Article(id=1149738625446883902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0138-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1816, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710432000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-15, revisedDate=1718812800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048649416, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048649416, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048649416, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048649416, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738625677570624, articleId=1149738625446883902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Diffusion characteristics of thermal runaway gas from lithium-ion batteries under longitudinal ventilation, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A two-dimensional diffusion model was developed using the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent across various longitudinal wind speeds to examine the impact of longitudinal ventilation in underground tunnels on the dispersion of thermal runaway gases from lithium-ion batteries. The findings demonstrate that the diffusion of thermal runaway gas on the upwind side of the gas inlet is restricted by longitudinal ventilation,while it is enhanced on the downwind side. At a wind speed of 3 m/s,the time it takes for thermal runaway gas to diffuse to the exit boundary in about 40% that when there is no wind. Moreover,increasing wind speed within the computational domain results in a larger diffusion area under the same diffusion time. The expansion of the explosion area generally exhibits an increasing-then-decreasing trend as diffusion time advances. In the wind speed range of 0.25-3 m/s,the maximum explosion area grows proportionally with wind speed,forming an exponential relationship. Notably,the maximum hazardous area reaches a minimum of 6.79 m2 at a wind speed of 0.75 m/s. Considering the maximum explosion range,wind speeds between 0.5 and 0.75 m/s appear optimal for diluting and diffusing thermal runaway gas in the tunnel.

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为探究井下巷道中纵向通风对锂离子电池热失控气体扩散的影响,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立不同纵向风速下的二维扩散模型。结果表明:纵向通风抑制气体入口上风侧热失控气体的扩散,促进下风侧热失控气体的扩散;当纵向风速为3 m/s时,热失控气体扩散到出口边界所用时间约是无风时的0.4倍;在相同扩散时间内,随着纵向风速的增大,在计算域内形成的扩散范围越大;爆炸范围随着扩散时间的增大基本呈现先增大后减小的趋势;在0.25~3 m/s纵向风速下,最大爆炸范围随着纵向风速的增大而增大;纵向风速为0.75 m/s时最大危险范围最小,为6.79 m2;0.5~0.75 m/s范围内的纵向风速对巷道中热失控气体的稀释扩散效果最佳。

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王 志 (1990—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾动力学、锂离子电池火灾安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

史波波,副教授

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王 志 (1990—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾动力学、锂离子电池火灾安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王 志 (1990—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾动力学、锂离子电池火灾安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

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史波波,副教授

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纵向通风下锂离子电池热失控气体扩散特性
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王志 1, 2 , 殷波 1 , 史波波 1 , 余先宇 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(9): 138-144
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(9): 138-144
纵向通风下锂离子电池热失控气体扩散特性
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王志1, 2 , 殷波1, 史波波1, 余先宇1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2 中国矿业大学 江苏省城市地下空间火灾防护高校重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 王 志 (1990—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾动力学、锂离子电池火灾安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

    史波波,副教授

Diffusion characteristics of thermal runaway gas from lithium-ion batteries under longitudinal ventilation
Zhi WANG1, 2 , Bo YIN1, Bobo SHI1, Xianyu YU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1816
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为探究井下巷道中纵向通风对锂离子电池热失控气体扩散的影响,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立不同纵向风速下的二维扩散模型。结果表明:纵向通风抑制气体入口上风侧热失控气体的扩散,促进下风侧热失控气体的扩散;当纵向风速为3 m/s时,热失控气体扩散到出口边界所用时间约是无风时的0.4倍;在相同扩散时间内,随着纵向风速的增大,在计算域内形成的扩散范围越大;爆炸范围随着扩散时间的增大基本呈现先增大后减小的趋势;在0.25~3 m/s纵向风速下,最大爆炸范围随着纵向风速的增大而增大;纵向风速为0.75 m/s时最大危险范围最小,为6.79 m2;0.5~0.75 m/s范围内的纵向风速对巷道中热失控气体的稀释扩散效果最佳。

纵向通风  /  锂离子电池  /  热失控气体  /  气体扩散  /  纵向风速  /  巷道  /  爆炸范围

A two-dimensional diffusion model was developed using the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent across various longitudinal wind speeds to examine the impact of longitudinal ventilation in underground tunnels on the dispersion of thermal runaway gases from lithium-ion batteries. The findings demonstrate that the diffusion of thermal runaway gas on the upwind side of the gas inlet is restricted by longitudinal ventilation,while it is enhanced on the downwind side. At a wind speed of 3 m/s,the time it takes for thermal runaway gas to diffuse to the exit boundary in about 40% that when there is no wind. Moreover,increasing wind speed within the computational domain results in a larger diffusion area under the same diffusion time. The expansion of the explosion area generally exhibits an increasing-then-decreasing trend as diffusion time advances. In the wind speed range of 0.25-3 m/s,the maximum explosion area grows proportionally with wind speed,forming an exponential relationship. Notably,the maximum hazardous area reaches a minimum of 6.79 m2 at a wind speed of 0.75 m/s. Considering the maximum explosion range,wind speeds between 0.5 and 0.75 m/s appear optimal for diluting and diffusing thermal runaway gas in the tunnel.

longitudinal ventilation  /  lithium-ion battery  /  thermal runaway gas  /  gas diffusion  /  longitudinal wind velocity  /  tunnel  /  explosion area
王志, 殷波, 史波波, 余先宇. 纵向通风下锂离子电池热失控气体扩散特性. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 138 -144 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1816
Zhi WANG, Bo YIN, Bobo SHI, Xianyu YU. Diffusion characteristics of thermal runaway gas from lithium-ion batteries under longitudinal ventilation[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 138 -144 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1816
锂离子电池具有能量密度高,使用寿命长等优点,广泛应用于各行各业[1],采矿业中也逐渐使用锂离子电池替代传统柴油机与铅酸电池[2-3]。由于锂离子电池内部活性强,在机械、电、热等滥用下可能发生热失控,释放大量的热量导致火灾爆炸[4]
锂离子电池热失控会喷发H2、CH4、CO等可燃气体以及电解液蒸气[5]。井下巷道作为典型的狭长受限空间,锂离子电池热失控所产生的可燃气体在巷道内聚集,遇静电、明火可能发生爆炸。热失控气体还可能会与井下巷道中存在的爆炸性粉尘,瓦斯等爆炸性气体耦合[6],进一步增加火灾爆炸风险。国内外学者对锂离子电池热失控气体(以下称为热失控气体)进行了广泛研究。JIA Zhuangzhuang等[7]发现过充和过热条件下磷酸铁锂电池热失控气体主要成分为CO2、C2H4、H2、CO和CH4,热滥用下所产生的气体总量更大。QIN Peng等[8]研究发现磷酸铁锂离子电池热失控气体成分主要包括H2和CO2,并模拟了热失控气体在储能舱室内的扩散行为。王俊等[9]模拟了磷酸铁锂电池热失控气体在电池箱中的扩散,结果表明:泄压阀破裂后数秒内热失控气体充满整个电池箱的上侧。ZHANG Qingsong等[10]发现100%荷电状态下的电池产生的热失控气体具有更宽的爆炸极限。
综上,当前研究主要集中于热失控气体的喷发过程和气体成分,对热失控气体的扩散研究还存在空白。鉴于此,笔者考虑到在实际巷道中开展锂离子电池热失控试验风险和成本过大,拟通过Fluent软件研究不同纵向风速对井下巷道中热失控气体扩散过程的影响,以期确定扩散过程中形成的爆炸风险。
考虑到多组分气体扩散需要大量的计算资源,通过采用二维模型且不考虑电解液蒸气的影响,选择标准k-ε湍流模型计算。锂离子电池热失控最大温度一般在600~900 K[11-12],因此,将热失控气体初始温度设为700 K,同时开启热扩散。
所建立的二维模型长200 m、高3 m,如图1所示。气体入口选择质量流量入口边界,根据《金属非金属地下矿山通风技术规范》[13]等规范,运输巷道,采区进、回风道风速一般为0.25~6 m/s,因此,研究0(无风)、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3 m/s等8种风速情况下热失控气体的扩散。初始化时,计算域内充满空气,温度为300 K。气体入口包括5种均匀混合的主要热失控气体组分:H2、CH4、C2H4、CO和CO2。所有气体的物性参数都来自Fluent数据库,并且假设所有气体符合理想气体状态方程且气体间不发生化学反应。上下壁面的温度均为300 K,壁面为无滑移光滑壁面。假设计算域内没有辐射传热,气体入口尺寸为典型电池模组的长度400 mm。
热失控气体喷发时间越长,所需几何模型越大,模拟计算时间越长。基于相似准则,将热失控气体喷发时间整体放缩到约30 s[8],热失控气体扩散到边界即结束计算。简化喷发过程为入口扩散模型。选取时间步长为0.001 s,计算验证无风条件下8种不同尺寸的网格模型。网格数大于12万时,同一时刻同一位置不同网格尺寸下温度变化不大;考虑到网格越多,需要的计算资源增大,因此,选择网格数为186 303个。计算验证无风条件下7种时间步长模型,当时间步长低于0.01 s,同一时刻同一位置不同时间步长下温度变化不大;由于时间步长直接影响计算结果的收敛性,因此,选择的时间步长为0.002 s。图2给出了气体入口条件、网格无关性验证、时间步长无关性验证以及模型验证结果。由图2d看出,单一电池喷发扩散下模拟数据与文献[8]中试验数据吻合较好,说明了该模型的有效性。假设模组中所有电池同时喷发气体,由图2e气体入口质量流量随时间的变化曲线计算得出气体喷发总质量约为7.893 kg,相当于80个86 Ah磷酸铁锂电池同时热失控喷发[712]
图3为部分热失控气体扩散云图。将H2、CH4、C2H4和CO混合可燃气体作为整体,记为热失控可燃气体。由图3a可以看出:无风时热失控可燃气体在出口两端对称分布;随着纵向风速的增大,气体入口上风侧可燃气体扩散距离减小;图3a中非空白部分的面积为计算域内热失控可燃气体扩散的总面积,即扩散范围。由图3b可以看出,温度分布大小与热失控气体体积分数分布基本一致:温度越高,扩散速度越快。由图3c可以看出,热失控气体扩散5 s时在热失控气体入口附近形成了不稳定湍流;无风时热失控气体在初始动能的作用下先向上扩散,遇到顶棚后开始向两端流动,在扩散前沿与空气形成卷吸。有风时,在纵向风速与初始动能的共同作用下,热失控气体向下风侧倾斜,在入口下风侧形成一个热失控气体与空气卷吸混合的湍流区域。随着纵向风速的增大,热失控气体倾斜角度越大,在入口下风侧形成一个高体积分数的热失控气体区域。气体喷发完毕后,计算域内流场基本稳定,但热失控气体扩散前沿与空气的卷吸效应仍会存在。
图4为热失控气体的扩散前沿位置变化图。可以看出,纵向通风促进了气体入口下风侧热失控气体的扩散;随着纵向风速增大,热失控气体在下风侧扩散加快。无风时,热失控气体需要约71 s扩散到下风侧出口边界,当纵向风速为3 m/s时,仅约29 s。然而,纵向通风抑制了气体入口上风侧热失控气体的扩散,随着纵向风速的增大,热失控气体在上风侧扩散距离减小。热失控可燃气体不发生逆流的纵向通风临界风速[14]处于1.5~2 m/s之间。
图5为热失控可燃气体的扩散范围曲线。在相同的扩散时间内,热失控可燃气体的扩散范围随纵向风速的增大基本呈增大趋势。图6为不同纵向风速下热失控可燃气体的最大扩散范围曲线。无风时热失控可燃气体向两端扩散,形成的扩散范围最大,为314.28m2;纵向风速为0.5m/s,扩散范围最小,为259.61 m2。高纵向风速通风能够加快热失控可燃气体扩散;纵向风速为0.5m/s时,热失控气体形成的扩散范围最小。
每种可燃气体占比不同,混合可燃气体的爆炸特性也不同。此外,惰性气体的加入也会进一步影响混合可燃气体的爆炸特性。假设空气由O2和N2组成,混合可燃气体的等效反应式为[15]:
CaHbOc+C0(O2+3.773N2) a C O 2 + 0.5 b H 2 O + 3.773   C 0 N 2
C 0   =   a + b / 4 + c / 2
式中:abc分别为碳(C)、氢(H)和氧(O)原子的数量;C0为单位摩尔可燃气体完全反应时氧气的化学计量数。
可燃气体处于爆炸下限和爆炸上限时的热平衡方程分别为:
X L Q + 1 - X L   =   X L H
X U Q + 1 - X U   =   ( 1 - X U ) H / 4.773 C 0
式中:XL为可燃气体的爆炸下限,%;Q为可燃气体的淬火势;H为可燃气体的放热势;XU为可燃气体的爆炸上限,%。式(3)和式(4)左侧表示可燃气体和空气的淬火势,即抑制燃烧的能力;右侧表示可燃气体的放热势,即促进燃烧的能力。
混合可燃气体的淬火势和放热势满足:
i X i = 1
C 0 m = i C 0 i X i
Q m = i Q i X i
H m = i H i X i
式中:Xi为混合可燃气体中各气体的体积分数,%; C 0 i为混合可燃气体中各气体在单位摩尔下完全反应时氧气的化学计量数; C 0 m为单位摩尔混合可燃气体完全反应时氧气的化学计量数;Qi为混合可燃气体中各气体的淬火势;Qm为混合可燃气体的淬火势;Hi为混合可燃气体中各气体的淬火势;Hm为混合可燃气体的加热势。
混合可燃气体的爆炸下限XL,m和上限XU,m分别表示为:
X L m   =   1 / ( 1 + H m - Q m )
  X U m   =   1 - Q m / ( H m / 4.773 C 0 m + Q m - 1 )
当混合气体可燃系统中存在CO2时,式(3)和式(4)分别改写为:
X L m D Q m D + X D Q D + 1 - X L m D - X D   =   X L m D H m D
X U m D Q m D + X D Q D + 1 - X U m D - X D =   ( 1 -   X U m D - X D ) H m D / 4.773 C 0 m D
式中:XD为CO2体积分数,%; X L m D为存在CO2时混合可燃气体的爆炸下限,%; X U m D为存在CO2时混合可燃气体的爆炸上限,%;CO2的淬火势QD为1.75[15]
假设可燃气体释放的热量恒定,存在CO2时混合可燃气体温度为T时的爆炸极限XT表示为[16]:
X T / X m D   =   1 ± 0.000   721 ( T - 300 )
式中:Xm,D 为存在CO2时混合可燃气体的爆炸极限,%。计算爆炸下限时取负号,计算爆炸上限时取正号。
将式(5)—式(13)导入后处理软件中,可求解含CO2的混合可燃系统的爆炸极限。由于计算域内的可燃气体组分体积分数动态变化,因此,不存在特定的爆炸极限。
爆炸范围定义为计算域内热失控可燃气体体积分数处于爆炸极限范围内的面积。图7为不同纵向风速下的爆炸范围曲线,当热失控气体扩散出计算域后,爆炸范围呈现快速下降趋势。在扩散早期因为热失控气体不断从入口进入到计算域内,因此爆炸范围呈上升趋势。又根据锂离子电池热失控产气趋势,在气体入口热失控气体的量是先增加后降低的,在爆炸范围达到最大值后,由于气体入口无法提供足够的可燃气体形成爆炸环境,并且先前进入计算域内的可燃气体也会进一步扩散,一些区域内的可燃气体含量达不到爆炸下限所需要的气体含量,导致爆炸范围减小,因此,计算域内爆炸范围大小基本呈先上升后下降趋势。在相同的扩散时间内,随着纵向风速的增大(除去无风、0.25、0.5 m/s),爆炸范围基本呈增大趋势。在扩散初期(约16 s前),纵向风速为0.25 m/s时所形成的爆炸范围反而大于纵向风速0.5 m/s时的爆炸范围。图8为扩散10 s时纵向风速为0.25和0.5m/s时热失控可燃气体体积分数云图,可以看出,与0.25 m/s相比,纵向风速为0.5 m/s时,热失控可燃气体高体积分数区域较大,爆炸范围较小。
图9给出了最大爆炸范围与风速的关系,其拟合方程为y=exp(0.025 3v2+0.026v+4.428),y为最大爆炸范围,m2;v为风速,m/s。无风时最大爆炸范围为93.37 m2;风速为3 m/s时最大爆炸范围为113.5 m2。风速小于1.5 m/s时能抑制热失控可燃气体在气体入口上风侧的扩散过程,热失控可燃气体在上风侧形成的爆炸范围减小。由于纵向风对下风侧热失控可燃气体的扩散稀释作用有限,因此,最大爆炸范围低于无风时的最大爆炸范围。风速大于1.5 m/s时上风侧不会形成爆炸范围,但会促进下风侧热失控可燃气体的扩散,所形成的最大爆炸范围大于无风时的最大爆炸范围。
当量比越接近1,可燃气体与氧气反应越完全,可燃气体-空气混合体系越危险[17]。将当量比为1时可燃气体在可燃气体-空气混合体系中所占的体积分数记为当量体积分数。定义最大危险范围为计算域内热失控可燃气体处在当量体积分数±2%时的面积。图10给出了最大危险范围与纵向风速的关系,可以看出,热失控可燃气体最大危险范围随着纵向风速的增加先减小后增大再减小,纵向风速为0.75 m/s时最大危险范围最小。纵向风速在0.5 ~0.75 m/s之间,对巷道中热失控气体的稀释扩散效果最佳。
1) 保证热失控可燃气体不发生逆流的纵向通风临界风速处于1.5~2 m/s之间。无风时,热失控气体需要71 s扩散到下风侧出口边界,约为3 m/s纵向风速下所用时间的2.5倍;无风时计算域内形成的扩散范围最大,为314.28m2
2) 不同纵向风速下,热失控气体扩散过程形成的爆炸范围基本呈现先增大后减小趋势。无风时最大爆炸范围为93.37 m2;纵向风速为0.25~3 m/s时最大爆炸范围为84.6~113.5 m2
3) 最大危险范围随纵向风速增大先减小后增大然后再减小。纵向风速为0.75 m/s时最大爆炸范围最小为6.79m2。当纵向风速在0.5~0.75 m/s之间,对巷道中热失控气体的稀释扩散效果最佳。
  • 火灾科学国家重点实验室开放课题(HZ2024-KF03)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助(52204253)
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  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目资助(2023M733766)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1816
  • 接收时间:2024-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-15
  • 修回日期:2024-06-20
基金
火灾科学国家重点实验室开放课题(HZ2024-KF03)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助(52204253)
民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室开放基金资助(MZ2023KF06)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目资助(2023M733766)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2 中国矿业大学 江苏省城市地下空间火灾防护高校重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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