Article(id=1149738629620220309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0069-09, orderNo=null, doi=j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1975, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=1718294400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048650411, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048650411, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048650411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048650411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738629813158298, articleId=1149738629620220309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Quantitative prediction method for safety of old building structures based on digital twins, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the safety analysis of old buildings,a method was introduced for quantitatively predicting their structural safety based on digital twins. Identifying risk factors in the buildings' structures,setting up an intelligent monitoring system,and using monitoring data in numerical simulations to assess the safety of critical structural elements were included. The method provided quantitative predictions for damaged areas and the extent of destruction in the buildings. This study validates the proposed method using an old building in Xi'an with a history of over 70 years. A two-year structural safety monitoring was conducted following an actual engineering design monitoring plan. The numerical model of the building was created using Revit software and imported into ABAQUS. Monitoring data was used as external parameters in numerical simulations,with the assumption that monitored values exceeding settlement thresholds indicate a quantitative prediction of building damage. The outcome demonstrates that the old building is currently in a safe condition. However,if the settlement of the building exceeds the safety threshold,the likelihood of structural damage occurring at the front side of the stairs will be increased. The study verifies the high feasibility of a quantitative prediction method that integrates real-time monitoring data with numerical simulations based on digital twin technology for analyzing and assessing the overall and local structural safety of aging buildings.

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为提高对老旧建筑的安全分析能力,提出一种基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法,通过老旧建筑结构风险要素辨识搭建智能监测系统,监测建筑关键结构初步判断安全状态,将监测数据作为外部参数输入模型中进行数值模拟,定量预测建筑的破坏部分和破坏程度;以西安某具有70多年历史的老旧建筑为例进行验证,根据工程实际设计监测方案,对其进行为期2年的结构安全监测;使用Revit软件建立该建筑的数值模型并导入到ABAQUS中,将监测数据作为外部参数输入数值模拟,并假定监测数值超过沉降阈值进行定量预测建筑破坏情况。结果表明:该老旧建筑目前处于安全状态,假定建筑沉降值超过安全阈值,则楼梯前侧结构发生破坏的可能性增加。验证了基于数字孪生技术将实时监测数据和数值模拟相融合的定量预测方法,对老旧建筑整体及局部结构安全性分析判断有较高的可行性。

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翟 越 (1975—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、安全监测监控、智能化建筑安全施工技术及地下空间安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

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翟 越 (1975—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、安全监测监控、智能化建筑安全施工技术及地下空间安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

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翟 越 (1975—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、安全监测监控、智能化建筑安全施工技术及地下空间安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Material parameters

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材料 弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 密度/
(kg·m-3)
加气混凝土砌块 1.9×104 0.15 600
普通烧结砖 1.2×104 0.15 800
钢筋混凝土 3.15×104 0.20 2 400
地基 24.5 0.27 1 650
钢结构 2.06×105 0.25 7 850
), ArticleFig(id=1167865470016299176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629620220309, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 密度/
(kg·m-3)
加气混凝土砌块 1.9×104 0.15 600
普通烧结砖 1.2×104 0.15 800
钢筋混凝土 3.15×104 0.20 2 400
地基 24.5 0.27 1 650
钢结构 2.06×105 0.25 7 850
), ArticleFig(id=1167865470070825129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629620220309, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of settlement data before and after applying load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位移 正常
荷载
施加荷
载后
变化量
楼体最大位移量/mm 29.30 50.380 21.08
地基最大合位移量/mm 29.73 201.50* 171.77*
X方向最大地基分位移量/mm 3.286 5 1.714
Y方向最大地基分位移量/mm 4.566 8.500 3.934
地基水平最大滑移量/mm 5.625 9.862 4.237
Z方向最大地基分位移量/mm 29.64 84.96 55.32
房屋倾斜率/‰ 0.349 2.763 2.414
), ArticleFig(id=1167865470133739690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738629620220309, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

施加荷载前后沉降数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位移 正常
荷载
施加荷
载后
变化量
楼体最大位移量/mm 29.30 50.380 21.08
地基最大合位移量/mm 29.73 201.50* 171.77*
X方向最大地基分位移量/mm 3.286 5 1.714
Y方向最大地基分位移量/mm 4.566 8.500 3.934
地基水平最大滑移量/mm 5.625 9.862 4.237
Z方向最大地基分位移量/mm 29.64 84.96 55.32
房屋倾斜率/‰ 0.349 2.763 2.414
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基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法
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翟越 , 雷尚学 , 王轶宏 , 王奥晨 , 谢梓涵 , 贾宇
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(9): 69-77
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(9): 69-77
基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法
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翟越 , 雷尚学, 王轶宏, 王奥晨, 谢梓涵, 贾宇
作者信息
  • 长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 翟 越 (1975—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、安全监测监控、智能化建筑安全施工技术及地下空间安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

Quantitative prediction method for safety of old building structures based on digital twins
Yue ZHAI , Shangxue LEI, Yihong WANG, Aochen WANG, Zihan XIE, Yu JIA
Affiliations
  • School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics,Chang'an University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710054,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1975
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为提高对老旧建筑的安全分析能力,提出一种基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法,通过老旧建筑结构风险要素辨识搭建智能监测系统,监测建筑关键结构初步判断安全状态,将监测数据作为外部参数输入模型中进行数值模拟,定量预测建筑的破坏部分和破坏程度;以西安某具有70多年历史的老旧建筑为例进行验证,根据工程实际设计监测方案,对其进行为期2年的结构安全监测;使用Revit软件建立该建筑的数值模型并导入到ABAQUS中,将监测数据作为外部参数输入数值模拟,并假定监测数值超过沉降阈值进行定量预测建筑破坏情况。结果表明:该老旧建筑目前处于安全状态,假定建筑沉降值超过安全阈值,则楼梯前侧结构发生破坏的可能性增加。验证了基于数字孪生技术将实时监测数据和数值模拟相融合的定量预测方法,对老旧建筑整体及局部结构安全性分析判断有较高的可行性。

数字孪生  /  老旧建筑结构  /  定量预测  /  安全状态  /  数值模拟

In order to improve the safety analysis of old buildings,a method was introduced for quantitatively predicting their structural safety based on digital twins. Identifying risk factors in the buildings' structures,setting up an intelligent monitoring system,and using monitoring data in numerical simulations to assess the safety of critical structural elements were included. The method provided quantitative predictions for damaged areas and the extent of destruction in the buildings. This study validates the proposed method using an old building in Xi'an with a history of over 70 years. A two-year structural safety monitoring was conducted following an actual engineering design monitoring plan. The numerical model of the building was created using Revit software and imported into ABAQUS. Monitoring data was used as external parameters in numerical simulations,with the assumption that monitored values exceeding settlement thresholds indicate a quantitative prediction of building damage. The outcome demonstrates that the old building is currently in a safe condition. However,if the settlement of the building exceeds the safety threshold,the likelihood of structural damage occurring at the front side of the stairs will be increased. The study verifies the high feasibility of a quantitative prediction method that integrates real-time monitoring data with numerical simulations based on digital twin technology for analyzing and assessing the overall and local structural safety of aging buildings.

digital twins  /  old building structures  /  quantitative prediction  /  safe condition  /  numerical simulation
翟越, 雷尚学, 王轶宏, 王奥晨, 谢梓涵, 贾宇. 基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 69 -77 . DOI: j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1975
Yue ZHAI, Shangxue LEI, Yihong WANG, Aochen WANG, Zihan XIE, Yu JIA. Quantitative prediction method for safety of old building structures based on digital twins[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 69 -77 . DOI: j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1975
随着我国社会经济迅速发展和城市化进程逐步加快,老旧建筑的结构安全问题日益突出。目前,我国仍存在大量根据《混凝土结构设计规范》(GBJ10—1989)所建的老旧建筑[1],因时代局限性,这些老旧建筑本身结构较为脆弱,加上使用年限临近甚至超过设计基准期,这类建筑存在一定的安全隐患[2-3]。但大规模拆除老旧建筑不仅破坏部分建筑的历史文化意义[4],还会产生大量碳排放[5],从经济环保及历史文化角度考虑,老旧建筑功能性翻修改造比拆除重建更符合中国新时代建筑业发展规律,也是社会发展的必然趋势[6]。2023年,我国已开工改造5.37万个城镇老旧小区;2024年,将要开工改造的城镇老旧小区数量达5.4万。扩建改造可能会对建筑自身结构产生更大安全影响,进一步影响原本脆弱的结构,因此监测分析该类建筑的结构安全是十分必要的。
目前,建筑物的结构安全研究主要分为智能监测和数值模拟2种方法,且在建筑安全领域已有较多应用[7]。USANOV等[8]将应变传感器应用于建筑结构的变形监测,研究建筑物和构筑物非线性变形的原因;任毅等[9]采用智能化方法,监测与评估建筑结构服役情况、可靠性和承载能力,以掌握建筑结构的实时变形和安全运营状态。祝叶等[10]通过Revit平台确定实例钢网架结构建筑模型大体框架,采用TurnTool虚拟仿真软件,数值模拟钢网架结构抗震性能;周成峰[11]用ABAQUS有限元软件分析某商业建筑改造梁悬挑部分的应变状态和变形规律;杨国庆[12]用ABAQUS软件数值模拟研究Tilt-up建筑连接体系中的带头锚栓预埋件连接节点。综上所述,针对建筑结构监测和数值模拟预测的研究已较为成熟,但未将实时监测数据和预测手段有效融合。数字孪生的出现为分析预测建筑安全状态提供了新思路[13],该技术能够整合多种物理空间与数字空间的连接方法[14],提高物理系统在分析决策、损伤诊断等方面的智能化[15],提高建筑业的生产效率[16]。通过监测老旧建筑结构得到大量结构数据信息,结合数字孪生技术可分析出建筑的结构安全情况,为建筑安全评估和日后维护提供参考。
因此,笔者拟提出一种基于数字孪生的监测数据与数值模拟融合的结构安全性定量预测方法,结合监测数据定量分析建筑结构安全状态并预测建筑破坏程度,以达到“以虚预实”[17]的应用服务需求,并以西安某老旧建筑为实例验证该方法的有效性。
提出一种基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法,将建筑物物理实体数据与孪生数字模型交互,搭建感知层、网络层及应用层的智能监测系统,结合数值模拟对老旧建筑结构安全定量预测:根据对老旧建筑物结构安全风险要素辨识确定监测参数,设计监测设备搭建智能化的监测系统,依据相关现行标准和工程实例确定监测构件、监测点布设以及监测结果的安全阈值,计算分析多点监测结果,超过阈值的监测数值进行报警;选用Revit软件建立目标建筑数值模型导入ABAQUS有限元软件,将超过安全阈值的监测数据作为参数输入到数值模型中进行模拟,定量分析预测老旧建筑的破坏部位与破坏情况,采取相应补救措施,如图1所示。
自主研发监测设备,且为更好地存储处理并可视化实时监测数据,搭建一个由感知层、网络层和应用层组成的智能监测系统,实时采集老旧建筑物使用过程中的建筑结构动态信息,并快速判断监测数据是否超过安全阈值,如图2所示。感知层主要以传感器技术为基础,采集建筑物的结构状态信息;网络层主要以无线传输技术为基础,运用GPRS/4G等无线传输手段实现数据的传输;应用层以云计算技术为基础,实时分析判断监测数据。
由于经过改建扩建的老旧建筑结构状态很难准确掌握,需要分析所监测的建筑,找出关键结构部位,并设计有针对性的监测方案。地基基础是建筑物的根基,是建筑结构的重要支撑体;建筑物的上部承重结构如梁、板、柱和承重墙等,是建筑物维持上部使用功能的骨架。它们的安全性与稳定性将会直接影响着整个建筑的安全性可靠性。目前,老旧建筑结构安全性监测还没有相应的技术标准,借鉴《民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准》(GB 50292—2015)、《工业建筑可靠性鉴定标准》(GB 50144—2019)和《危险房屋鉴定标准》(JGJ 125—2016),选取地基基础及上部承重构件作为本系统的目标监测对象。利用沉降变形监测器监测地基沉降情况,并利用位移变形监测器监测梁、板和承重柱的变形情况。
位移变形监测设备与沉降监测设备为自主研发,如图3图4所示。位移变形监测仪可以监测横向、纵向和竖向等多方位的微小位移变化;沉降变形监测仪可以监测多个维度的沉降变形,相比传统测量方式精确度更高,而且实现无人值守的实时监测。
建筑结构中一些部位的承重柱受力较为复杂。在振动作用下,角柱会遭遇双向作用,属于双向偏心受力构件且受扭转效应的影响较大,受力较为复杂;在楼层高度突变处,柱子承载力会发生突变。因此,需要监测建筑物角柱和层高突变柱的局部变形。钢筋混凝土柱的变形主要表现为压缩、弯曲、扭转和剪切,通常会在柱子的竖直方向产生应变。因此,可将局部变形监测点设置在柱子中部、顶端或底端一侧。由于功能要求,一些建筑空间必须使用跨度较大的梁作为结构支撑,但在建筑长期使用过程中,大跨度梁容易发生弯曲变形且在底部发生破坏,因此需要监测大跨度梁底面中部的变形情况。参考《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010),将关键柱变形的安全阈值定为0.003 3。大跨度梁弯曲下表面峰值拉应变取C25混凝土梁弯曲试验结果,取0.003为混凝土梁弯曲的安全阈值[18]
建筑物的沉降监测点布设在建筑物四角、差异沉降量大的位置,以及地质条件有明显不同的区段和沉降裂缝的两侧,沉降监测点不少于3个。相邻监测点之间间距为15~30 m,且均匀分布在建筑物的周围。依据《民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准》(GB50292—2015),选取200 mm为地基沉降差的安全阈值,沉降速率的安全阈值为连续2个月沉降速率不超过每月2 mm。根据《危险房屋鉴定标准》(JGJ125—2016),选取10‰为房屋整体倾斜率的安全阈值。
当沉降监测点数量大于3时,监测点之间会形成一个监测平面,根据监测平面的变化可以计算出建筑物的倾斜率,如图5所示。ABCD为建筑物的4个沉降监测点,该建筑物的倾斜率和倾斜角计算步骤如下:
1) 利用插值算法或等比例算法找到监测面内沉降量相同的2点(DE),并连成一条直线l,作为建筑物倾斜率计算的基准线。
2) 选择基准线外且沉降量大于基准线的任意一个监测点(一般选择沉降量最大的点)作为沉降点A
3) 建筑物的倾斜率为沉降点和基准线的沉降差AA'与沉降点到基准线的距离A'F之比,即倾斜率为 A A ' A ' F;倾斜角α a r c s i n A A ' A ' F
数字孪生是以数字化方式创建物理实体的虚拟模型,借助数据模拟物理实体在现实环境中的行为,通过虚实交互反馈、数据融合分析等手段,为物理实体增加或扩展新的能力。实现虚实要素间的数据传输与信息交换是数字孪生的重要组成部分,笔者提出的老旧建筑安全结构性定量预测方法,关键一环是将反映现实的关键结构点监测数据与可以分析预测的数值模拟相结合。根据目标建筑的相关图纸,利用Revit软件建立数值模型,并导入到ABAQUS软件进行有限元分析,以实时监测得出的结构数据作为模拟参数输入到模型中,得出模拟结果并分析建筑结构状态判断损伤。理论上,依托现有高算力服务器,可以实现数据监测和数值模拟同步进行,虚实交互实时反馈。然而,在建筑正常使用中,建筑结构并不会发生突变,所监测的数据大都是在安全范围内,对安全状态下的建筑模拟分析得出的结果是重复且无意义的。故文中只选用超过阈值的监测数据作为参数输入到模型中进行数值分析和定量预测,分析建筑的破坏趋势,从而达到数字孪生“以虚预实”的目标。
选取西安市南郊某多层改建后的老旧建筑进行实例分析。该建筑已经有70多年的历史,主体5层,局部4层,在改建扩建后作为集商业与办公为一体的综合体投入使用。改造后建筑平面图如图6所示。建筑最早为混合结构(区域①),后又在左侧(部分②)和右侧(区域③)进行扩建,左侧扩建后为框架结构,右侧扩建后仍为混合结构,2021年对楼体内侧扩建了外部钢结构(区域④)。该建筑砖混结构中所用结构砖墙为普通砖砌块,框架结构中混凝土柱、梁及楼板均使用C25混凝土,结构墙为加气混凝土砌块墙。对该建筑的沉降变形和结构变形进行监测,仅针对沉降情况进行数值模拟定量预测。
1) 沉降点和位移监测点的布设。沉降监测需要获得建筑物整个地基平面的沉降变形情况。据1.2节,设置相互独立的3个激光沉降监测仪进行组网,构成监测平面并观察其变形情况。该建筑沉降监测点的具体位置如图6所示,监测面用虚线三角形区域所示。
位移变形监测仪设置在角柱、层高突变柱上以及大跨度梁上。监测柱的位置如图6所示,承重柱监测1号和2号为角柱监测,承重柱监测3号为层高突变柱监测,位移变形监测仪安装在柱子的顶端。大跨度梁为一楼大厅梯梁,位移变形监测仪(梯梁监测1号)安装在梯梁下表面的中间部位。
2) 监测平台及监测结果。监测信息平台可通过电脑端网页登录或手机端小程序登录。现场信息采集系统以间隔10 s的频率进行数据采集,网页端查看监测数据可以以分、时、日为单位查看该时段内监测数据的平均数值。图7为所设监测点2年内监测数据月平均值的变化情况,从图7可知:该建筑的监测点在X方向和Y方向均未发生沉降改变,监测的承重柱和大跨度梯梁也未发生形变。
1) 模型处理。所监测的数据均在允许范围内,表明该老旧建筑未发生沉降,结构梁柱未发生形变。为验证所提方法可行性,在沉降情况数值分析中通过主动施加荷载模拟监测数据超过阈值的情况,并与正常荷载下的建筑沉降模拟情况进行比较。使用Revit对建筑建模,绘制大楼5层结构图,为简化模型,只保留柱、梁、板、墙等承重构件,数值模拟仅针对承重结构进行分析;删除围护结构及轻质隔墙等结构,这类结构占比较小,删去对整个数值模拟影响较弱,同时可以简化模型,减小模拟计算量。使用ABAQUS软件进行模拟,为防止结构导入到ABAQUS中丢失三维位置信息使所有构件在原点重合以及后续分析不收敛的情况发生,同时将梁附着至上层楼板底部,并且对整个楼层的墙体、柱子、梁采用“柱切梁”、“柱切墙”和“梁切墙”的方式进行切割。混凝土柱、梁和板配筋率均采用最小配筋率0.2%,且三者均为C25混凝土。计算得出,钢筋混凝土综合弹性模量为3.15×104 MPa,钢筋混凝土结构泊松比统一采用0.20,密度均取2 400 kg/m3。所有砖墙均采用整体式结构,忽略每块砖之间相互作用。地基为湿陷性黄土,通过强夯处理后弹性模量达到24.5 MPa。考虑到土体弹塑性,使用摩尔库伦准则,因未在现场进行土力学试验且工程位于黄土地质条件,根据《工程地质手册(第5版)》给定的黄土的黏聚力和内摩擦角的范围取值。其余不同构件材料参数见表1
模型中楼体有较多空心圆角柱,所以楼体采用C3D4网格单元类型,网格尺寸为800 mm;地基采用C3D8R网格单元类型,中间和楼体接触区域网格尺寸为800 mm,其他区域网格尺寸为1 500 mm。约束构件相互间作用,将所有的梁与上层楼板以及接触到的柱子进行Tie绑定;柱与梁类似,与顶板和底板进行Tie绑定;承重墙体接触方式选择表面与表面接触,与上层楼板和下层楼板分别设置接触,接触属性的法向设置为粗糙,为防止点滑移,切向行为设置为硬接触,当有挤压时产生传递应力;结构墙只与下层楼板设置为表面与表面接触;底层楼板与地基间设置表面与表面接触,接触属性与承重墙接触属性相同;对地基下部设置边界条件,约束XYZ等 3个方向6个自由度,如图8所示。
2) 沉降变化分析及定量预测。为分析该楼体的沉降情况,定量预测正常荷载情况下的沉降数值模拟与主动施加荷载情况下的沉降。正常荷载下楼体的数值模拟结果,楼体位移如图9a所示,地基合位移云图如图10a所示,地基分位移如图11a所示,根据1.2节计算房屋斜率,如图12a所示。体型简单的高层建筑基础的平均沉降量的允许值为200 mm[19],文中定量预测通过施加荷载的方式使沉降监测点中任意一点的沉降值接近或超过200 mm。为使预测符合真实的楼体破坏情况,给建筑地板前侧所接触的地基施加一个竖直向下移动200 mm的位移边界条件,如图8所示,得出预测结果,楼体位移如图9b所示,地基合位移如图10b所示,地基分位移如图11b所示,房屋斜率计算如图12b所示。正常荷载下与主动施加荷载下的数值模拟对比结果见表2。通过上述图表可以得出正常荷载下和主动施加荷载的楼体沉降变化,即楼体前侧楼体位移较大,最大值在4层楼的顶板,施加荷载后楼体最大位移量增大21.08 mm,楼体前侧结构体所受应力会增大,破坏可能性增大,可能出现墙体开裂、梁板柱变形等破坏;地基在XYZ等3个方向均产生不同程度的位移,施加荷载后XY这2个方向最大位移量分别增加1.714 mm和3.934 mm,地基水平最大滑移量增加4.237 mm至9.862 mm,即将超过地基水平滑移的阈值10 mm,由于地基较小范围内不均匀沉降时楼体具有一定刚度,Z方向地基沉降位移会小于主动施加的沉降位移,但也增大了55.32 mm;与正常荷载相比,施加荷载后房屋倾斜率增加2.414‰,在该状态下,楼体前侧发生坍塌危险的可能性大大增加。
综上所述,数值模拟结果得出目前建筑在正常荷载下建筑沉降和房屋倾斜率均在允许范围内;为模拟沉降数值超过阈值的情况,给一侧地基施加竖直向下移动200 mm的位移边界条件后,除目标建筑的地基水平滑移量即将达到允许阈值,其他指标虽有增大,但仍在允许范围内,针对这种模拟情况,日后需针对该建筑的地基水平滑移加强监测,针对楼体前侧的结构体采取相应的维护措施。
1) 基于老旧建筑使用过程中的安全风险要素辨识,构建智能监测系统,提出一种基于数字孪生的老旧建筑结构安全性定量预测方法,该方法可将关键结构的监测数据与数值模拟相融合,利用监测数据单因素实时分析初步判断建筑安全状态,超过安全阈值的监测数据作为外部参数输入数值模型中,分析建筑结构安全状态并对建筑破坏部位定量预测。
2) 以西安南郊某老旧建筑实例验证该方法的可行性。经验证,该老旧建筑目前并未发生沉降和结构变形;假定沉降超过安全阈值可定量预测出楼体前侧有破坏的安全风险。验证结果与实际情况相符。
3) 研究结果表明:基于数字孪生技术将实时监测数据和数值模拟相融合,对分析判断老旧建筑结构安全性有较高的可行性。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务资助项目(300102269401)
  • 陕西省科技计划项目创新能力支撑计划项目(2021TD-55)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1975
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
  • 修回日期:2024-06-14
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中央高校基本科研业务资助项目(300102269401)
陕西省科技计划项目创新能力支撑计划项目(2021TD-55)
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    长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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