Article(id=1149738628257071471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0050-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0997, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711382400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-26, revisedDate=1719331200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048650087, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048650087, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048650087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048650087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738628487758197, articleId=1149738628257071471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effects of fatigue on operator monitoring behavior based on EEG experiments, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize operator fatigue risk management and reduce the impact of fatigue on operator performance,the monitoring tasks before and after fatigue induction were conducted. Firstly,the fatigue-inducing task of the 2-back paradigm and the monitoring task of the oddball paradigm were designed with the digital main control room of a pressurized-water reactor nuclear power plant,and the control interfaces of low,medium,and high complexity were used. Then,human trials with 23 participants were performed to obtain subjective fatigue ratings,behavioral data,and EEG signals. Moreover,the effectiveness of fatigue induction was verified using relevant fatigue indicators. Finally,the participator's behavioral data and event-related potential P3 components under three different complexity interfaces before and after fatigue induction were analyzed. The results showed that the shortest 2-back task lasting 30 to 60 min induced fatigue. Fatigue or interface complexity increase resulted in a decrease in the monitoring behavior performance,and the maximum performance difference was observed between high-complexity and medium-complexity interfaces under fatigue conditions. Moreover,a 4.9% decrease in accuracy and a 10.4% increase in reaction time were observed. The trend of P3 latency was consistent with that of reaction time,and P3 amplitude increased significantly only under high-complexity interfaces. Based on the performance analysis and event-related potential data,it was concluded that the interface complexity increased the negative impact of fatigue on operators' mental workload.

, correspAuthors=Fuliang JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mian ZHANG, Cannan YI, Fuliang JIANG, Hong HU, Wen WU, Sijia ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738646271606991, articleId=1149738628257071471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=疲劳对操纵员监视行为影响机制的脑电试验, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为优化操纵员疲劳风险管理,降低疲劳对操纵员作业绩效的影响,完成疲劳诱发前后的监视任务,首先,以某压水堆核电厂数字化主控室为背景,设计2-back范式的疲劳诱发任务和oddball范式的监视任务,并以低、中、高3种复杂度的控制界面为素材;然后,采集23名被试的主观疲劳评分、行为数据和脑电(EEG)信号,用相关疲劳指标验证疲劳诱发的有效性;最后,对比分析疲劳诱发前后3种不同复杂度界面下被试的行为数据、事件相关电位P3成分的差异性。结果表明:最短30 min、最长60 min的2-back任务能够诱发疲劳;疲劳或界面复杂度增加都会导致监视行为的绩效水平下降,疲劳状态下高复杂度界面与中复杂度界面之间的绩效水平差异最大;其中,正确率下降4.9%,反应时增加10.4%;P3潜伏期的变化趋势与反应时一致,P3波幅仅在高复杂度界面下显著增大。结合绩效数据和事件相关电位数据变化特征分析表明:界面复杂度的提高会加深疲劳对操纵员脑力负荷的负面影响。

, correspAuthors=蒋复量, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 蒋复量(1978—),男,湖南东安人,博士,教授,主要从事安全管理与风险分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
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张勉 (1999—),男,四川广元人,硕士研究生,研究方向为核设施安全监测、预警理论与技术。E-mail:

易灿南,教授;

胡鸿,教授

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张勉 (1999—),男,四川广元人,硕士研究生,研究方向为核设施安全监测、预警理论与技术。E-mail:

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Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2008, 50(3): 449-455., articleTitle=Multiple resources and mental workload, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865399468110843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=36, issue=9, pageStart=1121, pageEnd=1140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=SIREVAAG E J, KRAMER A F, REISWEBER C D W M, journalName=Ergonomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SIREVAAG E J, KRAMER A F, REISWEBER C D W M, et al. Assessment of pilot performance and mental workload in rotary wing aircraft[J]. 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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Interface classification and selection

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分类 H范围 H平均值
低复杂度 (1.112,1.732] 1.274 3
中复杂度 (1.732,2.351] 1.979 5
高复杂度 (2.351,2.969] 2.597 3
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界面分类和选用情况

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分类 H范围 H平均值
低复杂度 (1.112,1.732] 1.274 3
中复杂度 (1.732,2.351] 1.979 5
高复杂度 (2.351,2.969] 2.597 3
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Fatigue induction task behavioral data

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任务编号 绩效类型 均值 标准差
B-1 正确率/% 89.0 3.5
反应时/ms 839.38 113.33
B-2 正确率/% 87.0 5.0
反应时/ms 922.25 115.13
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疲劳诱发任务行为数据

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任务编号 绩效类型 均值 标准差
B-1 正确率/% 89.0 3.5
反应时/ms 839.38 113.33
B-2 正确率/% 87.0 5.0
反应时/ms 922.25 115.13
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Monitor task behavior data

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任务编号 绩效类型 均值 标准差
L-1 正确率/% 96.5 4.1
反应时/ms 561.58 55.47
M-1 正确率/% 95.1 6.2
反应时/ms 575.52 62.74
H-1 正确率/% 93.2 5.3
反应时/ms 621.64 55.88
L-2 正确率/% 94.6 5.7
反应时/ms 578.62 65.29
M-2 正确率/% 93.2 5.9
反应时/ms 593.66 62.6
H-2 正确率/% 88.3 9.8
反应时/ms 655.79 59
), ArticleFig(id=1167865395416413137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

监视任务行为数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
任务编号 绩效类型 均值 标准差
L-1 正确率/% 96.5 4.1
反应时/ms 561.58 55.47
M-1 正确率/% 95.1 6.2
反应时/ms 575.52 62.74
H-1 正确率/% 93.2 5.3
反应时/ms 621.64 55.88
L-2 正确率/% 94.6 5.7
反应时/ms 578.62 65.29
M-2 正确率/% 93.2 5.9
反应时/ms 593.66 62.6
H-2 正确率/% 88.3 9.8
反应时/ms 655.79 59
), ArticleFig(id=1167865395613545426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Paired-sample t test results for accuracy and reaction time

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数据类型 配对样本 t p
正确率 L-1&L-2 1.91 0.069
M-1&M-2 0.84 0.41
H-1&H-2 3.333 0.003
反应时 L-1&L-2 -1.776 0.09
M-1&M-2 -3.141 0.044
H-1&H-2 -5.565 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167865395793900499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正确率和反应时配对样本t检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 配对样本 t p
正确率 L-1&L-2 1.91 0.069
M-1&M-2 0.84 0.41
H-1&H-2 3.333 0.003
反应时 L-1&L-2 -1.776 0.09
M-1&M-2 -3.141 0.044
H-1&H-2 -5.565 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167865395982644180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Paired-sample t-test results of P3 latency and amplitude

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 配对样本 t p
P3潜伏期 L-1&L-2 0.118 0.907
M-1&M-2 -1.475 0.154
H-1&H-2 -3.529 0.002
P3波幅 L-1&L-2 -0.309 0.760
M-1&M-2 0.564 0.679
H-1&H-2 -2.234 0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1167865396053947349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

P3潜伏期和波幅配对样本t检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 配对样本 t p
P3潜伏期 L-1&L-2 0.118 0.907
M-1&M-2 -1.475 0.154
H-1&H-2 -3.529 0.002
P3波幅 L-1&L-2 -0.309 0.760
M-1&M-2 0.564 0.679
H-1&H-2 -2.234 0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1167865396204942294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Statistical results of rhythmic wave power ratio

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指标计算方式 前测 后测 t p
(α+θ) 24.3±9.7 43.5±55.1 -2.223 0.037
(α+θ)/(α+β) 2.7±1.3 3.8±2.4 -2.734 0.012
θ/β 7.8±6.1 21±28.2 -2.385 0.026
), ArticleFig(id=1167865396305605592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738628257071471, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各节律波功率比值统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标计算方式 前测 后测 t p
(α+θ) 24.3±9.7 43.5±55.1 -2.223 0.037
(α+θ)/(α+β) 2.7±1.3 3.8±2.4 -2.734 0.012
θ/β 7.8±6.1 21±28.2 -2.385 0.026
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疲劳对操纵员监视行为影响机制的脑电试验
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张勉 1 , 易灿南 2 , 蒋复量 1, 2, ** , 胡鸿 2 , 吴文 2 , 张思佳 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(9): 50-58
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(9): 50-58
疲劳对操纵员监视行为影响机制的脑电试验
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张勉1 , 易灿南2, 蒋复量1, 2, ** , 胡鸿2, 吴文2, 张思佳2
作者信息
  • 1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 2 湖南工学院 安全与管理工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421002
  • 张勉 (1999—),男,四川广元人,硕士研究生,研究方向为核设施安全监测、预警理论与技术。E-mail:

    易灿南,教授;

    胡鸿,教授

通讯作者:

** 蒋复量(1978—),男,湖南东安人,博士,教授,主要从事安全管理与风险分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
Effects of fatigue on operator monitoring behavior based on EEG experiments
Mian ZHANG1 , Cannan YI2, Fuliang JIANG1, 2, ** , Hong HU2, Wen WU2, Sijia ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering,University of South China,Hengyang Hunan 421001,China
  • 2 School of Safety and Management Engineering,Hunan Institute of Technology,Hengyang Hunan 421002,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0997
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为优化操纵员疲劳风险管理,降低疲劳对操纵员作业绩效的影响,完成疲劳诱发前后的监视任务,首先,以某压水堆核电厂数字化主控室为背景,设计2-back范式的疲劳诱发任务和oddball范式的监视任务,并以低、中、高3种复杂度的控制界面为素材;然后,采集23名被试的主观疲劳评分、行为数据和脑电(EEG)信号,用相关疲劳指标验证疲劳诱发的有效性;最后,对比分析疲劳诱发前后3种不同复杂度界面下被试的行为数据、事件相关电位P3成分的差异性。结果表明:最短30 min、最长60 min的2-back任务能够诱发疲劳;疲劳或界面复杂度增加都会导致监视行为的绩效水平下降,疲劳状态下高复杂度界面与中复杂度界面之间的绩效水平差异最大;其中,正确率下降4.9%,反应时增加10.4%;P3潜伏期的变化趋势与反应时一致,P3波幅仅在高复杂度界面下显著增大。结合绩效数据和事件相关电位数据变化特征分析表明:界面复杂度的提高会加深疲劳对操纵员脑力负荷的负面影响。

疲劳  /  操纵员  /  监视行为  /  脑电(EEG)  /  界面复杂度

To optimize operator fatigue risk management and reduce the impact of fatigue on operator performance,the monitoring tasks before and after fatigue induction were conducted. Firstly,the fatigue-inducing task of the 2-back paradigm and the monitoring task of the oddball paradigm were designed with the digital main control room of a pressurized-water reactor nuclear power plant,and the control interfaces of low,medium,and high complexity were used. Then,human trials with 23 participants were performed to obtain subjective fatigue ratings,behavioral data,and EEG signals. Moreover,the effectiveness of fatigue induction was verified using relevant fatigue indicators. Finally,the participator's behavioral data and event-related potential P3 components under three different complexity interfaces before and after fatigue induction were analyzed. The results showed that the shortest 2-back task lasting 30 to 60 min induced fatigue. Fatigue or interface complexity increase resulted in a decrease in the monitoring behavior performance,and the maximum performance difference was observed between high-complexity and medium-complexity interfaces under fatigue conditions. Moreover,a 4.9% decrease in accuracy and a 10.4% increase in reaction time were observed. The trend of P3 latency was consistent with that of reaction time,and P3 amplitude increased significantly only under high-complexity interfaces. Based on the performance analysis and event-related potential data,it was concluded that the interface complexity increased the negative impact of fatigue on operators' mental workload.

fatigue  /  operators  /  monitor behavior  /  electro-encephalogram(EEG)  /  interface complexity
张勉, 易灿南, 蒋复量, 胡鸿, 吴文, 张思佳. 疲劳对操纵员监视行为影响机制的脑电试验. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0997
Mian ZHANG, Cannan YI, Fuliang JIANG, Hong HU, Wen WU, Sijia ZHANG. Effects of fatigue on operator monitoring behavior based on EEG experiments[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0997
研究表明:生理疲劳是核电厂操纵员人因失误的一种重要影响因素[1]。生理疲劳根据产生机制和表现分为体力疲劳和脑力疲劳[2],其中,体力疲劳是指高强度或长时间的体力活动后,肌肉组织收缩能力降低的生理学变化;而脑力疲劳是指长时间脑力劳动导致个体情绪、认知功能等心理机能下降,且不能维持原有脑力活动水平的现象[3]。随着新型人机交互数字界面在核电厂的普遍应用,操纵员的主要操作模式也从传统的实体控制转变为软操作,通常执行认知任务,很少产生体力活动[4]。所以,核电厂数字化主控室中操纵员长时间工作更容易引发脑力疲劳。脑力疲劳下大脑神经活动陷入抑制状态,会表现出倦怠、注意力难以集中以及警觉性降低,可能影响操纵员感知判断及决策能力,不利于核电厂安全运行。因此,探究脑力疲劳对操纵员认知行为的影响对于我国核电厂人因安全管理具有重要意义。
近年来,生理测量法已成为研究作业人员工作负荷和疲劳的一种重要手段。特别是脑电(Electro-Encephalogram,EEG)信号在众多可用的生理信号中脱颖而出,它可有效监测大脑活动,反映中枢神经系统的功能和生理变化[5]。在核电领域,就不乏学者通过EEG以操纵员为对象展开研究。如SUH等[6]通过EEG不同频带相对功率比值量化了操纵员脑力负荷,建立了一种筛查高风险高负荷的操纵员的方法;TANG Wenzhe等[7]通过分析操纵员在不同信息复杂度核电界面决策的事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials,ERP)反映其大脑处理信息的情况,找到有利于操纵员决策的界面信息复杂度阈值;李延庭[8]比较了不同熟练度操纵员在规程导向下执行操作的ERP数据,结果表明:规则型操作的脑力负荷高于技能型操作;冯浩[9]以核电界面的开关、设备和参数设置3种监视判断任务,通过分析3种任务下的ERP数据确定了参数刺激的脑力负荷相较其他2种刺激更高。上述研究旨在通过EEG数据分析不同条件下操纵员脑力负荷,即操纵员任务过程中分配注意力,作出决策及执行操作时的精神需求,但并未将操纵员脑力疲劳作为影响因素纳入研究范畴,且目前涉及脑力疲劳对操纵员影响的相关研究也鲜有报导。在航空管制[10]、交通驾驶[11]和矿山预警[12]等重要的人机工程领域都通过EEG试验探究了脑力疲劳对作业人员绩效的影响,从结论来看,这种影响是不可忽视的。但不同于这些领域,核电厂数字化主控室的人机界面更加复杂,事故危害更严重,作业人员的脑力负荷和心理压力更大,脑力疲劳对作业人员的影响存在差异。所以亟需综合考虑脑力疲劳与数字化核电人机界面2种因素开展操纵员认知行为的影响的EEG试验研究。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于操纵员认知行为中比较典型的监视行为展开研究,分析疲劳诱发前后操纵员在不同复杂程度的真实核电控制界面执行oddball监视任务的绩效水平和EEG指标,探究其间的关系,以期深入了解疲劳诱发前后操纵员监视行为绩效和EEG信号变化特征,为核电厂数字化主控室操纵员疲劳风险管理提供参考。
招募23名在校本科生和研究生作为试验的被试,其中,13名男性,10名女性,年龄为(18~23岁)平均年龄为(19.91±1.65)岁;平均身高为(1.67±0.08)m;平均体质量为(61.41±13.44)kg;平均体质量指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)为(21.78±3.57)kg/m2。所有被试均为右利手,视力都正常或矫正后正常,无色盲和色弱,无神经疾病。要求被试在试验前一晚保证睡眠质量,禁止试验前24h饮酒、喝茶或咖啡以及其他可能刺激大脑的食品,并签署被试知情同意书。
数字图片的2-back任务作为一种诱发脑力疲劳的方法在研究中被广泛应用。已有研究表明:30min的2-back任务能够诱发出脑力疲劳[13]。以主控室警报界面设计30min的2-back任务诱发被试脑力疲劳。
1) 任务素材。任务所用的图片素材均来源于某压水堆核电厂主控室仿真模拟机警报界面。警报界面共有6个参数,第一栏参数为警报的总数,后面5个参数表示警报在不同风险等级的分布数量。
2) 任务流程。任务要求被试比较当前警报刺激与前面间隔一个的警报刺激是否匹配。被试需要回忆前面间隔一个警报刺激的6个参数,判断与当前刺激的6个参数是否完全一致,若一致,则当前刺激为匹配刺激。该任务由3个10min的block的组成,任务开始和结束以及每个block之间要求被试填写一次卡罗琳斯卡量表(Karolinska Sleepiness Scale,KSS)作为被试当前疲劳程度的量化指标。KSS量表常被用来研究各种情况下的疲劳程度,该量表要求被试在9个选项中选择与自身感受最相近的一项[14]。检查任务结束时填写KSS量表的值,若值大于6,则结束疲劳诱发任务;若值小于等于6,则增加一个10min的block,直至被试填写KSS量表的值大于6。其中,匹配刺激与非匹配刺激比例为1∶2,刺激呈现1 000ms,刺激间隔为2 000ms。被试需要按下不同按键判断刺激界面。由于被试间的抗疲劳能力存在差异,每名被试诱发疲劳(KSS>6)所需的block数量可能不一样,所以仅对任务开始和结束的KSS评分,以及第一个和最后一个block的行为绩效展开分析。将任务开始时的KSS评分记为KSS-1,任务结束时的KSS评分记为KSS-2;将任务的第一个block记为B-1,任务的最后一个block记为B-2。疲劳诱发任务流程如图1所示。
Oddball试验范式中的目标刺激能够诱发明显的ERP,ERP中P3成分的潜伏期和波幅能一定程度上反映大脑对信息的认知加工情况。以oddball范式设计2因素的监视任务,其中,第一个因素是被试的疲劳水平(警觉或疲劳)。由于操纵员在核电厂日常运维中需要监视评估不同复杂度的数字化控制界面,所以选择人机界面复杂程度作为试验的第2个因素,界面复杂度被分为低、中、高3个层次。
1) 任务素材。任务所用的图片素材均来源于某压水堆核电厂主控室仿真模拟机控制界面。以控制界面的图像熵量化控制界面的复杂度[15],将其划分为低、中、高3个层次,图像熵H可表示为:
H = - i = 1 L p i l o g 2 p i
式中: p i为某灰度在整个图像中出现的概率; L为图像灰度统计中的灰度级类型总数。
提取仿真模拟机中全部113个人机交互界面的截屏,所有图片分辨率均为1 280×1 024,以bmp格式保存,将所有图片灰度化(降低计算成本)后计算其图像熵。三分类处理后,从3个层次的H值范围内各挑选4个界面作为监视任务的任务对象,H值分类范围和选用界面H平均值见表1
2) 任务流程。监视任务以某一控制界面截屏作为刺激,要求被试判断界面中是否存在异常的参数或设备(系统会标记异常的参数或设备)。任务包含低复杂度界面、中复杂度界面和高复杂度界面3种刺激类型,每类刺激为一个block,block呈现顺序在被试间随机。每个block包含80个刺激,任务共计240个刺激(3×80),正常工况界面与异常工况界面比例为8∶2。刺激呈现1 000ms,刺激间隔在1 000~1 200ms内随机。被试需要按不同按键判断刺激界面的工况。低、中、高复杂度界面在前测任务的block分别记为L-1、M-1、H-1,在后测任务的block分别记为L-2、M-2、H-2。标准刺激和目标刺激示例如图2所示,监视任务流程如图3所示。
试验流程如图4所示,要求被试连续执行试验中的任务,设前测监视任务中被试疲劳水平为警觉,后测监视任务中疲劳水平为疲劳。正式试验之前采用统一指导语及练习序列训练被试至熟练操作,认为被试对oddball监视任务类型的正确率达到96%以上为熟练[16]。试验时间为2023年4月3日—5月12日,为保证试验前被试处于较好的精神状态,试验时间均安排在下午15:00进行。疲劳诱发任务时长根据被试抗疲劳能力不同而变化,文中最短用时30min,最长用时60min。前测及后测监视任务时长约为16min。单个被试试验总时长约为2h。
EEG数据通过64导电极帽、放大器和EEG记录分析系统采集。电极位置按照国际导联10-20系统安放,记录水平眼电和垂直眼电,设置双侧乳突TP9、TP10为参考电极,滤波带通0.5~40 Hz,采样率500 Hz,试验过程保持所有电极阻抗小于5 kΩ。试验场景如图5所示。
完成EEG记录后离线处理数据,将刺激呈现的那一刻作为锁时分析的零点,每个时间窗口设置为-200~800ms,以这1 000ms对EEG信号进行分段,将每段信号的-200~0ms设为基线进行校正,波幅大于±80 μV视为伪迹去除。将分段后的EEG信号叠加平均得到ERP数据。
试验可得被试的主观疲劳评分、行为数据和EEG数据。在此基础上,使用统计软件分析数据,显著水平均为α=0.05。
1) 主观问卷。KSS-1与KSS-2配对样本t检验结果表明:KSS-2(7.91±0.793)显著高于KSS-1(3.39±0.941)(统计检定值F=310.642,检验结果p=0<0.05),且KSS-1与KSS-2离散程度较小。这说明在疲劳诱发任务后,被试疲劳感受加深,且被试间主观疲劳感受基本在同一水平。
2) 行为数据。被试在疲劳诱发任务B-1和B-2的行为数据见表2。根据B-1与B-2行为数据及其配对样本t检验结果,B-2的正确率相较B-1只降低2%,但差异显著(t=2.590,p=0.017<0.05)。B-2的反应时相较B-1显著增加(t=-5.515,p=0<0.05),B-2的反应时相较B-1增加9.9%。
评估被试在前测和后测监视任务中异常工况界面的正确率和反应时统计结果,见表3
监视任务的正确率多变量方差分析表明:不同疲劳水平的正确率差异显著(F=6.975,p=0.009<0.05),被试在疲劳状态下的正确率相较警觉状态显著降低。界面复杂度对正确率的影响显著(F=4.066,p=0.019<0.05),界面越复杂,正确率越低。疲劳水平与界面复杂度的交互作用显著(F=3.399,p=0.036<0.05)。从均值看,界面复杂度对警觉状态下的正确率影响较小,相近复杂度之间的正确率差异均在2%以内。但在疲劳状态下,正确率在中复杂度和高复杂度界面之间出现了较大的差异,高复杂度界面的正确率相较中复杂度界面下降4.9%。
监视任务的反应时多变量方差分析表明:不同疲劳水平的反应时差异显著(F=5.071,p=0.026<0.05),被试在疲劳状态下反应时增加。界面复杂度对反应时的影响显著(F=16.564,p=0<0.05),被试反应时与界面复杂度呈正相关。疲劳水平与界面复杂度的交互作用不显著(p>0.05)。从均值看,2种疲劳水平下,中复杂度界面与高复杂度界面反应时的差异相比低复杂度界面与中复杂度界面之间更明显。警觉状态与疲劳状态的反应从低复杂度界面到中复杂度界面均增长2.5%左右,而从中复杂度界面到高复杂度界面的分别增长8.1%和10.4%。
进一步对同一复杂度界面下不同疲劳水平的正确率和反应时进行配对样本t检验,结果见表4
表4可知:仅有高复杂度界面下的正确率在疲劳诱发前后差异显著(t=3.333 3,p=0.003<0.05)。评估高复杂度界面异常时,疲劳状态的正确率相较警觉状态显著降低。
中复杂度界面(t=-3.141,p=0.044<0.05)和高复杂度界面(t=-5.565,p=0<0.05)下的反应在疲劳诱发前后差异显著。评估中复杂度界面和高复杂度界面异常时,疲劳状态的反应时相较于警觉状态显著增加。
P3成分是在目标刺激出现后300~600ms出现的正向波,ERP脑地形如图6所示。
图6可知:P3激活的脑区主要位于中央顶叶、顶叶和枕叶2侧的部分。因此,选择中央顶叶的CPz、CP1、CP2,顶叶的Pz、P1、P2和枕叶的POz、PO3、PO4作为分析电极。各电极的ERP波形如图7所示,各电极平均后的ERP波形如图8所示。
潜伏期为P3达到峰值的时间,波幅为P3峰值处电位。被试P3潜伏期和波幅统计数据如图9所示。
图9a及其多变量方差分析表明:疲劳对P3潜伏期有显著影响(F=6.162,p=0.014<0.05),当被试处于疲劳的状态下,P3潜伏期延长。同时,界面复杂度对P3潜伏期影响显著(F=14.466,p=0<0.05),界面越复杂,P3潜伏期越长。疲劳水平和界面复杂度交互作用不显著(p=0.05)。由图9a可知:警觉状态与疲劳状态下P3潜伏期的差异随界面复杂度的提高而延长。低界面复杂度下,不同疲劳水平的P3潜伏期几乎没有差异;在中复杂度界面下,疲劳状态的P3潜伏期相较警觉状态延长约15ms;在高复杂度界面下,疲劳状态下的P3潜伏期相较警觉状态延长约50ms。
图9b及其多变量方差分析表明:疲劳水平(F=0.374,p>0.05)和界面复杂度(F=1.407,p>0.05)对P3波幅的影响不显著。且这两者之间的交互作用不显著(F=0.489,p>0.05)。由图9b可知:在警觉状态下,P3波幅会随着界面复杂度的提高而有所下降。相较于警觉状态,疲劳状态的P3波幅在低复杂度界面和中复杂度界面下没有明显的变化,但在高复杂度界面下会增加。
进一步对同一复杂度界面下不同疲劳水平监视行为的P3潜伏期和波幅进行配对样本t检验,结果见表5
表5可知:仅在高复杂度界面下的P3潜伏期受疲劳影响显著(t=-3.529,p=0.002<0.05)。在评估高复杂度界面异常时,疲劳状态下的P3潜伏期相较警觉状态显著延长。
同样仅在高复杂度界面下的P3波幅在疲劳诱发前后差异显著(t=-3.529,p=0.002<0.05)。在对高复杂度界面的判断中,疲劳状态下的P3波幅相较警觉状态显著增大。
将前测与后测监视任务的EEG信号通过小波变换分解为θ(4~8 Hz)、α(8~14 Hz)、β(14~30 Hz)3个频带研究被试的疲劳状态。在前人的研究中,EEG各节律波功率的比值(α+θ)、 (α+θ)/(α+β)和θ/β作为脑力疲劳评价指标的有效性已经得到验证[17]。基于此,文中采用以上3种节律波比值来评估操纵员疲劳诱发情况。根据EEG各波段在脑区中的主要分布情况,分别从Pz、POz和FPz这3个通道提取θαβ节律波功率。前测与后测监视任务的各节律波功率比值计算结果及其配对样本t检验结果见表6
根据表63种疲劳评价指标在前测与后测监视任务的差异均达到显著(p<0.05),(α+θ)、(α+θ)/(α+β)和θ/β这3种疲劳评价指标在后测监视任务相较前测监视任务分别增加79.0%、40.7%和169.2%。从生理指标来看,被试在后测监视任务的疲劳水平相较前测监视任务显著提高。
由于疲劳对操纵员的影响,首先需要确认疲劳诱发任务有效性。采用疲劳诱发任务的主观疲劳评分、行为数据以及监视任务的生理指标(EEG频带)分析疲劳诱发的结果。结果表明:在完成疲劳诱发任务之后,被试感到疲劳(KSS>6),且疲劳水平相较于疲劳诱发任务前有了明显的提高。被试的绩效水平在执行疲劳诱发任务的过程中出现显著下降。SCHMIDT等[18]认为,长时单调任务会诱发被试的疲劳,从而导致绩效下降,这与疲劳诱发任务的结果一致。同时,通过 EEG节律波功率计算的3种疲劳评价指标在疲劳诱发任务后均有明显的增加。3个方面的结果都显示被试在疲劳诱发任务之后出现疲劳,疲劳诱发任务的有效性得到了客观和定量的验证。
行为数据显示,操纵员绩效水平在疲劳后明显下降。在另一方面,界面复杂度的增加也会降低操纵员绩效水平,这与GUO Fu等[19]的研究结果一致。在相同复杂度界面疲劳诱发前后的对比中,高复杂度界面下的绩效水平在疲劳后显著降低(正确率降低、反应时增加),中复杂度界面只有反应时显著增加,而疲劳对低复杂度界面的绩效水平影响并不显著。这说明复杂度越高,操纵员绩效水平受疲劳影响程度就越大。
ERP数据显示,P3潜伏期会随着界面复杂度的提高而延长。MINAMI等[20]认为,P3潜伏期与脑力负荷呈正相关。这说明界面越复杂,操纵员监视行为的脑力负荷越大。同时,疲劳状态下的P3潜伏期显著延长。根据WICKENS[21]的多资源理论,人的信息处理能力是有限的,任务占用认知资源的多少决定了脑力负荷的大小。监视行为的本质是操纵员持续不断地决定如何定位他们的认知资源,评估相同复杂度的控制界面所需的认知资源是一致的。由此可以推测,疲劳状态下操纵员认知容量减少,短时间内评估控制界面的认知资源需求超出容量上限,即脑力负荷过载导致信息在大脑加工时间增加,P3潜伏期延长。并且P3潜伏期的变化趋势与反应时一致,P3潜伏期延长一定程度体现在反应时增加。
疲劳和界面复杂度对P3波幅的影响均不显著。警觉状态下,P3波幅与界面复杂度呈负相关。文献资料显示,当脑力负荷增大时,P3波幅降低[22]。由此可知:界面复杂度与脑力负荷呈正相关,这与P3潜伏期得出的结果是一致的。疲劳状态下,低、中复杂度界面的P3波幅相较于警觉状态几乎没有变化,但高复杂度界面下的P3波幅增大。高复杂度界面P3波幅增加的原因可能是由于高难度的任务刺激被试出现抵抗疲劳的现象,通过主观努力试图集中注意力,消耗更多的认知资源。
此外,P3潜伏期和波幅都只在高复杂度界面下受到疲劳的影响达到显著(P3潜伏期延长,P3波幅增加)。结合上述行为绩效在疲劳诱发前后差异的显著性可以说明,界面复杂度的提高会加深疲劳对操纵员脑力负荷的负面影响。因此,推测采用高复杂度和中复杂度界面之间存在一个复杂度的阈值上限将疲劳对操纵员脑力负荷的影响控制在较小的范围。由于所采用界面的样本数量较少,不同复杂度界面之间的图像熵还存在一定的差值,所以该复杂度的具体阈值需要后续展开研究。与TANG Wenzhe等[7]研究结果不同的是,没有发现此类复杂度存在阈值下限,这可能与采用的图片素材有关,真实核电厂控制界面的布局、色彩,以及图像熵等因素与前人研究设计的理想控制界面存在差异。
综上,在评估操纵员疲劳水平方面,可考虑在任务前和任务过程中通过KSS量表快速评估操纵员疲劳水平,实现定量监测操纵员疲劳水平,以此为基础控制操纵员疲劳水平,保证其作业绩效的稳定性。在改善人机界面方面,特别需要针对警报界面的警报搜索、导航和消除的功能进行提高,防止操纵员因记忆大量报警信息而导致的疲劳,并且设计核电厂主控室操作界面时,应控制单个界面的复杂度,防止界面复杂度过高导致的操纵员脑力负荷过载。
1) 疲劳诱发分析表明:最短30min,最长60min的2-back任务能够诱发疲劳。疲劳诱发后KSS量表评分达到7.91;疲劳诱发任务B-2阶段的行为绩效相较B-1阶段显著下降,其中,正确率下降2%,反应时增加9.9%;疲劳诱发后的EEG节律波比值(α+θ)、(α+θ)/(α+β)和θ/β相较疲劳诱发前分别增加79.0%、40.7%和169.2%。
2) 绩效数据表明:疲劳或界面复杂度增加都会导致监视行为的绩效水平降低,且界面复杂度越高,操纵员绩效水平受疲劳影响程度越大。疲劳状态下高复杂度界面与中复杂度界面之间的绩效水平差异最大,其中,正确率下降4.9%,反应时增加10.4%。
3) ERP数据表明:疲劳或界面复杂度的增加都会导致P3潜伏期延长,其变化趋势与反应时一致,且P3潜伏期和波幅仅在高复杂度界面下受到疲劳的影响达到显著。结合绩效数据与ERP数据变化特征分析,界面复杂度的提高会加深疲劳对操纵员脑力负荷的负面影响。
4) 由于被试和选用界面的样本量有限,未能确认对操纵员脑力负荷影响较小的界面复杂度具体阈值,且试验环境是基于实验室条件的,仅研究操纵员认知行为中的监视行为,结论的普适性需要进一步验证。
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202211528009)
  • 湖南工学院省级应用特色学科安全科学与工程开放基金资助(KFB22028)
  • 湖南工学院省级应用特色学科安全科学与工程开放基金资助(KFB22029)
  • 湖南省教育厅项目(21C0811)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0997
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-26
  • 修回日期:2024-06-26
基金
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202211528009)
湖南工学院省级应用特色学科安全科学与工程开放基金资助(KFB22028)
湖南工学院省级应用特色学科安全科学与工程开放基金资助(KFB22029)
湖南省教育厅项目(21C0811)
作者信息
    1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
    2 湖南工学院 安全与管理工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421002

通讯作者:

** 蒋复量(1978—),男,湖南东安人,博士,教授,主要从事安全管理与风险分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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