全国重点文物
保护单位(5处)
岳麓书院、爱晚亭、禹王碑、黄兴墓、蔡锷墓
湖南省文物
保护单位(15处)
麓山寺、麓山忠烈祠、麓山寺碑、长沙会战碑、北伐纪念塔、庞人铨墓、半山亭、刘道一墓、焦达峰墓、陈作新墓、禹之谟墓、姚宏业墓、谭振墓、肖伟墓、谢晋墓
长沙市文物
保护单位(16处)
云麓宫、湖南省会警察纪念堂、穿石坡湖、印心石屋石刻、二南石刻、笑啼岩石刻、刘崑涛墓、胡子靖墓、白鹤泉、丁文江墓、仰云亭、齐学启墓、易本羲墓、辛亥援鄂阵亡将士公墓、中山纪念林碑、舍利塔
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114729391077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岳麓山风景区文物清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 名称
全国重点文物
保护单位(5处)
岳麓书院、爱晚亭、禹王碑、黄兴墓、蔡锷墓
湖南省文物
保护单位(15处)
麓山寺、麓山忠烈祠、麓山寺碑、长沙会战碑、北伐纪念塔、庞人铨墓、半山亭、刘道一墓、焦达峰墓、陈作新墓、禹之谟墓、姚宏业墓、谭振墓、肖伟墓、谢晋墓
长沙市文物
保护单位(16处)
云麓宫、湖南省会警察纪念堂、穿石坡湖、印心石屋石刻、二南石刻、笑啼岩石刻、刘崑涛墓、胡子靖墓、白鹤泉、丁文江墓、仰云亭、齐学启墓、易本羲墓、辛亥援鄂阵亡将士公墓、中山纪念林碑、舍利塔
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114796499942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Weighted results of the regional firefighting and rescue capacity assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 si h si' W 0 f (xi) W (xi) 单体
评级
1 95.23 1.30 116.58 0.040 0 0.748 0 0.039 1
2 93.54 1.30 114.51 0.040 0 0.687 4 0.036 0
3 93.19 1.30 114.08 0.040 0 0.676 8 0.035 4
4 89.85 1.10 93.07 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
5 89.56 1.10 92.77 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
6 89.54 1.10 92.75 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
7 88.57 0.90 75.06 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
8 86.72 1.30 106.16 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
9 79.78 1.10 82.64 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
10 79.32 1.30 97.10 0.040 0 0.600 5 0.031 4
11 78.83 1.10 81.65 0.040 0 0.601 4 0.031 5
12 78.12 1.10 80.92 0.040 0 0.603 5 0.031 6
13 77.51 0.90 65.69 0.040 0 0.606 2 0.031 7
14 77.32 0.90 65.53 0.040 0 0.607 2 0.031 8
15 77.15 0.90 65.38 0.040 0 0.608 1 0.031 8
16 76.88 1.10 79.63 0.040 0 0.609 7 0.031 9
17 69.42 0.90 58.83 0.040 0 0.711 6 0.037 2
18 68.37 0.90 57.94 0.040 0 0.732 6 0.038 3
19 67.52 0.90 57.22 0.040 0 0.749 6 0.039 2
20 67.45 0.90 57.16 0.040 0 0.751 0 0.039 3
21 67.32 0.90 57.05 0.040 0 0.753 6 0.039 4
22 51.15 0.90 43.35 0.040 0 1.219 2 0.063 8
23 50.44 0.90 42.75 0.040 0 1.247 1 0.065 2
24 45.12 1.10 46.74 0.040 0 1.470 0 0.076 9
25 43.78 0.90 37.10 0.040 0 1.530 3 0.080 1
), ArticleFig(id=1167865114888774631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629641187936, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

区域灭火救援能力评估变权结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 si h si' W 0 f (xi) W (xi) 单体
评级
1 95.23 1.30 116.58 0.040 0 0.748 0 0.039 1
2 93.54 1.30 114.51 0.040 0 0.687 4 0.036 0
3 93.19 1.30 114.08 0.040 0 0.676 8 0.035 4
4 89.85 1.10 93.07 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
5 89.56 1.10 92.77 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
6 89.54 1.10 92.75 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
7 88.57 0.90 75.06 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
8 86.72 1.30 106.16 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
9 79.78 1.10 82.64 0.040 0 0.600 0 0.031 4
10 79.32 1.30 97.10 0.040 0 0.600 5 0.031 4
11 78.83 1.10 81.65 0.040 0 0.601 4 0.031 5
12 78.12 1.10 80.92 0.040 0 0.603 5 0.031 6
13 77.51 0.90 65.69 0.040 0 0.606 2 0.031 7
14 77.32 0.90 65.53 0.040 0 0.607 2 0.031 8
15 77.15 0.90 65.38 0.040 0 0.608 1 0.031 8
16 76.88 1.10 79.63 0.040 0 0.609 7 0.031 9
17 69.42 0.90 58.83 0.040 0 0.711 6 0.037 2
18 68.37 0.90 57.94 0.040 0 0.732 6 0.038 3
19 67.52 0.90 57.22 0.040 0 0.749 6 0.039 2
20 67.45 0.90 57.16 0.040 0 0.751 0 0.039 3
21 67.32 0.90 57.05 0.040 0 0.753 6 0.039 4
22 51.15 0.90 43.35 0.040 0 1.219 2 0.063 8
23 50.44 0.90 42.75 0.040 0 1.247 1 0.065 2
24 45.12 1.10 46.74 0.040 0 1.470 0 0.076 9
25 43.78 0.90 37.10 0.040 0 1.530 3 0.080 1
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森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估
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颜龙 1 , 李琪 1 , 郑佳欣 1 , 徐志胜 1 , 刘顶立 2, **
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(9): 234-240
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(9): 234-240
森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估
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颜龙1 , 李琪1, 郑佳欣1, 徐志胜1, 刘顶立2, **
作者信息
  • 1 中南大学 土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075
  • 2 长沙理工大学 交通运输工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 颜 龙 (1987—),男,四川乐山人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事防火阻燃及灭火技术研究。E-mail:

    徐志胜,教授

通讯作者:

** 刘顶立(1990—),男,湖南长沙人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全规划及火灾风险防控研究。E-mail:
Assessment of firefighting and rescue capacity in concentrated area of built heritage in forest environments
Long YAN1 , Qi LI1, Jiaxin ZHENG1, Zhisheng XU1, Dingli LIU2, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410075,China
  • 2 School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha Hunan 410114,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0103
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针对森林环境文物建筑集中区域环境复杂,难以准确评估区域灭火救援能力等问题,基于层次分析法(AHP),提出耦合森林因素的单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估方法,涵盖建筑材料、森林防火隔离带、消防水源等19个二级指标;在单体评估基础上,从区域视角建立一种基于变权法的森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估模型;并引入惩罚占主导的混合型变权函数,设置评价策略,确定惩罚与激励区间,区分文物建筑保护等级,提出风险等级划分方法;通过实地调研和数据收集,结合定权法和变权法评价森林环境文物建筑集中区域(岳麓山风景名胜区)的灭火救援能力。结果表明:单体文物建筑评级为优、良、中、次、差的数量占比分别为12%、20%、32%、20%、16%。区域定权法得分为75.27(Ⅲ级,不需采取提升措施),变权法得分为69.97(Ⅳ级,需采取提升措施);建议采取增设电气火灾预警系统、增加森林防火隔离带等措施来提升灭火救援能力。

森林火灾  /  文物建筑  /  集中区域  /  灭火救援  /  能力评估  /  变权

Aiming at the problem that the regional environment of cultural relic buildings in a forest environment is complex,and it is difficult to accurately evaluate the regional firefighting and rescue ability,an evaluation method of firefighting and rescue ability of a single cultural relic building coupled with forest factors was constructed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),which covered 19 secondary indicators such as building materials,forest fire separation zones,and fire water sources. Based on single-unit assessment,a firefighting and rescue capacity assessment model based on the variable-rights method was established from the regional perspective for the centralized area of cultural relics buildings in the forest environment. A mixed-type variable-rights function dominated by penalties was introduced. The model was established by setting up the evaluation strategy,determining the penalties and incentives intervals,differentiating the protection level of cultural relics buildings,and putting forward the risk level division method. The firefighting and rescue capacity of the forest environment heritage building concentration area (Yuelu mountain scenic spot) was evaluated by combining the fixed-rights method and variable-rights method through field research and data collection. The results show that the number of individual heritage buildings rated as 'excellent,good,moderate,substandard,poor' accounted for '12%,20%,32%,20% and 16%'. For the centralized area,the fixed-rights method scored 75.27 (Level III,no need to take upgrading measures),while the variable-rights method scored 69.97 (Level IV,need to take upgrading measures). Therefore,it is recommended that measures such as installing additional electrical fire warning systems and increasing forest fire breaks be taken to enhance firefighting and rescue capabilities.

forest fire  /  cultural relics and buildings  /  concentrated area  /  firefighting and rescue capability  /  capacity assessment  /  variable-rights
颜龙, 李琪, 郑佳欣, 徐志胜, 刘顶立. 森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 234 -240 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0103
Long YAN, Qi LI, Jiaxin ZHENG, Zhisheng XU, Dingli LIU. Assessment of firefighting and rescue capacity in concentrated area of built heritage in forest environments[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 234 -240 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0103
截至2023年,我国(不含港澳台地区)现有文物建筑26万余处。受自然和社会因素影响,文物建筑集中分布在海拔低、坡度缓、文化强、战乱少的区域[1-2]。低山森林环境是文物建筑免受战乱破坏的天然屏障,我国现存许多森林环境文物建筑集中区域[3-5]。湖南岳麓山文物建筑多为木结构和砖木结构且呈连续区域分布,火灾危险性高、极易受森林火灾影响、灭火救援装备难以抵近、消防设施不完备,森林环境文物建筑集中区域的消防工作必须与文物建筑保护工作和森林火灾风险评估相结合[6-7]
国内外学者对文物建筑的消防安全评估做了大量研究。IBRAHIM等[8]采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)建立了文物建筑火灾风险评估指标体系;XIN Jing等[9]定性评估了文物建筑;NETO等[10]使用火灾风险指数(Fire Risk Index,FRI)评估了269座古建筑火灾风险,借助地理信息系统工具提出了针对性消防安全改善措施;HU Jun等[11]提出了一种基于火灾风险指标和贝叶斯网络的建筑物半定量评价方法;付强等[12]从消防中队的灭火救援能力评估出发分析了消防救援力量对建筑火灾风险的影响;赵永昌等[13]基于火灾风险指数法等方法,提出了一种基于防火性能多因素耦合的古建筑(群)火灾风险评估方法。徐志胜等[14]提出了基于AHP的古建筑火灾风险评估方法,将其应用于凤凰古城某典型家庭旅馆。在研究对象方面,大部分研究重点关注了火灾风险评估,忽视了自身消防救援力量和外部消防救援力量对区域消防安全的影响,鲜有关于区域灭火救援能力评估方面的研究;在研究方法方面,多是在定性分析与定量评价的基础上运用熵权、AHP等静态赋权测算,缺乏对体系的动态性评价,无法将指标权重伴随指标状态值的变化而变化的特点表现出来。
森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力在森林火灾等区域整体影响因素作用下较单体平均水平存在较大差异。为提升森林环境集中文物建筑灭火救援能力,笔者拟通过实地调研和专家评价,从区域视角,提出森林环境集中文物建筑灭火救援能力评估方法,根据单体建筑灭火救援能力得分,运用变权法惩罚或激励其在区域中的权重,以期更加准确地判断评估森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力等级,并根据评估结果制定灭火救援能力提升措施。
基于AHP法建立耦合建筑结构、森林火灾、自身及外部灭火救援能力等因素的森林环境文物建筑灭火救援能力评估模型[15-16],指标体系共有4个中间层(A1~A4),19个二级指标(B1~B19),邀请相关领域4类共10名专家确定指标体系的权重,专家类别及权重系数见表1,其中,kn为第n类专家打分(n=1,2,3,4)的权重系数。
指标Bi的累计权重 ω B i可表示为:
ω B i = k 1 j = 1 3 ω 1 j 3 + k 2 j = 1 5 ω 2 j 5 + k 3 ω 3 + k 4 ω 4
式中: ω 1 j为第j个1类专家评估的指标Bi的权重; ω 2 j为第j个2类专家评估的指标Bi的权重;ω3为3类专家评估的指标Bi的权重;ω4为4类专家评估的指标Bi的权重。
专家运用1~9标度法对各层指标开展两两比较,获得各个指标的判断矩阵,利用方根法计算各元素的相对权重[17-18],并通过一致性检验,其中,未通过一致性检验的专家意见不予采纳,最后按照评分细则评分,得到评价结果。计算出中间层和二级指标的权重系数见表2
单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估分值s表示为:
s = i = 1 19 ω B i j = 1 10 s ( B i j ) 10
式中: ω B i为指标Bi的累计权重,取值(0,1);s(Bij)为第j个专家对指标Bi的评价分值,取值[0,100]。
B8为例,设防火隔离带宽度d满足规范要求目标为30m,得分为100;基本满足要求目标为15m,得分为60;完全不满足要求目标为0m,得分为0。其他宽度运用插值法取值,故s(B8)得分为:
$s\left(B_{8}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 4 d & 0 \leqslant d \leqslant 15 \\ \frac{8}{3} d+2 & 15<d \leqslant 30 \\ 100 & 30<d \end{array}\right.$
B17为例,综合考虑应急救援与经济效益2个方面,设有效覆盖目标对应行程时间t为240s,得分为100;可覆盖目标对应t为840s,得分为60;完全不可覆盖目标对应t为1 740s,得分为0。其他行程时间运用插值法取值,故s(B17)得分为:
$s\left(B_{17}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 100 & 0 \leqslant t \leqslant 240 \\ -\frac{1}{15} t+116 & 240<t \leqslant 1740 \\ 0 & 1740<t \end{array}\right.$
类似地,制订其他二级指标(B3~B19)的评分标准。
风景名胜区的森林环境文物建筑集中区域由数个单体文物建筑组成,区域评估在考虑单体文物建筑灭火救援能力的基础上,还需要考虑区域整体影响因素[15-16]。典型的影响因素有:森林环境增加森林火灾的概率和火灾后果严重度;复杂的地形和高差增加外部消防救援力量的抵近时间;大量的游客增加火灾风险不确定性和灭火救援难度。
在定权的评价模型中,指标值随时间不断变化,但静态的权重始终固定不变,区域或系统的评估结果往往是各评估单元的简单加权平均,这对于风景名胜区这种开放的动态的研究对象来说,往往是不适宜的[19]。区域灭火救援能力的实际状态具有木桶效应,区域灭火救援能力取决于评估状态较差的单体。经过实地调研发现,文物建筑消防管理水平与其保护等级呈正相关,不同保护等级文物消防管理水平差异较大,显著影响灭火救援能力水平。应用变权综合理论,引入局部惩罚-激励机制,计算目标区域的灭火救援能力得分系数,克服定权评价体系不能准确反应动态目标状态的不足,综合评价区域灭火救援能力的准确状态[20]
在变权综合理论中,因素权重并不只依赖于其评价值本身的变化而变化,而是依赖于因素状态值的变化而变化[21-22]。变权重W(xi)可表示为:
$W\left(x_{i}\right)=\frac{W_{x_{i}}^{(0)} f\left(x_{i}\right)}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} W_{x_{i}}^{(0)} f\left(x_{i}\right)}$
式中: W x i 0为评估单元xi的定权重;f (xi)为惩罚占主导的混合型变权函数;n为评估单元数。
惩罚占主导的混合型变权函数f(xi)可表示为:
$f\left(x_{i}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \frac{c_{2}-c_{1}}{\lambda-\mu} \ln \frac{\mu}{x_{i}}+c_{2} & 0<x_{i}<\mu \\ -\frac{c_{2}-c_{1}}{\lambda-\mu} x_{i}+\frac{c_{2} \lambda-c_{1} \mu}{\lambda-\mu} & \mu \leqslant x_{i}<\lambda \\ C+\frac{\left(c_{2}-c_{1}\right)\left(\alpha-x_{i}\right)^{2}}{2(\lambda-\mu)(\alpha-\lambda)} & \lambda \leqslant x_{i}<\alpha \\ C & \alpha \leqslant x_{i}<\beta \\ K(1-\beta) \ln \frac{1-\beta}{1-x_{i}}+C & \beta \leqslant x_{i}<1 \end{array}\right.$
式中:C为常规评价策略;c1c2为特征评价策略;μ为特强惩罚上限;λ为强惩罚上限;α为惩罚水平;β为激励水平;K为调整系数。
函数f (xi)在区间(0,1)光滑连续可导,且0<μ<λ<α<β<1,0<C<c1<c2<1,该变权函数中(0,α)为惩罚区间,(0,μ)为特强惩罚区间,[μλ)为强惩罚区间,[λα)为初惩罚区间;[αβ)为合格区间;[β,1)为激励区间。
当单体灭火救援能力得分s的取值小于60时,火灾难以在初期火灾的黄金救援期被扑灭,造成较严重后果的概率明显增加,需设置函数惩罚幅度远大于激励幅度。此处设置该变权函数的特强惩罚阶段为(0,0.6),强惩罚阶段为[0.6,0.7),初惩罚阶段为[0.7,0.8),常规阶段为[0.8,0.9),激励阶段为[0.9,1)。故函数各参数取值分别为μ=0.6,λ=0.7,α=0.8,β=0.9,C=0.6,c1=0.7,c1=0.9,K=2,xi= si/100。si为第i个单体得分。
由式(6)可得状态变权函数:
$f\left(x_{i}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 2 \ln \frac{0.6}{x_{i}}+0.9 & 0<x_{i}<0.6 \\ -2 x_{i}+2.1 & 0.6 \leqslant x_{i}<0.7 \\ 0.6+10\left(0.8-x_{i}\right)^{2} & 0.7 \leqslant x_{i}<0.8 \\ 0.6 & 0.8 \leqslant x_{i}<0.9 \\ 0.2 \ln \frac{0.1}{1-x_{i}}+0.6 & 0.9 \leqslant x_{i}<1 \end{array}\right.$
区分单体文物建筑的保护等级,可分为全国重点文物保护单位、省级文物保护单位、市级文物保护单位。实地调研发现,全国重点文物保护单位消防管理制度完善,消防管理水平显著高于省级文物保护单位,市级文物保护单位消防管理水平存在较大隐患。在区域评估模型中,对单体得分引入补偿系数h,更加准确地反映区域灭火救援能力水平。系数的确定与前述AHP中指标权重的确定采用同样的方法:
s ' i = h s i i = 1 n s i i = 1 n h s i
式中:si'为第i个单体补偿后得分,单体全国重点文物保护单位h=1.3,湖南省文物保护单位h=1.1,长沙市文物保护单位h=0.9。
由式(5)和式(8)得变权后区域灭火救援能力得分:
s t = i = 1 n s ' i W ( x i )
式中st为区域变权得分。
为使评估结果更具区分性[23],根据评估专家意见,将单体灭火救援能力评估所得分值与定性评价的灭火救援能力水平的对应关系划分为5种,见表3。各二级指标所得分值与定性评价的灭火救援能力水平的对应关系及区域评估所得分值与定性评价的灭火救援能力水平的对应关系均采用与单体文物建筑相同的分级判定方法。当单体文物建筑或区域评级低于Ⅲ级(不含本级)时,需要采取相应消防管理措施以提高灭火救援能力。
岳麓山风景名胜区(简称岳麓山)位于湖南省长沙市,植被丰富,以亚热带常绿阔叶林和亚热带暖性针叶林为主[24]。基于笔者提出的方法评估森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力,采用资料收集和现场调研2种手段采集所需数据,确定了36个调研对象,见表4
通过实地调研获取19个二级指标(B1~B19)数据,根据单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估方法,计算得各单体灭火救援能力得分。计算区域得分时,穿石坡湖作为外部消防水源不计入,排除建筑主体为不燃材料的墓碑等数据,确定评估单体总数为25,对25个单体评估结果进行变权,结果见表5
根据表5中权重值,由式(9)计算区域灭火救援能力变权评估得分,并与定权评估结果比较。岳麓山森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力定权法得分为75.27,等级为Ⅲ级(不需采取提升措施),变权法得分为69.97,等级为Ⅳ级(需采取提升措施)。岳麓山风景区文物建筑集中区域评价结果如图1所示。
表5可知:岳麓山风景区25个评估单体中,评估结果为优的有3个(12%),评估结果为良的有5个(20%),评估结果为中的有8个(32%),评估结果为次的有5个(20%),评估结果为差的有4个(16%)。评估等级为中的占比最大,可能的原因主要是高植被覆盖率的森林环境和复杂的地形。以岳麓书院为例,评估结果为优的占比最小,可能的原因是:①岳麓书院为全国重点文物保护单位,消防管理水平较高;②岳麓书院位于海拔较低处,外部救援力量抵达较快;③岳麓书院周围消防车道、疏散通道较为完善,便于救援疏散展开。
表4还得到,区域灭火救援能力定权评价结果为75.27分,分级评价为Ⅲ级(中),但区域中评价结果为中的单体占比最多,且存在4处评价结果为差,隐患较大的单体,会导致区域整体的消防安全风险增大。若采用常权法则评分偏高,不能充分体现区域灭火救援能力真实情况,而采用变权法的评价结果69.97分,分级评价为Ⅳ级(次),更接近区域灭火救援能力实际情况。
为提高单体文物建筑灭火救援能力水平,建议采用增设电气火灾预警系统、减少可燃物堆积和提高消防设施维护频率等措施。为提高区域灭火救援能力水平,建议采用增加森林隔离带、清理堆积落叶枯枝,加强消火栓、消防管道等消防基础设施建设和道路建设,在区域内部,开发天然的消防水源,节约大高差消防供水的经济成本和提高消防管理水平等措施。
1) 耦合森林因素的单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估因素包含建筑材料、森林防火隔离带、消防水源等19个二级指标,单体文物建筑的灭火救援能力评估结果为优、良、中、次、差的数量占比分别为12%、20%、32%、20%和16%。
2) 岳麓山风景名胜区森林区域灭火救援能力评价结果表明:定权法得分为75.27(Ⅲ级,不需采取提升措施),变权法得分为69.97(Ⅳ级,需采取提升措施)。建议采取在建筑内增设电气火灾预警系统、在森林中增加森林防火隔离带、加强景区道路建筑等措施来提升单体文物建筑及区域灭火救援能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52276143)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52204202)
  • 湖南省重点研发计划项目(2021SK2054)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0103
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 修回日期:2024-05-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52276143)
国家自然科学基金资助(52204202)
湖南省重点研发计划项目(2021SK2054)
作者信息
    1 中南大学 土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075
    2 长沙理工大学 交通运输工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114

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** 刘顶立(1990—),男,湖南长沙人,工学博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全规划及火灾风险防控研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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