Article(id=1149738622758338864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0034-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1353, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710259200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-13, revisedDate=1718899200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048648775, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048648775, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048648775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048648775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738622976442673, articleId=1149738622758338864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Classification model of oil and gas pipeline accidents causes and its social network analysis, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the effectiveness of oil and gas pipeline accident prevention strategies,a classification model for the causes of oil and gas pipeline accidents was developed,and social network analysis was applied to the classification model. Firstly,the STAMP model and HFACS model were combined to get the control structure of oil and gas pipeline accident prevention,and then the causes of 35 oil and gas pipeline accidents at home and abroad were analyzed according to the control structure. The analysis results were coded using grounded theory to get the classification model for the causes of oil and gas pipeline accidents. Social network analysis methods were applied to construct a relationship network of factors related to oil and gas pipeline accidents,and core edge analysis,centrality analysis,and correlation direction index analysis were used to identify the core factors and factors with high correlation and strong influence in the oil and gas pipeline accident classification model. The research results show that the classification model for the causes of oil and gas pipeline accidents included 6 levels and 22 bottom cause factors,which are government and regulatory factors,third-party factors,operator organizational factors,operator unsafe supervision and the prerequisites for unsafe behavior of on-site personnel. Among the causal factors,the internal factors of the government and regulatory authorities,organizational factors of operators,unsafe supervision of operators,and third-party factors are core factors. System flaws,insufficient supervision,improper operation plans,third-party sabotage behavior,pipeline and weld defects,construction/repair/accessory issues,and skill errors are factors with high correlation and strong influence.

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为提高油气管道事故预防策略的有效性,首先,基于系统理论事故建模与过程(STAMP)模型及人为因素分析与分类系统(HFACS)模型,建立油气管道事故预防控制结构,分析国内外35起油气管道事故原因,并依据扎根理论对分析结果进行统计编码,得出油气管道事故原因分类模型;其次,应用社会网络分析法构建油气管道事故原因关系网络,通过核心—边缘分析、中心性分析和关联方向指数分析,识别油气管道事故原因中核心及具有高关联性和强影响力因素。研究结果表明:油气管道事故原因分类模型包含6个层次:政府及监管部门因素、第三方因素、运营商组织因素、运营商不安全监督、现场人员不安全行为的前提条件、现场人员的不安全行为,并可将其细分为22个最底层原因因素。其中,政府及监管部门因素、运营商组织因素、运营商不安全监督和第三方因素均为核心因素;制度缺陷、监督不充分、运行计划不当、第三方破坏行为、管材与焊缝缺陷、施工/维修/配件问题、技能失误均为具有高关联性和强影响力因素。

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宫运华 (1983—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全管理、行为安全、安全文化、安全领导力等方面的研究。E-mail:

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宫运华 (1983—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全管理、行为安全、安全文化、安全领导力等方面的研究。E-mail:

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宫运华 (1983—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全管理、行为安全、安全文化、安全领导力等方面的研究。E-mail:

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International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2021, 86:DOI: 10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103225., articleTitle=The evolution of the HFACS method used in analysis of marine accidents: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865392765608684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=WANG Jing, FAN Yunxiao, GAO Yuan, journalName=Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Jing, FAN Yunxiao, GAO Yuan. Revising HFACS for SMEs in the chemical industry: HFACS-CSMEs[J]. 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Risk factors analysis of building collapse accident based on STAMP-HFACS[J]. Journal of Engineering Management, 2022, 36(5): 148-153., articleTitle=Risk factors analysis of building collapse accident based on STAMP-HFACS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865393252147951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=110, issue=null, pageStart=393, pageEnd=410, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=LOWER M, MAGOTT J, SKORUOSKI J, journalName=Safety Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOWER M, MAGOTT J, SKORUOSKI J. A system-theoretic accident model and process with human factors analysis and classification system taxonomy[J]. 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Risk factors identification of the air traffic control in the near-midair collision[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2021, 21(4): 1583-1591., articleTitle=Risk factors identification of the air traffic control in the near-midair collision, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865393646412530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=79, issue=null, pageStart=122, pageEnd=142, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=LI Chenlin, TANG Tao, CHATZIMICHAIKIDOU M M, journalName=Applied Ergonomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Chenlin, TANG Tao, CHATZIMICHAIKIDOU M M, et al. A hybrid human and organisational analysis method for railway accidents based on STAMP-HFACS and human information processing[J]. Applied Ergonomics, 2019, 79: 122-142., articleTitle=A hybrid human and organisational analysis method for railway accidents based on STAMP-HFACS and human information processing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865393780630259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=9, pageStart=150, pageEnd=156, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=23, authorNames=韩天园, 田顺, 吕凯光, journalName=中国安全科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩天园, 田顺, 吕凯光, 等. 基于文本挖掘的重特大交通事故成因网络分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2021, 31(9): 150-156., articleTitle=基于文本挖掘的重特大交通事故成因网络分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865393868710644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=9, pageStart=150, pageEnd=156, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=24, authorNames=HAN Tianyuan, TIAN Shun, LYU Kaiguang, journalName=China Safety Science Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN Tianyuan, TIAN Shun, LYU Kaiguang, et al. Network analysis on causes for serious traffic accidents based on textmining[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2021, 31(9): 150-156., articleTitle=Network analysis on causes for serious traffic accidents based on textmining, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865393956791029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=4, pageStart=1284, pageEnd=1290, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=25, authorNames=李珏, 王幼芳, journalName=安全与环境学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李珏, 王幼芳. 基于文本挖掘的建筑施工高处坠落事故致因网络分析[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2020, 20(4): 1284-1290., articleTitle=基于文本挖掘的建筑施工高处坠落事故致因网络分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865394011316982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=4, pageStart=1284, pageEnd=1290, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=26, authorNames=LI Jue, WANG Youfang, journalName=Journal of Safety and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Jue, WANG Youfang. Causation network analysis of the construction falling or collapsing accidents based on the text mining[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2020, 20(4): 1284-1290., articleTitle=Causation network analysis of the construction falling or collapsing accidents based on the text mining, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865394078425847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=151, pageEnd=163, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=27, authorNames=贾旭东, 衡量, journalName=科研管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贾旭东, 衡量. 扎根理论的“丛林”、过往与进路[J]. 科研管理, 2020, 41(5): 151-163., articleTitle=扎根理论的“丛林”、过往与进路, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167865394141340408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=151, pageEnd=163, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=28, authorNames=JIA Xudong, HENG Liang, journalName=Science Research Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIA Xudong, HENG Liang. The "jungle",history,and approach road of the grounded theory[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

35 accident cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 国家 事故
1994 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省FootHills公司天然气管道破裂事故
1995 加拿大 曼尼托巴省TransCanada公司天然气管道破裂事故
1996 加拿大 诺伯特省TransCanada公司天然气管道破裂事故
1996 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省InterProvincial公司原油管道破裂事故
1997 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省TransCanada公司天然气管道爆炸事故
1999 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事故
2000 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省West Coast公司天然气管道破裂事故
2000 加拿大 魁北克省Gazoduc TQM公司天然气泄漏爆炸事故
2001 加拿大 阿尔伯特省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事故
2001 加拿大 安大略省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事故
2002 加拿大 魁北克省Trans-Northern公司成油管道破裂事故
2002 加拿大 曼尼托巴省TransCanada天然气管道破裂事故
2004 美国 堪萨斯州危险液体管道泄漏事故
2005 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省Terason公司原油管道破裂事故
2007 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省Trans Mountain公司原油管道破裂事故
2007 美国 密西西比州卡迈克尔危险液体管道破裂事故
2007 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事件
2008 美国 宾夕法尼亚州Dominion Peoples公司天然气管道破裂事故
2009 加拿大 安大略省TransCanada管道公司天然气管道破裂事件
2009 美国 佛罗里达州GasTransport公司天然气管道破裂泄漏事故
2009 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省Enbridge公司原油管道泄漏事故
2010 美国 德克萨斯州Enterprise公司天然气管道爆炸事故
2010 美国 加州PG&E公司天然气输送管道爆裂起火事故
2010 美国 密歇根州Enbridge公司危险液体管道破裂泄漏事故报告
2010 美国 萨伊利诺伊州Enbridge公司输油管道泄漏事故
2011 加拿大 安大略省TransCanada公司天然气管道爆炸起火事故
2011 加拿大 Plains公司NPS20 Rainbow管道泄漏事故
2012 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省West Coast公司天然气管道破裂事故
2012 美国 西弗吉尼亚州Columbia输气公司天然气管道破裂事故
2013 中国 山东青岛“11·22”中石化东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故
2014 中国 辽宁大连“6·30”新大原油管道破坏泄漏事故
2016 美国 内布拉斯加州Magellan管道无水氨泄漏事故
2017 加拿大 南达科他州TransCanada公司管道破裂事故
2018 美国 得克萨斯州Atmos能源公司天然气爆炸事故
2019 美国 加利福尼亚州旧金山管道爆炸事故
), ArticleFig(id=1167865389544383188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

35起事故案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 国家 事故
1994 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省FootHills公司天然气管道破裂事故
1995 加拿大 曼尼托巴省TransCanada公司天然气管道破裂事故
1996 加拿大 诺伯特省TransCanada公司天然气管道破裂事故
1996 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省InterProvincial公司原油管道破裂事故
1997 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省TransCanada公司天然气管道爆炸事故
1999 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事故
2000 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省West Coast公司天然气管道破裂事故
2000 加拿大 魁北克省Gazoduc TQM公司天然气泄漏爆炸事故
2001 加拿大 阿尔伯特省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事故
2001 加拿大 安大略省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事故
2002 加拿大 魁北克省Trans-Northern公司成油管道破裂事故
2002 加拿大 曼尼托巴省TransCanada天然气管道破裂事故
2004 美国 堪萨斯州危险液体管道泄漏事故
2005 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省Terason公司原油管道破裂事故
2007 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省Trans Mountain公司原油管道破裂事故
2007 美国 密西西比州卡迈克尔危险液体管道破裂事故
2007 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省Enbridge公司原油管道破裂事件
2008 美国 宾夕法尼亚州Dominion Peoples公司天然气管道破裂事故
2009 加拿大 安大略省TransCanada管道公司天然气管道破裂事件
2009 美国 佛罗里达州GasTransport公司天然气管道破裂泄漏事故
2009 加拿大 萨斯喀彻温省Enbridge公司原油管道泄漏事故
2010 美国 德克萨斯州Enterprise公司天然气管道爆炸事故
2010 美国 加州PG&E公司天然气输送管道爆裂起火事故
2010 美国 密歇根州Enbridge公司危险液体管道破裂泄漏事故报告
2010 美国 萨伊利诺伊州Enbridge公司输油管道泄漏事故
2011 加拿大 安大略省TransCanada公司天然气管道爆炸起火事故
2011 加拿大 Plains公司NPS20 Rainbow管道泄漏事故
2012 加拿大 不列颠哥伦比亚省West Coast公司天然气管道破裂事故
2012 美国 西弗吉尼亚州Columbia输气公司天然气管道破裂事故
2013 中国 山东青岛“11·22”中石化东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故
2014 中国 辽宁大连“6·30”新大原油管道破坏泄漏事故
2016 美国 内布拉斯加州Magellan管道无水氨泄漏事故
2017 加拿大 南达科他州TransCanada公司管道破裂事故
2018 美国 得克萨斯州Atmos能源公司天然气爆炸事故
2019 美国 加利福尼亚州旧金山管道爆炸事故
), ArticleFig(id=1167865389653435093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Coding results of accident causal factors according to GT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选择式编码 主轴式编码 开放式编码 频数 占比/%
政府及监
管部门
安全监管
不到位
安全检查不力
督促企业安全
管理不到位
5 14.29
相关规
定缺陷
监督计划、规
程有缺陷
9 25.71
执法不力 未对违法行为
进行及时惩戒
4 11.43
第三方
因素
第三方破
坏行为
现场操作
不规范
3 8.57
第三方违
反规程
造成长期的
不安全条件
3 8.57
运营商组
织因素
不良的组
织氛围
未将管道泄漏
事件放在首位
5 14.29
资源管
理不当
安全资源配
备不足
4 11.43
组织程序规
章有缺陷
程序有缺陷 18 51.43
制度有缺陷 8 22.86
运营商不
安全监督
监督不
充分
安全教育培
训不足
7 20.00
对第三方监
督不足
8 22.86
管道风险评价
不准确
13 37.14
信息记录不
充分
10 28.57
未及时消除安
全隐患
6 17.14
监督
违规
未为第三方施工
提供准确信息
3 8.57
运行计
划不当
计划规定
不合理
7 20.00
时间安排不
合理
3 8.57
技术程序不
适当
9 25.71
现场人员不
安全行为的
前提条件
环境因素 物理环境 23 65.71
技术环境 28 80.00
人员因素 操作人员知
识不足
2 5.71
现场人员的
不安全行为
失误 技能失误 7 20.00
决策失误 3 8.57
违规 偶然性违规 2 5.71
习惯性违规 3 8.57
), ArticleFig(id=1167865389770875606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于GT的事故原因因素编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选择式编码 主轴式编码 开放式编码 频数 占比/%
政府及监
管部门
安全监管
不到位
安全检查不力
督促企业安全
管理不到位
5 14.29
相关规
定缺陷
监督计划、规
程有缺陷
9 25.71
执法不力 未对违法行为
进行及时惩戒
4 11.43
第三方
因素
第三方破
坏行为
现场操作
不规范
3 8.57
第三方违
反规程
造成长期的
不安全条件
3 8.57
运营商组
织因素
不良的组
织氛围
未将管道泄漏
事件放在首位
5 14.29
资源管
理不当
安全资源配
备不足
4 11.43
组织程序规
章有缺陷
程序有缺陷 18 51.43
制度有缺陷 8 22.86
运营商不
安全监督
监督不
充分
安全教育培
训不足
7 20.00
对第三方监
督不足
8 22.86
管道风险评价
不准确
13 37.14
信息记录不
充分
10 28.57
未及时消除安
全隐患
6 17.14
监督
违规
未为第三方施工
提供准确信息
3 8.57
运行计
划不当
计划规定
不合理
7 20.00
时间安排不
合理
3 8.57
技术程序不
适当
9 25.71
现场人员不
安全行为的
前提条件
环境因素 物理环境 23 65.71
技术环境 28 80.00
人员因素 操作人员知
识不足
2 5.71
现场人员的
不安全行为
失误 技能失误 7 20.00
决策失误 3 8.57
违规 偶然性违规 2 5.71
习惯性违规 3 8.57
), ArticleFig(id=1167865389934453463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Codes of accident causal factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统因素类别 具体因素
第三方因素TP 第三方破坏行为TP1、第三方违反规程TP2
政府及监管部门因素GR 安全监管不到位GR1、相关规定有缺陷GR2、执法不力GR3
管道运营商组织因素PO 不良的组织氛围PO1、资源管理不当PO2、程序有缺陷PO3、制度有缺陷PO4
管道运营商不安全监督PS 监督不充分PS1、监督违规PS2、运行计划不适当PS3
现场人员不安全行为的前提条件HP 人员因素HP1、物理环境HP2、腐蚀因素HP3、管材与焊缝缺陷HP4、控制系统或技术限制HP5、施工/维修/配件问题HP6
现场人员不安全行为HB 技能失误HB1、决策失误HB2、偶然性违规HB3、习惯性违规HB4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865390081254104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

事故原因因素编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统因素类别 具体因素
第三方因素TP 第三方破坏行为TP1、第三方违反规程TP2
政府及监管部门因素GR 安全监管不到位GR1、相关规定有缺陷GR2、执法不力GR3
管道运营商组织因素PO 不良的组织氛围PO1、资源管理不当PO2、程序有缺陷PO3、制度有缺陷PO4
管道运营商不安全监督PS 监督不充分PS1、监督违规PS2、运行计划不适当PS3
现场人员不安全行为的前提条件HP 人员因素HP1、物理环境HP2、腐蚀因素HP3、管材与焊缝缺陷HP4、控制系统或技术限制HP5、施工/维修/配件问题HP6
现场人员不安全行为HB 技能失误HB1、决策失误HB2、偶然性违规HB3、习惯性违规HB4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865390186111705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Core-edge accident causal factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 原因因素
核心 TP1、GR1、GR2、GR3、PO1、PO2、PO3、PO4、PS1、PS2、PS3
边缘 TP2、HP1、HP2、HP3、HP4、HP5、HP6、HB1、HB2、HB3、HB4
), ArticleFig(id=1167865390286775002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738622758338864, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

事故原因核心—边缘因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 原因因素
核心 TP1、GR1、GR2、GR3、PO1、PO2、PO3、PO4、PS1、PS2、PS3
边缘 TP2、HP1、HP2、HP3、HP4、HP5、HP6、HB1、HB2、HB3、HB4
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油气管道事故原因分类模型及其社会网络分析
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宫运华 , 张喆 , 范志炜
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(9): 34-40
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(9): 34-40
油气管道事故原因分类模型及其社会网络分析
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宫运华 , 张喆, 范志炜
作者信息
  • 中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
  • 宫运华 (1983—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全管理、行为安全、安全文化、安全领导力等方面的研究。E-mail:

Classification model of oil and gas pipeline accidents causes and its social network analysis
Yunhua GONG , Zhe ZHANG, Zhiwei FAN
Affiliations
  • School of Safety and Ocean Engineering,China University of Petroleum,Beijing 102249,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1353
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为提高油气管道事故预防策略的有效性,首先,基于系统理论事故建模与过程(STAMP)模型及人为因素分析与分类系统(HFACS)模型,建立油气管道事故预防控制结构,分析国内外35起油气管道事故原因,并依据扎根理论对分析结果进行统计编码,得出油气管道事故原因分类模型;其次,应用社会网络分析法构建油气管道事故原因关系网络,通过核心—边缘分析、中心性分析和关联方向指数分析,识别油气管道事故原因中核心及具有高关联性和强影响力因素。研究结果表明:油气管道事故原因分类模型包含6个层次:政府及监管部门因素、第三方因素、运营商组织因素、运营商不安全监督、现场人员不安全行为的前提条件、现场人员的不安全行为,并可将其细分为22个最底层原因因素。其中,政府及监管部门因素、运营商组织因素、运营商不安全监督和第三方因素均为核心因素;制度缺陷、监督不充分、运行计划不当、第三方破坏行为、管材与焊缝缺陷、施工/维修/配件问题、技能失误均为具有高关联性和强影响力因素。

系统理论事故建模与过程(STAMP)模型  /  人为因素分析与分类系统(HFACS)模型  /  油气管道  /  事故原因  /  分类模型  /  社会网络分析

In order to improve the effectiveness of oil and gas pipeline accident prevention strategies,a classification model for the causes of oil and gas pipeline accidents was developed,and social network analysis was applied to the classification model. Firstly,the STAMP model and HFACS model were combined to get the control structure of oil and gas pipeline accident prevention,and then the causes of 35 oil and gas pipeline accidents at home and abroad were analyzed according to the control structure. The analysis results were coded using grounded theory to get the classification model for the causes of oil and gas pipeline accidents. Social network analysis methods were applied to construct a relationship network of factors related to oil and gas pipeline accidents,and core edge analysis,centrality analysis,and correlation direction index analysis were used to identify the core factors and factors with high correlation and strong influence in the oil and gas pipeline accident classification model. The research results show that the classification model for the causes of oil and gas pipeline accidents included 6 levels and 22 bottom cause factors,which are government and regulatory factors,third-party factors,operator organizational factors,operator unsafe supervision and the prerequisites for unsafe behavior of on-site personnel. Among the causal factors,the internal factors of the government and regulatory authorities,organizational factors of operators,unsafe supervision of operators,and third-party factors are core factors. System flaws,insufficient supervision,improper operation plans,third-party sabotage behavior,pipeline and weld defects,construction/repair/accessory issues,and skill errors are factors with high correlation and strong influence.

systems theoretic accident model and process (STAMP) model  /  human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) model  /  oil and gas pipeline  /  accident causal factors  /  classification model  /  social network analysis
宫运华, 张喆, 范志炜. 油气管道事故原因分类模型及其社会网络分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1353
Yunhua GONG, Zhe ZHANG, Zhiwei FAN. Classification model of oil and gas pipeline accidents causes and its social network analysis[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1353
目前,油气管道事故原因研究主要集中在设备材料缺陷、环境干扰以及人员失误等方面,而对组织管理、国家监管方面等原因考虑有限[1]。油气管道运行环境决定其事故预防不仅要考虑管道运营商的内部管理,还要考虑国家监管及第三方单位破坏等因素。基于油气管道运行环境研究油气管道特有的事故原因分类模型,既可为油气管道事故原因分析提供更科学的工具,又可提升油气管道事故预防工作的有效性。
尽管在油气管道领域,人们已经认识到油气管道运行环境的特征,如油气管道多处于公众区域,但尚没有形成针对油气管道运行环境的事故原因分类模型。而传统的事故致因模型缺乏考虑对多个组织因素间的交互影响。系统理论事故建模与过程(Systems Theoretic Accident Modeling and Process,STAMP)模型是针对复杂系统的事故致因模型,该模型可从控制的角度厘清各组织内及组织间的事故原因[2],在建筑、交通、煤矿等领域均有应用。赵挺生等[3]采用STAMP模型分析建筑施工中涉及塔吊作业的事故原因。吴海涛等[4]将STAMP模型应用到高铁应急调度安全分析中。王瑛等[5]基于STAMP模型识别了军机飞行训练风险。QIAO Wanguan等[6]采用STAMP模型分析了煤矿重大事故特征。上述研究建立了具有各自行业特色的STAMP模型,但是,STAMP模型在油气管道领域应用还非常有限。同时,STAMP模型在表达复杂系统控制失误方面有明显优势,但对控制失效的分类并不明确[7],无法直接构建油气管道事故分类模型。而人为因素分析与分类系统(Human Factors Analysis and Classification System,HFACS)模型在事故原因分类方面具有显著优势[8],在建筑[9]、交通[10-11]、化工[12]等行业事故分析中都有成功的应用。因此,将HFACS模型与STAMP模型结合后能够实现优势互补[13],该组合模型在航空[14-15]、铁路交通等[16]领域的事故原因研究中取得了显著成效,并有效解决了STAMP模型对控制失效的分类不明确问题。此外,社会网络理论指出群体中每个节点都存在一定关联,该理论通常应用于诱发因素重要性研判及各因素相关性分析[1317-18]
因此,笔者拟基于STAMP模型和HFACS模型,逐一分析35起国内外油气管道事故;然后,依据扎根理论综合分析35起案例事故原因,并对事故原因编码、整合,得出事故分层控制结构中各级组织的控制缺陷环节,构建包含各组织因素的油气管道事故原因分类模型;最后,利用社会网络分析法,分析油气管道事故原因因素之间的关系,采用核心—边缘分析、中心性分析和关联方向指数,识别油气管道事故原因中核心因素以及各因素之间的作用强度,从而明确油气管道事故原因分类模型中对事故预防较为关键的因素,以期为油气管道事故原因分析及预防策略的制定提供参考依据。
采用STAMP模型分析油气管道事故,首先,建立油气管道事故控制结构图,然后,识别控制结构图中各组织的控制缺陷,从而系统地表述油气管道事故原因。参考国内外油气管道的安全监督管理模式[7],得出油气管道事故预防控制结构中主要包括国家立法机构、政府及相关监管部门、管道运行商、第三方单位4类组织。进一步,依据HFACS模型分析这4类组织中可能出现的油气管道事故原因类型,建立油气管道事故预防控制结构,如图1所示。首先,参考STAMP模型厘清国家立法机构、政府及相关监管部门、管道运行商、第三方单位4类组织之间的控制关系。随后,参考HFACS模型明确4类组织中可能出现的事故原因分类,并据此模型逐一分析35起国内外油气管道事故,为下一步构建油气管道事故分类模型提供数据基础。
收集1994—2019年的35起国内外油气管道事故案例,见表1。遵循扎根理论(Grounded Theory,GT)[19],对事故原因因素进行编码,见表2
分析编码结果得出影响事故发生的最底层因素,有22个,见表3。参照油气管道事故原因分层控制结构,归纳出油气管道事故原因因素分类模型,如图2所示。
依据社会网络分析流程,采用英文字母及数字组合的形式,对22个最底层油气管道事故原因因素进行编码。其中,取各层级英文名称的首两位字母及阿拉伯数字作为该层级各个因素的编码(表3)。
根据35起油气管道事故案例具体内容,挖掘存在直接关系的因素,构建管道事故原因网络。每起事故都可通过该事故原因关系的局部关系矩阵表征,对存在直接关系的因素对取值为1,反之则取0。再将收集到的所有油气管道事故报告案例矩阵化,合并建立全局关系矩阵。对关系矩阵进行可视化处理,最终生成事故原因网络,如图3所示。在事故中拥有直接关系的因素对通过连接线连接,线条越粗表示2个因素共同出现的频率越高,联系越紧密。可以看出,HP3、HP4和HP5均为出现频率高且与其他因素联系紧密的事故原因。
核心因素是指油气管道事故预防网络重要性较大、对事故发生起到关键作用的因素,边缘因素则是指与核心因素相对的因素。对比分析油气管道事故网络各因素的重要性,得出油气管道事故原因网络中11个核心因素、11个边缘因素,见表4
在社会网络分析中,点的度数表征节点参与活动的情况,是测量中心度的基础。居于中心地位的节点与其他很多节点都有直接的关联,与某点相邻的点称为该点的邻点,度数是指该点的邻点个数,也称为关联度。油气管道事故原因网络各因素的度数中心度排列情况如图4所示。可以发现,PS1、PS3、HB1、HP3、HP4、HP5等因素在油气管道事故原因网络里与其他节点的直接联系密切,属于高关联度因素。此外,在度数中心度排名前3的因素中2个都属于运营商的不安全监督,并且PS1以总度数18位列第1,这体现出油气管道事故预防中管道运营商监督管理的重要性。排名前10的因素中有30 %属于技术环境因素,说明技术环境对管道事故的影响巨大;有50 %属于运营商组织和不安全监督层级,说明组织缺陷和不安全监督是事故原因中的重要因素。
在网络中无直接关系的节点需要依靠其他节点进行联系,中间中心度可用来表示这种“媒介”作用的强弱。图5为事故原因因素网络中间中心度的排列情况。可以发现,PS1、TP1、HB1、PO2、HP1和HP6为强影响力因素。PS1、TP1和HB1的中间中心度分别为168.11、129.17和95.03,明显高于其他因素的中间中心度。排名前10的原因中有7个在度数中心度的排名中也为前10。即PO3、PS1、PS3、TP1、HP4、HP6和HB1,7个因素是具有高关联性和强影响力的因素。值得注意的是,HP3的度数中心度排名靠前,中间中心度排名却靠后,说明它与其他因素都是直接联系,不需要“媒介”。PO2和HP1情况相反,表明它在油气管道事故网络中有较强的“媒介”作用。
有向网络中节点间的连接传递具有方向性,而关联方向指数可以表达这种特征,通过关联方向指数可得出每个因素在有向网络中的角色。根据关联方向指数的正负可确定各因素的功能,指数为正时可认为该因素为结果因素,反之则为原因因素。关联方向指数绝对值大小代表各因素偏向结果或是原因的程度。图6为各因素的关联方向指数。可以发现,几乎所有属于现场人员不安全行为的前提条件和现场人员不安全行为层级的因素均属于结果因素。值得注意的是,GR1、GR2、GR3和HB4的关联方向指数为-1,这表明它们不仅不受其他因素影响,还极易对其他因素产生影响。所以在事故预防过程中应该格外注意这些因素,并减弱或切断其对其他因素的影响。
1) 依据STAMP模型构建油气管道事故预防控制结构,该结构包含国家立法机构、政府及相关监督管理部门、管道运营商和第三方单位4类组织。
2) 基于35起国内外油气管道事故分析结果,建立油气管道事故原因分类模型。该模型包含政府及监管部门因素、第三方因素、运营商组织因素、运营商不安全监督、现场人员不安全行为的前提条件、现场人员不安全行为6个层次和22个最底层原因因素。
3) 通过社会网络分析可知:油气管道事故分类模型中的核心因素为政府及监管部门因素、运营商组织因素、运营商不安全监督和第三方因素。具有高关联性和强影响力的因素为制度缺陷、监督不充分、运行计划不当、第三方破坏行为、管材与焊缝缺陷、施工/维修/配件问题、技能失误。
4) 由于最新油气管道事故调查报告尚未公布,文中仅选取35起事故案例。未来研究可纳入更多国内外油气管道事故信息以不断完善事故原因分类模型。
  • 中国石油大学(北京) 科研基金资助(2462022YXZZ001)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1353
  • 接收时间:2024-03-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13
  • 修回日期:2024-06-21
基金
中国石油大学(北京) 科研基金资助(2462022YXZZ001)
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    中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
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