Article(id=1149738624264094004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0183-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0575, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=1716307200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048649135, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048649135, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048649135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048649135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=183, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738625363001657, articleId=1149738624264094004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on'status and trends' scenario construction and combination deduction method of stampede accident in large-scale activities, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the challenges associated with characterizing the scenarios of stampede accidents and facilitating comprehension of these scenarios among decision-makers,a method for constructing and combining scenarios of large-scale event stampede accidents was proposed. Firstly,the scene elements of stampede accidents were extracted in large-scale events from the four factors that affect the formation of large-scale activities: people,venue,management,and environment,and a formal expression method for "state" and "trends" of large-scale activities research was established. Secondly,based on Markov model,a deduction description and calculation method for the transformation of situational "state-trends" was provided. Finally,an example analysis was conducted using Shanghai Bund accident. The findings of empirical analyses indicate that deductive results are largely aligned with the actual development process of the 2014 Shanghai stampede. This evidence substantiates the scientific rigour and efficacy of methodology proposed in the paper.

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为解决大型活动踩踏事故形成过程情景描述困难,决策者对大型活动踩踏事故情景演化不易掌握等问题,提出大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与组合推演方法。首先,从影响大型活动形成的人、场地、管理、环境4因素提取大型活动踩踏事故情景要素,建立对大型活动研究的“态”“势”形式化表达方法;其次,基于马尔可夫模型,给出情景“态-势”转化的推演描述与计算方法;最后,以上海外滩事故为例进行实证分析。结果表明:提出的大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与推演方法,能够提供情景结构化表达的统一方式和突发事件情景之间演化进程的重构还原。实证分析结果显示,推演结果与外滩事故实际发展过程基本一致,证明所提方法具有一定的科学性和有效性。

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刘 艺 (1984—),女,河南洛阳人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事公共安全、应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

王欣芝,讲师;

张辉,教授

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figureFileSmall=ii5rB93kQE2htWMN2f4Vgw==, figureFileBig=2zvDQ6ctTIEwjcRCkNpVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865279531987097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738624264094004, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Historical scenario observation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 ρ B M E 有无风险
1 略拥挤 推搡 结构损坏 无警示
2 拥挤 推搡 出口狭窄 无引导
3 拥挤 人流对冲 空间堵塞 无引导
4 负载 人流对冲 空间堵塞 无引导
5 负载 哄抢 空间堵塞 分流引导
6 略拥挤 哄抢 结构损坏 无引导
7 略拥挤 哄抢 出口狭窄 无引导
8 拥挤 人流对冲 空间堵塞 无引导
9 拥挤 推搡 空间堵塞 无引导
10 拥挤 推搡 障碍物阻挡 无引导
11 略拥挤 推搡 结构损坏 警示牌
12 拥挤 推搡 出口狭窄 及时引导
13 拥挤 推搡 空间堵塞 分流引导
14 负载 推搡 空间堵塞 分流引导
15 略拥挤 哄抢 出口狭窄 及时引导
16 略拥挤 推搡 出口狭窄 无引导
17 略拥挤 人流对冲 出口狭窄 无引导
18 拥挤 有序排队 障碍物阻挡 及时引导
19 拥挤 有序排队 障碍物阻挡 警示牌
), ArticleFig(id=1167865279620067483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738624264094004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

历史案例观测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 ρ B M E 有无风险
1 略拥挤 推搡 结构损坏 无警示
2 拥挤 推搡 出口狭窄 无引导
3 拥挤 人流对冲 空间堵塞 无引导
4 负载 人流对冲 空间堵塞 无引导
5 负载 哄抢 空间堵塞 分流引导
6 略拥挤 哄抢 结构损坏 无引导
7 略拥挤 哄抢 出口狭窄 无引导
8 拥挤 人流对冲 空间堵塞 无引导
9 拥挤 推搡 空间堵塞 无引导
10 拥挤 推搡 障碍物阻挡 无引导
11 略拥挤 推搡 结构损坏 警示牌
12 拥挤 推搡 出口狭窄 及时引导
13 拥挤 推搡 空间堵塞 分流引导
14 负载 推搡 空间堵塞 分流引导
15 略拥挤 哄抢 出口狭窄 及时引导
16 略拥挤 推搡 出口狭窄 无引导
17 略拥挤 人流对冲 出口狭窄 无引导
18 拥挤 有序排队 障碍物阻挡 及时引导
19 拥挤 有序排队 障碍物阻挡 警示牌
), ArticleFig(id=1167865279695564956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738624264094004, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Observable state matrix

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观测参数 低风险概率 中风险概率 高风险概率
V1 0 0.14 0.36
V2 0 0.14 0.09
V3 0 0.14 0.09
V4 0 0 0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1167865279741702301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738624264094004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

观测状态概率矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测参数 低风险概率 中风险概率 高风险概率
V1 0 0.14 0.36
V2 0 0.14 0.09
V3 0 0.14 0.09
V4 0 0 0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1167865279888502942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738624264094004, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Probability of occurrence of subsequent possible observation sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
隐含状态序列 概率
P(O1=V1O2=V3|λ) 0.027 2
P(O1=V1O2=V4|λ) 0.130 8
P(O1=V2O2=V1|λ) 0.027 2
P(O1=V2O2=V3|λ) 0.010 0
P(O1=V2O2=V4|λ) 0.042 7
P(O1=V3O2=V2|λ) 0.010 0
P(O1=V3O2=V4|λ) 0.042 7
P(O1=V4O2=V1|λ) 0.117 6
P(O1=V4O2=V2|λ) 0.029 3
P(O1=V4O2=V3|λ) 0.029 3
), ArticleFig(id=1167865279955611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738624264094004, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

后续各可能状态序列出现概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
隐含状态序列 概率
P(O1=V1O2=V3|λ) 0.027 2
P(O1=V1O2=V4|λ) 0.130 8
P(O1=V2O2=V1|λ) 0.027 2
P(O1=V2O2=V3|λ) 0.010 0
P(O1=V2O2=V4|λ) 0.042 7
P(O1=V3O2=V2|λ) 0.010 0
P(O1=V3O2=V4|λ) 0.042 7
P(O1=V4O2=V1|λ) 0.117 6
P(O1=V4O2=V2|λ) 0.029 3
P(O1=V4O2=V3|λ) 0.029 3
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大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与组合推演方法
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刘艺 1 , 李茂源 1 , 王欣芝 2 , 张辉 3
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(9): 183-190
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(9): 183-190
大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与组合推演方法
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刘艺1 , 李茂源1, 王欣芝2, 张辉3
作者信息
  • 1 中国人民公安大学 首都社会安全研究基地,北京 100038
  • 2 上海大学 计算机工程与科学学院,上海 200444
  • 3 清华大学 公共安全研究院,北京 100083
  • 刘 艺 (1984—),女,河南洛阳人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事公共安全、应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

    王欣芝,讲师;

    张辉,教授

Research on'status and trends' scenario construction and combination deduction method of stampede accident in large-scale activities
Yi LIU1 , Maoyuan LI1, Xinzhi WANG2, Hui ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Capital Social Security Research Base,People's Public Security University of China,Beijing 100038,China
  • 2 School of Computer Engineering and Science,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China
  • 3 Institute of Public Safty Research,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0575
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为解决大型活动踩踏事故形成过程情景描述困难,决策者对大型活动踩踏事故情景演化不易掌握等问题,提出大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与组合推演方法。首先,从影响大型活动形成的人、场地、管理、环境4因素提取大型活动踩踏事故情景要素,建立对大型活动研究的“态”“势”形式化表达方法;其次,基于马尔可夫模型,给出情景“态-势”转化的推演描述与计算方法;最后,以上海外滩事故为例进行实证分析。结果表明:提出的大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与推演方法,能够提供情景结构化表达的统一方式和突发事件情景之间演化进程的重构还原。实证分析结果显示,推演结果与外滩事故实际发展过程基本一致,证明所提方法具有一定的科学性和有效性。

大型活动  /  踩踏事故  /  “态-势”情景  /  情景构建  /  组合推演

In order to address the challenges associated with characterizing the scenarios of stampede accidents and facilitating comprehension of these scenarios among decision-makers,a method for constructing and combining scenarios of large-scale event stampede accidents was proposed. Firstly,the scene elements of stampede accidents were extracted in large-scale events from the four factors that affect the formation of large-scale activities: people,venue,management,and environment,and a formal expression method for "state" and "trends" of large-scale activities research was established. Secondly,based on Markov model,a deduction description and calculation method for the transformation of situational "state-trends" was provided. Finally,an example analysis was conducted using Shanghai Bund accident. The findings of empirical analyses indicate that deductive results are largely aligned with the actual development process of the 2014 Shanghai stampede. This evidence substantiates the scientific rigour and efficacy of methodology proposed in the paper.

large-scale activities  /  stampede accident  /  'status and trends'  /  scenario construction  /  combination deduction
刘艺, 李茂源, 王欣芝, 张辉. 大型活动踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建与组合推演方法. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 183 -190 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0575
Yi LIU, Maoyuan LI, Xinzhi WANG, Hui ZHANG. Research on'status and trends' scenario construction and combination deduction method of stampede accident in large-scale activities[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 183 -190 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0575
近年来,世界范围内大型活动数量持续增长,由大规模人群引发的踩踏事故问题尤为突出。大型活动一般参加人员众多、规模较大,一旦发生踩踏事故,就会造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,甚至衍生出各种决策与舆论危机,挑战政府的应急管理能力,如2022年的韩国梨泰院踩踏事故,因事前对风险的预判与准备不足,造成150余人死亡[1]。科学合理的预防准备是大型活动安全管理的前提,这依赖于对风险情景及其可能发展态势的正确认识、推演、判断与准备。
对此,诸多学者从人群拥挤现象出发,研究了踩踏事故发生的诱因,并从人群密度管控等视角提出预防策略和方法。如周晓冰[2]等从宏观经验层面梳理了我国拥挤踩踏事故的发生规律,提出学校、商场、节庆活动场地和楼梯(台阶)是踩踏事故易发场所及位置。王好帅[3]等分析国内外拥挤踩踏事件,提出大型公共场所拥挤踩踏事故发生的判定标准。李登峰[4]等从微观层面,针对拥挤踩踏事故人流诊断问题,提出一种直觉模糊贝叶斯网络推理模型,并采用仿真方法来解决不确定条件下的拥挤踩踏故障诊断问题。目前,有学者提出将情景推演方法[5-7]应用于大型活动拥挤踩踏事故的风险预防[8],旨在通过宏观与微观结合、定性分析与定量计算相融合的方法,解决人群拥挤踩踏事故的风险认知与情景计算难题。但是,现有文献主要集中于情景识别、情景构建、情景决策等方面,对于具体的推演模型构建和情景概率计算方法的研究尚不充分。
鉴于此,笔者拟进一步整合宏观经验知识与微观定量计算方法,在大型活动踩踏事故情景要素提取的基础上,提出一种面向大型活动踩踏事故的“态-势”情景构建与组合推演新方法,采用马尔可夫模型进行大型活动踩踏事故情景推演计算,并以上海外滩踩踏事故为例进行验证,以期建立大型活动踩踏事故风险情景的标准化表达和推演计算框架,促进大型活动踩踏事故风险识别与全过程的重构还原,为大型活动踩踏事故的安全管理与预防提供理论支撑。
大型活动踩踏事故的发生发展过程并不是单一因素造成的,而是不同因素相互影响的结果[5]。王欣芝[9-10]等认为,影响踩踏事故发生的因素可以概括为人群密度和管理缺陷2个维度,并提出拥挤踩踏事故是在特定时间内发生并由特定人群组成的特定系统。王鹏飞[11]、方丹辉[12]等认为,人群的成拱、对流、冲击、震荡等群聚现象引起踩踏事故的发生。周晓冰[13]等分析我国拥挤踩踏事故案例,将踩踏事故的诱发因素划归为人为因素、场所环境因素、管理因素和自然因素,并认为人为因素是主要因素。另外,《大型活动安全要求(1—5)》[14]将大型活动预防踩踏的基础要素分为人、场地(物)、管理、环境等4个方面。因此,文中从人、场地(物)、管理、环境等4个方面提取大型活动踩踏事故情景要素,如图1所示。
大型活动踩踏事故的发生可以看作是活动情景按事件发展节点演化的过程。因此,将大型活动某一时刻情景记为“态”,向未来情景发展转化的过程记为“势”(势是态向未来状态发展的判断),则大型活动踩踏事故可以通过“态-势”情景推演来表达。
1) 情景“态”的数学描述。任何一个情景“态”都可以看成是某一时刻情景要素作用的结果。在大型活动踩踏事故影响因素中,人的因素一般和场地因素相互影响,体现为人群密度和人群主体行为等,将人群密度记为ρ,人群主体行为记为B,管理状况记为M,环境特征记为E,则可将一个完整的情景“态”数学描述为S={ρBME},如图2所示。其中,箭头表示4个要素之间的相互影响作用。
2) “势”的形式化表达。“势”是“态”向未来状态发展的判断,是“态”向未来情景发展转化的过程。大型活动踩踏事故“势”的形式化表达描述为
F ( S ) : S S t  
P ( q i   = S i q i - 1   = S 2 q i - 2   = S 3 )   ( 1 i N )
式中:F(S)为SSt 的转化过程;StSt时刻的状态取值;PS的概率;qi为时间t的状态变量;N为大型活动踩踏事故演化情景中“态”的数量。Si的概率取决于前i-1个时刻(1,2,…,i-1)的状态。
在大型活动突发事件演化中,情景态之间的作用关系一般概括为蔓延、耦合、衍生3种演化方式[12]。将情景态间的演化,即势的发展用3种关系描述如下:
1) 蔓延。是指在一定条件下,情景态S通过向其周围区域辐射传递使该情景态覆盖范围逐渐扩大的过程。踩踏事故的蔓延主要原因在于区域范围内的人群过度聚集,当人群密度过高时,一旦发生突发事件,踩踏事故就会以密集人群处为起点迅速向其他部位蔓延,造成其他部位混乱。
2) 耦合。指的是大型活动过程中情景态S和它的下一时刻状态S'相互关联影响,或者某一时刻有多个情景态或情景要素互相作用、互相影响,导致大型活动中踩踏事故的发生态势进一步恶化。
3) 衍生。指应对事故的措施导致其他类型突发事件的发生,包括因处理不当引发的群体性事件、网络舆情事件等。
依据大型活动拥挤踩踏事故发生演化关系,大型活动踩踏事故情景演化过程可以用态、势的蔓延、耦合、衍生等关系组合进行整体的描述和表达。
一般情况下,踩踏事故是由于人群密度持续增大、人群内部活动空间急剧减少,导致个体难以忍受强大的挤压压力,从而出现推搡甚至跌倒等情况,加上没有及时的管理引导,造成拥挤踩踏事故的发生,其态势发展过程如图3所示。
在大型活动中,一旦踩踏事故发生,意味着初始情景S1没有得到及时控制,受蔓延机理的作用人群密度迅速扩大,演化为情景S2,这个过程中,人员聚集数量的持续增加会促使人群脆弱性增强,如果密集人群受到新的环境作用如有障碍物、地面湿滑等影响,则容易造成跌倒,会发生情景间的耦合作用,事故情景会向其他方向演化。大型活动踩踏事故就可以表示为情景态在蔓延机理、耦合机理、衍生机理等作用下,向势演化的过程。
大型活动踩踏事故演化中每一情景的发展变化都受前一情景的影响,并具有随机性,采用马尔可夫模型,进行大型活动踩踏事故情景推演。根据大型活动踩踏事故情景态间演化关系[415],事故马尔可夫模型可以表示为事故态势演化中情景要素与情景态风险等级的对应关系,如图4所示。
图4可知:大型活动踩踏事故马尔可夫模型由观测层和隐含层2个层面组成,观测层是对大型活动每一阶段的情景表达,是对可直接观测到的情景要素集合的描述;隐含层则是指不能够直观观测到的序列,即每一情景背后隐含的发生拥挤与踩踏事故的风险等级。两者之间存在着一定的关联关系,观测层是对情景态的表达,是隐含层风险等级的外在表现;隐含层则是在这些情景要素影响下情景所潜在的拥挤踩踏事故风险。
依据马尔可夫模型相关理论,定义大型活动踩踏事故的马尔可夫模型参数五元组为(VOΠAZ)。其中,V为观测层的参数集合,是对情景要素所有可能出现的属性特征的描述。观测层要素包括人群密度、人群行为、环境特征和管理状况等,在实际监测中,对人群行为的直观观测表现为人群的运动状态,如拥挤推搡V1、人群对流V2、哄抢V3、跌倒V4等,这也是公安机关统计的影响踩踏重要因素,人群密度、环境特征和管理状况等是对当前的发生踩踏事故风险的状态进行分析的重要依据,可以作为辅助观测因素。O为隐含层的状态集合,是对活动情景的风险等级的描述,隐含层状态的风险等级可分为低风险、中风险和高风险3个层级。定义低风险表现为人群密度处于安全范围内,且密集人群中无异常行为,环境特征和管理状况无异常;定义中风险表现为人群密集且人群行为存在异常,环境特征和管理情况无异常;定义高风险为人群密集,人群行为存在异常且环境特征存在出现不安全因素或管理情况异常。Π为初始隐含状态概率,表示在大型活动中,最初情景态对应的风险等级的概率分布情况。A为状态转移概率矩阵,是指在大型活动中,各阶段情景态的风险等级之间相互转化的概率分布情况。Z为观测状态概率矩阵,在大型活动踩踏事故中可以通过观测参与主体的行为计算B的观测状态概率从而推演在不同的情景要素状态下踩踏事故出现的概率值。则大型活动踩踏事故发生概率可以描述为给定模型 λ =(AZΠ)。 λ为三元组马尔可夫组成要素集。
大型活动踩踏事故发展演变过程可以通过求解观测层和隐含层的不同发展序列发生概率得出,即观测序列P(V|λ)和由其解码而出的隐含状态序列概率P(O|λ)。
1) Π的计算。文中依据Baum-Welch算法和历史情景,统计状态间的转移频率,作为模型最初的状态转移概率。采用动态规划和迭代的方式对模型的各项参数作极大似然估计,从而保证模型参数的客观性及情景推演的准确性。
Π的计算公式为:
Π = φ i = C ( i ) s = 1 N   C ( s )
式中: C ( i )为所有历史情景中初始风险等级的频率计数; C ( s )为该风险等级出现频次的总计数。
根据式(3)计算初始参数值,再采用Baum-Welch算法迭代出模型最优参数值。
2) A的计算公式为:
A = a i j = A i j s = 1 N A i s
式中:Aij为样本从隐含状态i转移到j的频率计数;Ais为某一状态转移到该状态的频率计数与初始到结束所有状态转移的总计数。
3) Z的计算公式为:
Z = z j ( k ) = Z j k s = 1 N Z i s
式中:Zjk为大型活动踩踏事故模型风险情景Sj中观测层参数Vk的情景出现频次;Zis为从初始到结束所有观测层参数中人群行为合集。
根据以上计算,得出观测状态概率矩阵,采用前后向算法不断迭代计算 φ iaij z j ( k ),直到其值收敛,算法结束,得出大型活动踩踏事故发生的概率。
整理近20年来发生的典型拥挤踩踏事故历史情景,梳理19个样本,分析确定情景要素人、场地、管理因素、环境因素等对发生拥挤踩踏事故发生的结果,以及不同ρBME对发生踩踏事故的影响权重,结果见表1
ρBME等分别相互作用,造成踩踏事故的发生。如果将样本作为随机事件,那么事件出现的概率和对结果的影响具有信息的不确定性特征。文中采用信息熵计算ρBME等4个指标对最终是否发生拥挤踩踏事故发生的影响权重。计算过程如下:
1) 此19个案例的观测结果中其判断值为二元组,即表现为有拥挤踩踏事故风险和无拥挤踩踏事故发生风险2种结果。其中,正例(有拥挤踩踏事故风险)占比为:P1=10/19;反例(无拥挤踩踏事故风险)占比为:P2=9/19。
2) 假如当前样本集D中第K类样本所占的比例为PKK为样本类别,则样本集的信息熵为: E n t ( D ) = - k = 1 2 P K l o g 2 P k;假定离散属性aR个可能的取值,如果使用特征a来划分数据集D,则{a1a2,…,aR}在特征a上取值为aR的样本总数,记为 D ra对样本集D进行划分所获得的信息增益: G a i n ( D a ) = E n t ( D ) - r = 1 R | D r | D E n t ( D r )。信息增益越大,带来的信息越多,该特征越重要。
3) 根据信息熵的计算,得出19个样本的Ent(D)=0.998。在拥挤踩踏事故的情景要素S={ρBME}中,对ρ来说,其存在的3个属性为{略拥挤,拥挤,负载},若首先使用ρD进行划分,则可以得到3个子集分别为:D1(ρ=略拥挤)、D2(ρ=拥挤)、D3(ρ=负载)。D1中共包含7个样本{1,6,7,11,15,16,17},其中,正例所占比例P1=3/7,反例所占比例P2=4/7;同理,D2中共包含9个样本,其中,正例P1=5/9,反例P2=4/9;D3中共包含3个样本,正例P1=2/3,反例P2=1/3。因此,可以求出人ρ中略拥挤、负载、拥挤的信息熵分别为:Ent(D1)=0.870;Ent(D2)=0.991;Ent(D3)=0.918;可以求出ρ的信息增益为:Gain(Dρ)=0.063。同理可以计算出其他情景要素的信息增益分别为:
G a i n ( D B ) = 0.811 ; G a i n ( D M ) = 0.898 ; G a i n ( D E ) = 0.373
4) 由此计算出观测层ρBME各个情景要素权重,然后,根据ρBME在大型活动中不同阶段的实际出现频率及ΠAZ的计算,得出不同的观测层参数Vk以及其对应的隐含状态风险Ok,进而通过不同的观测序列P(V1V2,…,Vk|λ),计算得出不同的隐含状态序列P(O1O2,…,Ok|λ)。
在大型活动过程中,基于此方法可以根据活动中的观测数列分别得出每种风险状态下可能出现的观测情景,以及隐藏风险情景,进而通过计算可以得到大型活动不同阶段的踩踏事故发生概率。
以2014年12月31日的上海外滩踩踏事故为例,建立情景组合推演模型。
事故初始状态S={ρBEM},情景“态-势”演化用马尔可夫建模。根据推演需求,将事故发展过程划分为以下几个子情景:
1) 情景0。游客涌入陈毅广场。2014年12月31日20时开始,大量人群开始涌入,陈毅广场上下江堤的通道出现人员滞留现象。
2) 情景1。拥挤人流造成警戒带等破坏。短短1 h内,人员滞留现象蔓延发展,滞留拥堵人员从16万增长到24万,现场隔离警戒带等遭到破坏,现场管理警力不足。
3) 情景2。人流对冲形成浪涌。随着人群的不断聚集拥挤,2014年12月31日23:00左右,陈毅广场人流已达31万,单向通道警戒线被冲破后,大量人群逆行涌向观景平台,导致该通道上下人流不断对冲,出现人流僵持、浪涌的情况,秩序更加复杂混乱;此时相关管理主体因管理分歧而未有效落实管理措施。
4) 情景3。人员失衡、多因素耦合致踩踏。23:33出现人流对冲后,僵持人流向下的压力陡增,导致聚集人群底部出现人员失衡跌倒的情况,引发多人摔倒、叠压。现场聚集人员意识到危险后采取呼喊等自救行为,增援民警也陆续到场,但此时起到的作用有限,最终造成拥挤踩踏事故。
5) 情景4。踩踏救援活动开始。发生踩踏后,现场群众开始自救,上海市局迅速调派警力开始救援。经过几个小时的救援,现场得以平息。
6) 情景5。事故舆情。事故发生后舆论高度关注,且舆论倾向偏向负面,集中于对政府的问责、对媒体的不满和对上海城建的批评,政府的公信力降低,面临危机公关。
7) 情景6。事故善后处理。政府正式出台事故调查报告,事件逐渐平息。
外滩事故过程情景推演模型如图5所示。将外滩事故发展过程用情景模型S={ρBEM}表示,将踩踏事故风险分为低风险、中风险和高风险3个层次,结合文中19个案例,采用信息熵,计算得出观测层参数V出现的概率,见表2
运用马尔可夫模型的推演计算方法,得出外滩事故的初始隐含状态概率为Π={0.57,0.29,0.14},可以看出,初始状态外滩事件发生踩踏事故的风险发生的概率极高,需要从风险角度引起重视,而当时实际相关部门并未采取措施。
当情景S表现为人群不断涌入,人群密度不断增大、现场管理力量不足时,根据文中马尔可夫计算,得出踩踏事故发展隐含状态序列的概率为:P(O1=V1O2=V2|λ)=0.027 2,表明事件情景开始向高风险转化,而相关部门并未采取管理措施M。同理,计算其他隐含状态序列概率,结果见表3
表3可知:观测序列为(O1=V1O2=V4| λ)、(O1=V4O2=V1| λ)最高,分别为0.130 8和0.117 6,在这个观测序列里V中影响因素的瓶颈因素为拥挤推搡、跌倒,这与事件实际发生时S2S3等场景中人流对冲造成人员跌倒基本一致。这证明模型在计算事故风险发生概率以及识别重要影响因素上,具有一定的科学性和有效性。
1) 提出一种大型活动拥挤踩踏事故“态-势”情景构建模型和基于马尔可夫计算的组合推演方法,该方法采用统一数学表达和马尔可夫模型,能够对大型活动踩踏事故发展过程进行情景建模和推演计算,还原大型活动踩踏事故风险发展的全过程。
2) 案例分析结果证明,该方法能识别踩踏事故重要影响因素,可以计算得出事故风险发生概率,具有一定的科学性和有效性。
3) “态-势”情景构建和组合推演方法是对大型活动踩踏事故以及突发事件情景突变过程形式化表达的尝试,在情景要素维度的自由拓展与模型计算精度方面还需继续深化。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(71904193)
  • 公安部技术研究计划项目(2023JSYJC19)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0575
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 修回日期:2024-05-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(71904193)
公安部技术研究计划项目(2023JSYJC19)
作者信息
    1 中国人民公安大学 首都社会安全研究基地,北京 100038
    2 上海大学 计算机工程与科学学院,上海 200444
    3 清华大学 公共安全研究院,北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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