Article(id=1149738627460153704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0225-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710000000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-10, revisedDate=1718208000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048649897, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048649897, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048649897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048649897, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=225, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738627657285993, articleId=1149738627460153704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Construction of rail transit emergency early warning perception system under YOLOv5 detection algorithm, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the pedestrian safety problems caused by the lag of the emergency warning system in urban rail transit stations under large passenger flow conditions,the YOLOv5 algorithm was selected to predict passenger flow information. The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to construct the urban rail transit emergency warning perception system. Firstly,the YOLOv5 algorithm was improved by optimizing the model training hyperparameters and prior frame parameters. Then,the emergency warning perception system was designed by selecting warning indicators,weight analysis and threshold definition. Finally,the self-organizing competitive network emergency warning model based on ANN was constructed by using Matlab software. The data collected by the optimized YOLOv5 algorithm were substituted into the emergency warning perception system through calculation,and the emergency warning perception system was verified by experiments. The results show that the optimized YOLOv5 algorithm can improve the accuracy of pedestrian target monitoring under large passenger flow conditions of urban rail transit by 7.04%. The judgment results obtained by substituting the pedestrian data collected by the optimized YOLOv5 algorithm into the constructed emergency warning perception system are consistent with the actual warning level,which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the system and helps to improve the emergency warning level of urban rail transit.

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为减少城市轨道交通站点中因大客流状态下应急预警系统的滞后性而发生的行人安全问题,选取YOLOv5算法预测客流信息,并利用人工神经网络(ANN)模型来构建城市轨道交通应急预警感知系统。首先,通过模型训练超参数优化和先验框参数优化改进YOLOv5算法;然后,通过预警指标选取、权重分析和阈值界定设计应急预警感知系统;最后,采用Matlab软件构建基于ANN的自组织竞争网络应急预警模型,将优化后的YOLOv5算法采集的数据通过计算代入应急预警感知系统中,通过试验验证应急预警感知系统。结果表明:优化后的YOLOv5算法相较原算法,城市轨道交通大客流状态下行人目标监测精确度提高7.04%;由优化后的YOLOv5算法所采集到的行人数据代入构建的应急预警感知系统后得到的判断结果与实际预警等级一致,证明了该系统的可实施性和有效性,有助于提高城市轨道交通应急预警水平。

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雷 斌 (1978—),男,陕西榆林人,工学博士,教授,主要从事道路与城市轨道交通工程研究。E-mail:

张亮,高级工程师;

李哲旭,高级工程师

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雷 斌 (1978—),男,陕西榆林人,工学博士,教授,主要从事道路与城市轨道交通工程研究。E-mail:

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张亮,高级工程师;

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张亮,高级工程师;

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李哲旭,高级工程师

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李哲旭,高级工程师

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Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2019,13:1361-1381., articleTitle=Evaluating operational performance of city bus transit service using tcqsm guidelines: a case study of Surat city, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865296288231734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=谭一帆, journalName=综合客运枢纽客流预警研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谭一帆. 综合客运枢纽客流预警研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865296338563383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=TAN Yifan, journalName=Research on passenger traffic warning of the comprehensive passenger transport hub, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAN Yifan. Research on passenger traffic warning of the comprehensive passenger transport hub[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167865294010724630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, awardId=2021SF-486, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省科学技术厅社会发展领域项目(2021SF-486), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167865294107193623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, awardId=20-05R, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省交通科技项目(20-05R), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167865289304715459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167865289308909764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, companyId=1167865289304715459, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Civil 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language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Overall flow chart of station large passenger flow early warning, figureFileSmall=nQVG42HxgnDyn2cHjmWsrg==, figureFileBig=BqDhOHPLGCTX+1hO6U18Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865292412694781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=图4, caption=车站大客流预警总体流程, figureFileSmall=nQVG42HxgnDyn2cHjmWsrg==, figureFileBig=BqDhOHPLGCTX+1hO6U18Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865292475609342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 实际人数
N1
监测人数
N2
漏检人数
N3
监测精度
A0/%
Faster R-CNN 1 321 1 140 181 86.30
YOLOv3 1 321 1 110 211 84.02
YOLO v5 1 321 1 123 198 85.01
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292538523903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

监测结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 实际人数
N1
监测人数
N2
漏检人数
N3
监测精度
A0/%
Faster R-CNN 1 321 1 140 181 86.30
YOLOv3 1 321 1 110 211 84.02
YOLO v5 1 321 1 123 198 85.01
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292593049856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical table of optimized monitoring model results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 N1 N2 N3 A0/%
原YOLOv5 1 321 1 123 198 85.01
优化后YOLOv5 1 321 1 216 105 92.05
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292651770113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化监测模型结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 N1 N2 N3 A0/%
原YOLOv5 1 321 1 123 198 85.01
优化后YOLOv5 1 321 1 216 105 92.05
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292727267586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Saaty scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BiBj相比较的重要程度 标度
同等重要 1
稍微重要 3
明显重要 5
强烈重要 7
绝对重要 9
BiBj重要程度介于各等级之间,分别取2、4、6、8
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292802765059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Saaty标度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BiBj相比较的重要程度 标度
同等重要 1
稍微重要 3
明显重要 5
强烈重要 7
绝对重要 9
BiBj重要程度介于各等级之间,分别取2、4、6、8
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292886651140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Random consistency index

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维数n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RI 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.26 1.36 1.41 1.46
), ArticleFig(id=1167865292974731525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

随机一致性指标

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维数n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RI 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.26 1.36 1.41 1.46
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293033451782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Expert assignment table and weights for warning indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预警指标 客流量 区域面积密度 排队滞留度 权重
客流量 1 1.482 1.539 0.34
区域面积密度 1.816 1 2.137 0.4
排队滞留度 0.356 1.300 1 0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293087977735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

预警指标专家赋值及权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预警指标 客流量 区域面积密度 排队滞留度 权重
客流量 1 1.482 1.539 0.34
区域面积密度 1.816 1 2.137 0.4
排队滞留度 0.356 1.300 1 0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293146697992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Classification of passenger flow density in metro station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
s/(m2·s·人-1) 预警等级
≥1.2
[0.9,1.2)
[0.3,0.9)
<0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293192835337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

轨道交通站点车站客流密度预警临界值划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
s/(m2·s·人-1) 预警等级
≥1.2
[0.9,1.2)
[0.3,0.9)
<0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293255749898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Early warning division of queuing detention degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
b 预警等级
<0.3
[0.3,0.6)
[0.6,0.8)
[0.8,1.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293306081547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

排队滞留度预警划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
b 预警等级
<0.3
[0.3,0.6)
[0.6,0.8)
[0.8,1.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293352218892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Training sample of mode determine

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样本序号 a s b
模式1 1 1.45 1.25 0.19
2 1.32 1.33 0.11
3 1.66 1.21 0.27
模式2 4 1.73 0.92 0.44
5 1.71 1.01 0.38
6 1.74 0.96 0.51
模式3 7 1.76 0.45 0.63
8 1.77 0.58 0.64
9 1.75 0.43 0.62
模式4 10 1.82 0.39 0.83
11 1.85 0.25 0.88
12 1.81 0.28 0.81
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293410939149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

模式判断训练样本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本序号 a s b
模式1 1 1.45 1.25 0.19
2 1.32 1.33 0.11
3 1.66 1.21 0.27
模式2 4 1.73 0.92 0.44
5 1.71 1.01 0.38
6 1.74 0.96 0.51
模式3 7 1.76 0.45 0.63
8 1.77 0.58 0.64
9 1.75 0.43 0.62
模式4 10 1.82 0.39 0.83
11 1.85 0.25 0.88
12 1.81 0.28 0.81
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293473853710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Test sample

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样本序号 a s b 模式
1 1.44 1.23 0.20 1
2 1.83 0.26 0.82 4
3 1.74 0.91 0.34 2
4 1.77 0.63 0.64 3
5 1.73 0.95 0.38 2
6 1.71 1.07 0.53 2
7 1.77 0.42 0.65 3
8 1.86 0.24 0.81 4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293540962575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

测试样本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本序号 a s b 模式
1 1.44 1.23 0.20 1
2 1.83 0.26 0.82 4
3 1.74 0.91 0.34 2
4 1.77 0.63 0.64 3
5 1.73 0.95 0.38 2
6 1.71 1.07 0.53 2
7 1.77 0.42 0.65 3
8 1.86 0.24 0.81 4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293591294224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Results of probabilistic neural network model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本序号 实际类别 判断类别 正误 预警类型
1 1 1 正确 蓝色
2 4 4 正确 红色
3 2 2 正确 黄色
4 3 3 正确 橙色
5 2 2 正确 黄色
6 2 2 正确 黄色
7 3 3 正确 橙色
8 4 4 正确 红色
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293654208785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

神经网络概率模型结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本序号 实际类别 判断类别 正误 预警类型
1 1 1 正确 蓝色
2 4 4 正确 红色
3 2 2 正确 黄色
4 3 3 正确 橙色
5 2 2 正确 黄色
6 2 2 正确 黄色
7 3 3 正确 橙色
8 4 4 正确 红色
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293717123346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

State model judgment numerical feature table

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监测时间/min a s b
[0,5) 1.63 1.28 0.26
[5,10) 1.71 1.12 0.39
[10,15) 1.73 0.97 0.53
[15,20) 1.77 0.77 0.59
[20,25) 1.82 0.53 0.74
[25,30] 1.74 0.88 0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293771649299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

预警状态模型判断数值特征矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测时间/min a s b
[0,5) 1.63 1.28 0.26
[5,10) 1.71 1.12 0.39
[10,15) 1.73 0.97 0.53
[15,20) 1.77 0.77 0.59
[20,25) 1.82 0.53 0.74
[25,30] 1.74 0.88 0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293821980948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Output result alert level determination

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监测时间/min 预警级别 实际预警
[0,5) 绿色预警 Ⅳ级预警
[5,10) 绿色预警 Ⅳ级预警
[10,15) 橙色预警 Ⅲ级预警
[15,20) 橙色预警 Ⅲ级预警
[20,25) 黄色预警 Ⅱ级预警
[25,30] 橙色预警 Ⅲ级预警
), ArticleFig(id=1167865293884895509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738627460153704, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

输出结果预警等级判定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测时间/min 预警级别 实际预警
[0,5) 绿色预警 Ⅳ级预警
[5,10) 绿色预警 Ⅳ级预警
[10,15) 橙色预警 Ⅲ级预警
[15,20) 橙色预警 Ⅲ级预警
[20,25) 黄色预警 Ⅱ级预警
[25,30] 橙色预警 Ⅲ级预警
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YOLOv5监测算法下轨道交通应急预警感知系统构建
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雷斌 1 , 闫浪浪 1 , 余华 1 , 温岩 2 , 张亮 3 , 李哲旭 3
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(9): 225-233
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(9): 225-233
YOLOv5监测算法下轨道交通应急预警感知系统构建
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雷斌1 , 闫浪浪1, 余华1, 温岩2, 张亮3, 李哲旭3
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 宝鸡市交通运输局 综合规划科,陕西 宝鸡 721004
  • 3 西安市轨道交通集团有限公司 运营分公司,陕西,西安 710018
  • 雷 斌 (1978—),男,陕西榆林人,工学博士,教授,主要从事道路与城市轨道交通工程研究。E-mail:

    张亮,高级工程师;

    李哲旭,高级工程师

Construction of rail transit emergency early warning perception system under YOLOv5 detection algorithm
Bin LEI1 , Langlang YAN1, Hua YU1, Yan WEN2, Liang ZHANG3, Zhexu LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 Baoji Municipal Transportation Bureau,Comprehensive Planning Division,Baoji Shaanxi 721004,China
  • 3 Operating Branch,Xi'an Rail Transit Group Co.,Ltd.,Xi'an Shaanxi 710018,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0120
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为减少城市轨道交通站点中因大客流状态下应急预警系统的滞后性而发生的行人安全问题,选取YOLOv5算法预测客流信息,并利用人工神经网络(ANN)模型来构建城市轨道交通应急预警感知系统。首先,通过模型训练超参数优化和先验框参数优化改进YOLOv5算法;然后,通过预警指标选取、权重分析和阈值界定设计应急预警感知系统;最后,采用Matlab软件构建基于ANN的自组织竞争网络应急预警模型,将优化后的YOLOv5算法采集的数据通过计算代入应急预警感知系统中,通过试验验证应急预警感知系统。结果表明:优化后的YOLOv5算法相较原算法,城市轨道交通大客流状态下行人目标监测精确度提高7.04%;由优化后的YOLOv5算法所采集到的行人数据代入构建的应急预警感知系统后得到的判断结果与实际预警等级一致,证明了该系统的可实施性和有效性,有助于提高城市轨道交通应急预警水平。

YOLOv5算法  /  监测算法  /  轨道交通  /  应急预警感知系统  /  目标监测  /  超参数

In order to reduce the pedestrian safety problems caused by the lag of the emergency warning system in urban rail transit stations under large passenger flow conditions,the YOLOv5 algorithm was selected to predict passenger flow information. The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to construct the urban rail transit emergency warning perception system. Firstly,the YOLOv5 algorithm was improved by optimizing the model training hyperparameters and prior frame parameters. Then,the emergency warning perception system was designed by selecting warning indicators,weight analysis and threshold definition. Finally,the self-organizing competitive network emergency warning model based on ANN was constructed by using Matlab software. The data collected by the optimized YOLOv5 algorithm were substituted into the emergency warning perception system through calculation,and the emergency warning perception system was verified by experiments. The results show that the optimized YOLOv5 algorithm can improve the accuracy of pedestrian target monitoring under large passenger flow conditions of urban rail transit by 7.04%. The judgment results obtained by substituting the pedestrian data collected by the optimized YOLOv5 algorithm into the constructed emergency warning perception system are consistent with the actual warning level,which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the system and helps to improve the emergency warning level of urban rail transit.

YOLOv5 algorithm  /  detection algorithm  /  rail transit  /  emergency warning perception system  /  target monitoring  /  hyperparameter
雷斌, 闫浪浪, 余华, 温岩, 张亮, 李哲旭. YOLOv5监测算法下轨道交通应急预警感知系统构建. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 225 -233 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0120
Bin LEI, Langlang YAN, Hua YU, Yan WEN, Liang ZHANG, Zhexu LI. Construction of rail transit emergency early warning perception system under YOLOv5 detection algorithm[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 225 -233 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0120
城市轨道交通逐渐成为人们交通出行的首要选择,在紧急情况时,站点会出现大客流事件,从而导致安全事故发生。在客流高峰期,即使将轨道交通站点的设备调制到最大频率,也无法满足乘客需求,这种情况被称为大客流[1]。为降低轨道交通站点安全事故发生频率,通常使用监测设备采集信息来精准判断客流信息。因此,科学地提高数据的精确性,构建合理的应急预警系统,对提高城市轨道交通大客流下行人的安全性具有重要现实意义。
传统目标监测算法主要有帧差法[2]、光流法[3]和背景拆分法[4]。帧差法可将视频图像的前后帧进行差分,从而获取场景中的运动信息。何文韬等[5]通过背景差分法检测轨道交通周围的异物,利用融合混合高斯模型的3帧差分法,区分动态异物与静态异物,并采取单目标跟踪算法追踪动态异物轨迹。盛蕊[6]利用YOLOv3模型进行视频监测,识别轨道交通站点的安全状态。闫香玲[7]通过YOLOv3算法实时监控客流信息并列出应急预警措施。常捷等[8]提出一种基于YOLOv3算法的加油站不安全行为监测模型。目前,视频监测算法在交通方面的应用多是监测混合交通流下的车辆目标,对于单一行人流的监测精度还有优化空间。在应急预警系统构建方面,LAI Yeonglin等[9]利用物联网、射频识别和WiFi技术开发了一套适用于紧急医疗服务(Emergency Medical Services,EMS)的智能紧急车辆预警系统,实现了实时视觉和警报器的安全的预警。YANG Yongjun等[10]整合预测预警报告编报,设计了中国海上突发环境事件预测预警系统。LI Jing等[11]研究了规划和建设预警通知系统的关键要素及其适用性。XI Yu等[12]运用动态粗糙集理论建立了突发事件决策库并构建了城市智能突发事件预警系统。李美洁[13]则通过优化YOLO算法实现了客流的安全预警。LI Haoran等[14]提出改进的YOLOv5车辆监测模型,其查准率、查全率和平均查准率均有显著提升。目前预警系统在交通方面的应用多是在其他应急场景,少有针对轨道交通的研究,且轨道交通中即使运用了智能化应急管理系统,识别参数也较为单一,识别精度依然有优化改善空间。
鉴于此,笔者拟在YOLOv5算法的基础上,进行超参数及先验框优化,通过模型训练来提高模型监测的精确度,与人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)模型相结合构建轨道交通应急预警感知系统,以期实现更智能、更精确的应急预警。
目标监测算法主要有基于卷积神经网络的目标检测算法(Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks,R-CNN)和基于回归的YOLO算法。通过采集西安小寨换乘站的部分视频样本,进行原模型试验检测,得到Faster R-CNN算法、原YOLOv3与原YOLOv5的检测结果统计,监测结果对比见表1
当监测人数小于实际人数和监测人数大于实际人数时,监测精度计算方法分别见下式:
A 0 = ( 1 - N 1 - N 2 N 1 ) × 100 %
A 0 = ( 1 - N 2 - N 1 N 1 ) × 100 %
经对比,Faster R-CNN算法的监测精度优于YOLOv5,但YOLOv5算法的捕捉能力可达到90帧/s,而Faster R-CNN算法的实时捕捉能力仅有5帧/s。综合考虑比选后,决定采用YOLOv5算法进行目标监测。其网络结构分为4部分:输入端、基准网络、Neck网络、Head输出端[15]
选择YOLOv5算法来实现客流信息监测,需要通过修改模型参数来优化算法,以便更好地适应轨道交通站点客流较多时的客流遮挡情况。
使用录像设备录制视频,获得数据集样本。步骤如下:①将采集获取的视频进行提帧处理,提取不同时间段和设施处共1 800张乘客图片。②使用LabelImg工具对这些图片中的乘客进行标注,确保标注框尽可能减少非乘客信息的干扰,从而得到轨道交通站点场景客流数据集。③将每张图片中的乘客都作标记,将其转换为XML格式,构建出一个完整数据集。④转换数据格式:将标注结果转换为YOLOv5所需格式。
为提高监测精度,主要从模型训练参数及先验框2方面优化。
1) 增加训练轮数。增加训练轮数可以帮助模型更充分地提取数据集的特征。通过调整配置文件中的参数将训练轮数从300增至500。
2) 调整学习率。学习率的设置会影响模型的训练速度和准确性。通过调整配置文件中的'lr'参数来将学习率从0.001增至0.01。
在YOLOv5中,先验框是指预定义的一组矩形框,用于监测目标物体。采用k-means聚类算法,从训练集中抽取z个真实边界框并将其作为先验条件,以此来构建出更加有效的模型。通常YOLOv5会使用内置的脚本k-means.py聚类训练集中的目标框,得到最佳的先验框尺寸。使用贝叶斯超参优化可进一步提高先验框性能,提高监测算法的监测精度。
XUE Jinlin等[16]采用k-means算法通过改进初始先验框来加快训练和推理的收敛速度,并通过采用损失函数(Complete Intersection over Union Loss,CIOU Loss)来提高监测精度。为避免先验框尺寸较大而导致的较大误差,引入目标框的重叠度(Intersection Over Union,IOU)来避免这个问题,通过计算每个目标框与分配的先验框之间的IOU值,从而反映先验框尺寸的精准程度。
使用贝叶斯超参数优化方法调整先验框尺寸快速找到最佳的超参数配置,以达到最佳的监测效果。流程如图1所示。
先验框参优化步骤如下。
1) 对先验框进行k-means函数优化。提取训练集中的目标框宽和高,将其转换为numpy数组boxes。调用k-means函数进行聚类,得到9个最佳的先验框大小,调整聚类数量k,得到不同数量和大小的先验框。
2) 贝叶斯超参优化。
步骤1:定义该训练函数,包含预测的目标函数模型的训练和验证部分;需要将目标函数最小化,因此,返回负的验证损失作为函数值。
步骤2:需要定义超参数空间。对于先验框需要在0.1~0.9之间选择3个值。
步骤3:需要初始化贝叶斯优化器,并使用'acq'策略和'ei'方法优化。
步骤4:输出最佳结果。
3) 先验框尺寸输出。将部分试验样本进行代码计算,得到优化后的先验框大小尺寸为63×56、88×70、90×89、112×76、119×111、125×96、130×135、140×110、170×150。
超参优化后,需要将优化后先验框大小及超参数在模型训练脚本中修改配置。训练部分数据库试验样本运行模型并通过tensorboard查询训练记录。模型训练结果与原YOLOv5算法监测统计结果见表2
表2可知:经过优化后的YOLOv5算法相比较优化前,可更好地监测大客流状态下的客流信息,部分结果精确度对比如图2所示。
通过贝叶斯超参优化及训练配置优化,得到优化后的YOLOv5模型,在该试验环境下监测精度提高7.04%,为应急预警感知系统的构建提供数据监测支撑。
对原YOLOv5算法部分结果分类,统计其训练精度结果,将其按照人均占有面积大小排序分析;对经过训练参数优化和先验框超参优化后的YOLOv5算法精度同样按照人均占有面积大小排序,改进前后的YOLOv5精确度分析对比结果如图3所示。
图3可知:视频监测算法在密度下精确度逐渐降低,主要原因是密集人群中存在互相遮挡的现象,导致监测目标出现误检或丢失。经过优化后YOLOv5算法的目标监测精度显著提升,证明优化后的YOLOv5算法在大客流状态下的行人目标监测精确度更高,适应性更强。
目前,国内大多使用的人工预警系统执行速度慢,智能预警体系指标单一,于是将2种预警体系相结合,使视频监测能够转化识别更精确的指标,以更精确的数值特征和判定模型确定预警系统。车站大客流预警总体流程如图4所示。
为满足视频监测算法的数据输出和尽可能地提高预警阈值的精确度,选择客流量、客流密度及排队长度3个指标输出及判定数据。
在YOLOv5算法中,监测目标的结果输出通常是以图像坐标系下的浮点数形式给出,所以,在确定指标时,需要将其转换为以时间单位衡量的指标数据,假设行人运动速度已知且保持恒定,将其视为一个常数,并根据其值进行目标监测结果的时间转换,这是整个预警系统的设定前提。
1) 客流量统计。通过YOLOv5目标监测算法可直接得到目标监测信息,在该系统中监测客流信息主要为客流量NN可划分为5个大类:进站客流、出站客流、站内客流、换乘客流和区间客流。不同类型的客流由设置在不同地点的视频监测统计获得。将客流量监测结果转换为时间单位分析,需进行以下步骤:①确定摄像头拍摄区域并估计物体在区域内移动的速度。②确定每帧图像对应的时间间隔。③预估物体从摄像头视野外进入视野内被监测到所需的时间。④将每个目标的监测时间转换为以秒为单位,并统计目标出现的时间分布。基于以上步骤可得出YOLOv5模型输出的以秒为单位的客流量。
2) 区域客流密度。①将视频分为若干包含T视频帧的时间段。②利用YOLOv5模型监测所有目标并将目标数量和位置信息存储起来。③将图像坐标系中的位置信息转换为实际场地中的坐标系,划分若干个区域。④计算每个区域在每秒内出现的目标数量,根据区域大小计算区域客流密度。公式如下:
ρ = N T S T
式中: ρ为区域客流密度,人/(m2·s);NT为区域 T内出现的目标人数;S为区域面积,m2
3) 排队长度。与区域客流密度的步骤大致相同,需要将式(3)修改为行人排队长度公式,计算每秒内的平均排队长度。公式如下:
D = p = 1 q   l p q
式中:D为每秒的平均排队长度,m/s;lp为第p个行人所处的排队长度,m;q为当前时间段出现的行人数。
在选取3种重要指标后,还需要分析指标权重。在模型训练过程中,通过不断地调整权重,ANN模型可学习到输入与输出之间的映射关系。因此,采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)利用1~9标度法比较权重大小,标度见表3表3中,BiBj分别表示判断矩阵A中的行元素i和列元素j的重要程度或优先级,Bij用来判断ij 2个元素之间的相对重要程度。
Saaty标度法是一种用于多准则决策的定量方法。其基本原理是通过比较各准则对某个决策的相对重要性来确定最终决策。Saaty标度法的核心公式是计算特征向量的一致性比率(Consistency Ratio,CR),CR=(CI/RI),其中,CI为矩阵A的一致性指标(Consistency Index),RI为随机一致性指标(Random Index),其数值依赖于判断矩阵的维数n。如果CI小于0.1,表示矩阵A具有良好的一致性,可用于计算权重向量。RI值[17]表4
在构造判断矩阵时,邀请10位轨道交通公司的专家对拟构建预警系统指标的重要程度进行评价打分,即对指标体系中各指标两两对比得到的相关程度值,从而作出相对重要性判断,比较权重依据表4确定。
对10份回收的专家判断矩阵进行几何平均处理,比较专家对各因素指标权重的打分情况,按照AHP法构造指标重要性判断矩阵,计算出特征向量,进行归一化处理后得到权重,见表5
为确保上述结果的可靠性,按照AHP法要求进行一致性检验。经计算,表5中判断矩阵的最大特征根 λ m a x为3.083 2,计算判断矩阵的CI为:
C I = λ m a x - n n - 1 = 0.041   6
由于维数n=3,则根据表5,RI值为0.52,因此,计算后CR为0.08<0.1,说明判断矩阵具有较好的一致性,通过一致性检验。
1) 预警指标级别确定。在当前的分级分层预警体系中,通常将预警分为4个等级。①Ⅳ级(蓝色)预警:正常状态,会有少数地方拥堵。遇到危险的情况可以迅速安排人员撤离。②Ⅲ级(黄色)预警:较正常状态,会有部分地方出现客流拥堵。遇到突发事件不会严重影响车站的运输服务。③Ⅱ级(橙色)预警:较危险状态,车站的出入口、狭窄的通道、电扶梯处均会出现拥挤现象。列车应急调度和缩短发车间隔,可有效减轻拥堵。④Ⅰ级(红色)预警:车站内会出现大规模拥堵现象,客流量极大,将严重影响乘客出行安全。
2) 预警阈值确定。分别对客流量、区域客流密度和排队滞留度进行预警阈值的确定。国内外学者研究了旅客行为与密度等特征关系,提出行人疏散水平的分级密度指标[18],将该数据作为预警指标的划分标准之一。
李冰玉等[19]提到,沈阳地铁有限公司技术文件指出当实际客流超过车站最大客流的70%时开始拥挤,到达80%时开始出现失效客流,在90%以上时极度拥挤,因此,客流量对应Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ级预警体系的指标系数a取1.7、1.75、1.8、1.9。
a = N / N m a x
式中Nmax为轨道交通站点设计时允许通过的最大客流量,计算公式为:
N m a x = c / m
式中:c为通过设施设备的最大通过能力,人/h,设施设备主要有闸机、楼梯、通道等;m为通过设施设备宽度,m。参考值见《地铁设计规范》[20]中车站各部位最大通过能力表。
s为人均占用空间,(m2·s)/人,区域客流密度计算公式为:
s = S T N T
s ρ之间的关系为:
s = 1 ρ
参考TCQSM[21]排队等候区服务水平描述,划分轨道交通站点客流密度等级,其临界值见表6
排队滞留度计算为目前排队长度Li与该区域最大排队长度Lmax的比值,计算公式为:
b = L i L m a x
式中:b为排队滞留度;Lmax为该区域最大采集范围宽度,m。
排队滞留度反映了乘客在车站内的疏散效率,这会对站点的安全性产生影响。谭一帆[22]在文中对4个客流安全等级分别赋予系数阈值0.8、0.6、0.4、0.2,将客流安全等级系数阈值映射到排队滞留度上,可更准确地评估排队滞留度对预警系统的影响。文中将预警等级分为4级,参考上述系数阈值,将排队滞留度系数阈值设定为0.8、0.6、0.3。其划分指标见表7
在完成指标选择、权重分析和阈值界定后,就需要通过相应的算法建立应急预警感知系统。
根据ANN模型可对输入信号快速反应并处理的优点,通过选取相应的数值特征和训练定义的样本特征识别不同数据的状态,根据表5中的预警指标权重和3.1.3节确定的预警阈值,将样本数据划分并反复训练。由3个预警指标确定临界值,划分成数据集后代入ANN模型中判断,即可得到精确判断当前客流状态的预警系统模型,确定预警等级。
采用Matlab中提供的神经网络工具箱构建预警体系,使用这个算法模拟模型和训练样本集,以提高工作效率。
1) 特征选择。根据式(3)、表6表7确定评定数据的量化分析及数值特征。
2) 模型建立。定义地铁大客流疏运预警模型的4种状态:蓝色预警,黄色预警,橙色预警,红色预警,并分别标号。
通过分析4种模型的评估参数,构建四维向量,从中收集3份预警模式样本,去除无意义的样本特征后剩余共12份训练样本,见表8。依据表8输入12份样本数据,每个样本包含3维向量,建立概率神经网络模型。该神经网络由4个独立的神经元组成,将它们的输入特征表示为3维的向量。
3) 预警模型状态诊断实现。用四维向量表示工作状态,处理分类向量,定义8份测试样本,见表9
在诊断过程中,先确立样本并进行归一化处理,构建有效的网格模型,并进行测试和分析。具体步骤包括:①每一列将其划分为3×12矩阵和3×8矩阵。②归一化训练样本。③将平滑因子设定为1,记录构建模型所需时间。④测试样本的类别和正确的分类标签。测试数据转换为向量,并进行标量化。⑤显示8个测试样本的诊断结果,这8个样本分别属于一类分类模式。
在命令窗口得到以下的输出结果见表10。可以看出,该概率神经网络所做的诊断基本正确,证明该模型较为可靠,准确性较好。
选取西安市小寨站为例,使用优化后的YOLOv5算法获取视频监测数据。根据条件取舍选定监控地点为扶梯、楼梯、入口闸机、出口闸机、车门、站厅、通道各一处,根据监测区域的设备通行能力计算Nmax的值,Nmax由式(7)可得,结果取整后为317人/min,从而得到判断模型中的a值。
根据式(6)、式(9)和式(10)计算得到站点的状态判断特征数值矩阵见表11,其中,该时段特征值为监测计算得到相关数值的时间平均值。大客流状态下无论客流增长速度如何变化,在一定时间内其客流总量是增长的,其客流数值特征也会维持较长时间,所以,将监测算法时间设置为5min。
将以上数据得到的同一时段的结果代入到训练好的ANN概率模型中,可得判断结果,见表12
实例验证结果表明:ANN概率模型和预警系统具有一定的可实施性和判断准确性,在系统实时判定预警级别后,采取相应的预警措施即可实现应急预警感知系统的整体性应用。
1) 针对大客流状态,优化后的YOLOv5模型对目标监测精度的提高7.04%,证明优化后的YOLOv5监测算法对于大客流状态下的行人目标监测精确度更高,可为应急预警感知系统的构建提供可靠的数据监测支撑。。
2) 完成应急预警感知系统模型构建后诊断预警模型状态,输出结果显示,该概率神经网络诊断基本正确,该模型较为可靠,准确性较好。
3) 实例验证结果证明ANN概率模型和预警系统具备可实施性和有效性,相比于传统大客流预警系统,文中构建的应急预警感知系统监测灵敏度高,处理时间短,流程更方便,有助于提高城市轨道交通的应急预警水平。
  • 陕西省科学技术厅社会发展领域项目(2021SF-486)
  • 陕西省交通科技项目(20-05R)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0120
  • 接收时间:2024-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-10
  • 修回日期:2024-06-13
基金
陕西省科学技术厅社会发展领域项目(2021SF-486)
陕西省交通科技项目(20-05R)
作者信息
    1 西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 宝鸡市交通运输局 综合规划科,陕西 宝鸡 721004
    3 西安市轨道交通集团有限公司 运营分公司,陕西,西安 710018
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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