Article(id=1149738621856563499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0145-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=1718726400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048648561, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048648561, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048648561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048648561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738622158553390, articleId=1149738621856563499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Prediction of displacement of tailings dams based on MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A comprehensive and sophisticated multi-algorithm coupled dynamic prediction model is proposed to address the intricate reality and stringent accuracy requirements of predicting tailings dam displacement. Firstly,by employing a time series decomposition model,the cumulative displacement is disaggregated into its trend and cyclical components. The trend term displacement is then forecasted using a Gaussian regression time series prediction model. Secondly,various Copula functions are employed to investigate the overall correlation between the inducing factors and the cyclical term displacement. Owing to the diverse influencing factors and strong nonlinearities associated with the cyclical term displacement,the MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model is utilized for prediction. Lastly,the predicted trend term displacement from the Gaussian regression model and the predicted cyclical term displacement from the MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model are merged. The results demonstrate a high degree of consistency between the predicted cumulative landslide displacements and the measured values,with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 mm. The multi-algorithm coupled model,based on MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM,exhibits remarkable prediction accuracy and effectively captures step changes in tailings dam displacements.

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为应对尾矿坝位移预测所面临的复杂情况和精度要求,提出一种基于多算法耦合的尾矿坝位移动态预测模型。首先,基于时间序列分解模型将累计位移分为趋势项和周期项,利用高斯回归时间序列预测模型预测趋势项位移;然后,运用不同Copula函数研究诱发因素与周期项位移的整体相关性,鉴于周期项位移影响因素多样性与强非线性的特点,采用多策略融合的改进麻雀搜索算法改进麻雀搜索算法(MISSA)-卷积神经网络(CNN)-双向长短期记忆(BiLSTM)模型预测周期项位移;最后,将高斯回归趋势项位移预测值和MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM周期项位移预测值叠加。结果表明:尾矿坝累积位移预测值与实测值基本一致,预测结果相关性系数R为0.996,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.13 mm,建立的 MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM多算法耦合模型预测精度较高,且能较好地预测尾矿坝位移的阶跃型变化。

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刘 迪 (1987—),女,陕西咸阳人,博士,主要从事智慧矿山、尾矿坝安全及毛细水作用等方面的研究。E-mail:safety

卢才武,教授;

阮顺领,教授;

江松,教授

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江松,教授

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Copula function euclidean distance

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Copula
函数
当月库
水位
上月库
水位
当月降
雨量
上月降
雨量
上月位
移增量
当月位
移增量
Gaussian 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03
Student's t 0.04 0.07 0.21 0.08 0.04 0.08
Gumbel 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.20 0.18 0.01
Clayton 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.12
Frank 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508276744644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同Copula函数欧氏距离

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Copula
函数
当月库
水位
上月库
水位
当月降
雨量
上月降
雨量
上月位
移增量
当月位
移增量
Gaussian 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03
Student's t 0.04 0.07 0.21 0.08 0.04 0.08
Gumbel 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.20 0.18 0.01
Clayton 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.12
Frank 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508360630725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table of periodic term displacement and influencing factors Pearson correlation coefficient

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当月库
水位
上月库
水位
当月降
雨量
上月降
雨量
上月位
移增量
当月位
移增量
0.84 0.77 0.78 0.81 0.80 0.79
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508444516806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

周期项位移与影响因素Pearson相关系数

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当月库
水位
上月库
水位
当月降
雨量
上月降
雨量
上月位
移增量
当月位
移增量
0.84 0.77 0.78 0.81 0.80 0.79
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508524208583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

MISSA optimization of CNN-BiLSTM parameters

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训练所
选取样
本数量
最大训
练周
期数
初始学
习率
梯度
阈值
学习率
衰减
因子
正则化
系数
24 100 0.01 1 0.1 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508603900360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MISSA优化CNN-BiLSTM参数结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
训练所
选取样
本数量
最大训
练周
期数
初始学
习率
梯度
阈值
学习率
衰减
因子
正则化
系数
24 100 0.01 1 0.1 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508679397833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Periodic term displacement prediction accuracy and error comparison mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 实际
MISSA-
BiLSTM
MISSA-CNN-
BiLSTM
MISSA-SVR
预测
误差
预测
误差
预测
误差
2020-
07
2.40 2.23 0.17 2.21 0.19 2.77 0.38
2020-
08
3.37 3.05 0.32 3.30 0.07 3.37 0.00
2020-
09
3.85 3.65 0.20 3.81 0.04 4.05 0.20
2020-
10
3.74 3.62 0.12 3.75 0.01 3.67 0.07
2020-
11
3.51 3.42 0.09 3.59 0.08 3.03 0.48
2020-
12
3.16 3.15 0.01 3.15 0.01 2.31 0.85
2021-
01
2.74 2.64 0.10 2.69 0.05 2.00 0.74
2021-
02
2.32 2.32 0.00 2.27 0.05 1.38 0.94
2021-
03
1.93 1.72 0.21 1.88 0.05 1.29 0.64
2021-
04
1.72 1.38 0.34 1.58 0.14 1.07 0.65
2021-
05
1.34 1.31 0.03 1.36 0.02 0.98 0.36
2021-
06
1.32 1.36 0.04 1.50 0.18 1.94 0.62
平均值 0.14 0.07 0.49
RMSE 0.18 0.09 0.57
R 0.984 0.995 0.874
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508767478218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

周期项位移预测精度及误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 实际
MISSA-
BiLSTM
MISSA-CNN-
BiLSTM
MISSA-SVR
预测
误差
预测
误差
预测
误差
2020-
07
2.40 2.23 0.17 2.21 0.19 2.77 0.38
2020-
08
3.37 3.05 0.32 3.30 0.07 3.37 0.00
2020-
09
3.85 3.65 0.20 3.81 0.04 4.05 0.20
2020-
10
3.74 3.62 0.12 3.75 0.01 3.67 0.07
2020-
11
3.51 3.42 0.09 3.59 0.08 3.03 0.48
2020-
12
3.16 3.15 0.01 3.15 0.01 2.31 0.85
2021-
01
2.74 2.64 0.10 2.69 0.05 2.00 0.74
2021-
02
2.32 2.32 0.00 2.27 0.05 1.38 0.94
2021-
03
1.93 1.72 0.21 1.88 0.05 1.29 0.64
2021-
04
1.72 1.38 0.34 1.58 0.14 1.07 0.65
2021-
05
1.34 1.31 0.03 1.36 0.02 0.98 0.36
2021-
06
1.32 1.36 0.04 1.50 0.18 1.94 0.62
平均值 0.14 0.07 0.49
RMSE 0.18 0.09 0.57
R 0.984 0.995 0.874
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508847169995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cumulative displacement prediction accuracy and error mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 实际值 预测值 误差值
2020-07 35.43 35.29 0.14
2020-08 36.93 36.72 0.21
2020-09 37.92 37.89 0.03
2020-10 38.29 38.42 0.14
2020-11 38.53 38.79 0.25
2020-12 38.66 38.76 0.10
2021-01 38.71 38.71 0.00
2021-02 38.77 38.85 0.08
2021-03 38.85 38.92 0.07
2021-04 39.12 39.00 0.13
2021-05 39.23 39.27 0.04
2021-06 39.70 39.80 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1167865508931056076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621856563499, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

累计位移预测精度及误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 实际值 预测值 误差值
2020-07 35.43 35.29 0.14
2020-08 36.93 36.72 0.21
2020-09 37.92 37.89 0.03
2020-10 38.29 38.42 0.14
2020-11 38.53 38.79 0.25
2020-12 38.66 38.76 0.10
2021-01 38.71 38.71 0.00
2021-02 38.77 38.85 0.08
2021-03 38.85 38.92 0.07
2021-04 39.12 39.00 0.13
2021-05 39.23 39.27 0.04
2021-06 39.70 39.80 0.10
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基于MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM模型的尾矿坝位移预测
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刘迪 1, 2 , 杨辉 1, 2 , 卢才武 1, 2 , 阮顺领 1, 2 , 江松 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(9): 145-154
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(9): 145-154
基于MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM模型的尾矿坝位移预测
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刘迪1, 2 , 杨辉1, 2, 卢才武1, 2, 阮顺领1, 2, 江松1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710005
  • 2 西安建筑科技大学 西安市智慧工业感知计算与决策重点实验室,陕西 西安 710005
  • 刘 迪 (1987—),女,陕西咸阳人,博士,主要从事智慧矿山、尾矿坝安全及毛细水作用等方面的研究。E-mail:safety

    卢才武,教授;

    阮顺领,教授;

    江松,教授

Prediction of displacement of tailings dams based on MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model
Di LIU1, 2 , Hui YANG1, 2, Caiwu LU1, 2, Shunling RUAN1, 2, Song JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 Xi'an Key Laboratory of Perceptive Computing and Decision for Intelligent Industry,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1091
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为应对尾矿坝位移预测所面临的复杂情况和精度要求,提出一种基于多算法耦合的尾矿坝位移动态预测模型。首先,基于时间序列分解模型将累计位移分为趋势项和周期项,利用高斯回归时间序列预测模型预测趋势项位移;然后,运用不同Copula函数研究诱发因素与周期项位移的整体相关性,鉴于周期项位移影响因素多样性与强非线性的特点,采用多策略融合的改进麻雀搜索算法改进麻雀搜索算法(MISSA)-卷积神经网络(CNN)-双向长短期记忆(BiLSTM)模型预测周期项位移;最后,将高斯回归趋势项位移预测值和MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM周期项位移预测值叠加。结果表明:尾矿坝累积位移预测值与实测值基本一致,预测结果相关性系数R为0.996,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.13 mm,建立的 MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM多算法耦合模型预测精度较高,且能较好地预测尾矿坝位移的阶跃型变化。

改进麻雀搜索算法(MISSA)  /  卷积神经网络(CNN)  /  双向长短期记忆(BiLSTM)  /  尾矿坝  /  位移预测  /  深度学习模型

A comprehensive and sophisticated multi-algorithm coupled dynamic prediction model is proposed to address the intricate reality and stringent accuracy requirements of predicting tailings dam displacement. Firstly,by employing a time series decomposition model,the cumulative displacement is disaggregated into its trend and cyclical components. The trend term displacement is then forecasted using a Gaussian regression time series prediction model. Secondly,various Copula functions are employed to investigate the overall correlation between the inducing factors and the cyclical term displacement. Owing to the diverse influencing factors and strong nonlinearities associated with the cyclical term displacement,the MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model is utilized for prediction. Lastly,the predicted trend term displacement from the Gaussian regression model and the predicted cyclical term displacement from the MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model are merged. The results demonstrate a high degree of consistency between the predicted cumulative landslide displacements and the measured values,with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 mm. The multi-algorithm coupled model,based on MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM,exhibits remarkable prediction accuracy and effectively captures step changes in tailings dam displacements.

multi strategy improved sparrow search algorithm(MISSA)  /  convolutional neural networks(CNN)  /  Bi-directional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)  /  tailing dam  /  displacement prediction  /  deep learning model
刘迪, 杨辉, 卢才武, 阮顺领, 江松. 基于MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM模型的尾矿坝位移预测. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 145 -154 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1091
Di LIU, Hui YANG, Caiwu LU, Shunling RUAN, Song JIANG. Prediction of displacement of tailings dams based on MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM model[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 145 -154 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1091
位移预测作为灾害预报的有效手段,对降低灾害损失具有重要意义[1]。然而,现有位移预测模型常用于传统边坡,对尾矿坝的预测精度和适用性有限。尾矿坝由特殊的三相非饱和土构成,其土体结构中液态体积较一般土体多,水-土特征曲线与一般非饱和土有较大差别[2],使得尾矿坝在水分运移过程发生的土体饱和度、变形及渗透性变化更为明显;传统边坡位移主要是由水库的外部动、静水压力[3]作用产生,而尾矿坝位移变化主要通过水库对尾矿坝的渗透作用[4]改变其内部应力,从而增强尾矿坝形变能力。这些差异增加了尾矿坝位移影响机制的复杂性及位移预测的难度。
针对尾矿坝位移预测所面临的复杂情况和精度要求,单一预测模型往往难以满足需求。因此,综合多种模型优势以提高预测精度至关重要。王晨辉等[5]利用集合经验模态分解算法分解累计位移序列并挖掘位移变形局部特征,并结合支持向量回归法(Support Vector Regression,SVR)实现了滑坡位移预测;高雅萍等[6]使用经验模态分解算法分解位移并结合灰色预测模型(Grey Model,GM)预测位移;张振坤等[7]提出结合多头注意力机制与长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)网络的位移预测模型,并预测滑坡位移;唐菲菲等[8]提出结合注意力机制的双向LSTM(Bi-directional LSTM,Bi LSTM)模型,并预测了滑坡位移,Bi-LSTM算法的应用进一步挖掘了边坡位移隐含的时间特征。现有位移预测方法虽然在不同方面取得了一定进展,但普遍存在对位移动态性挖掘不充分、模型参数选择方法粗糙和特征处理能力弱等问题。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于现有位移预测的不足,首先,通过时间序列分解模型,将尾矿坝位移分解为趋势项位移和周期项位移;然后,采用高斯回归时间序列预测模型预测趋势项位移,利用Copula函数确立诱发因素与周期项位移间的整体相关性,并构建改进麻雀搜索算法(Multi strategy Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm,MISSA)-卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks,CNN)-BiLSTM模型,预测周期项位移;最后,叠加趋势项和周期项位移预测值,得到累积位移预测值,实现尾矿坝位移的动态预测,以期为尾矿坝灾害预警提供决策依据。
尾矿坝位移变化由坝体内部地质状况和外部诱因共同作用引起。在坝体的地质条件(如工程地貌、尾矿粒径)影响下,尾矿坝位移在较长时间尺度上通常呈现单调递增趋势;同时,在外部诱发因素(如季节性降雨、库水位升降等)作用下,其位移在较小时间尺度上呈现近似周期性特征。总位移可分解为:
S ( t ) = ϕ ( t ) + η ( t )
式中:t为时间; S ( t )为位移时间序列; ϕ ( t )为趋势项位移,由尾矿坝所处地质条件及坝体自身条件决定,反映位移长期变化趋势; η ( t )为周期项位移,受降雨、库水位变化等外界诱发因素的控制。
根据Sklar定理,给定具有边缘分布F1F2的联合分布函数F,存在一个Copula函数C,满足F(x1x2)=C(F1(x1),F2(x2))。由此可得联合分布密度函数:
f ( x 1 x 2 ) = c ( F 1 ( x 1 ) F 2 ( x 2 ) ) f 1 ( x 1 ) f 2 ( x 2 )
式中: c ( F 1 ( x 1 ) F 2 ( x 2 ) )为 Copula 函数的密度函数; f 1 ( x 1 ) f 2 ( x 2 )分别为边缘分布F1F2的密度函数。
深度学习模型的预测性能受超参数选择影响甚大,采用优化算法(如麻雀搜索算法、哈里斯鹰算法等)选取参数是一种有效发挥模型拟合能力的方法。李雅丽等[9]研究发现,麻雀搜索算法在多方面优于其他群优化算法,但在处理复杂函数时存在全局搜索性较差、容易陷入局部最优等缺点。因此,从算法搜索的不同阶段出发,提出一种多策略融合的MISSA。具体改进策略如下:①引入切比雪夫混沌映射进行种群初始化[10],从而获得一个具有较强全局搜索能力的初始种群。②采用动态自适应权重策略[11],通过引入权重因子ω,结合上一步的全局最优解来调整发现者位置,有利于平衡全局开发与局部开发。③引入柯西变异策略[12]提高种群迭代后期的多样性,从而提高算法的收敛精度。④利用精英反向学习策略[13]扩大搜索范围提高全局最优解的发现概率。
实际预测过程中,尾矿坝位移受多特征参数影响。为提高尾矿坝位移预测精度,采用一维CNN对数据进行特征处理。其一般结构主要包含输入层、卷积层、激活函数、池化层与输出层。在应用过程中,为避免池化过程导致信息丢失,去除CNN池化层。CNN主要通过卷积核实现权值共享,充分挖掘输入变量的内在关系并关注显著特征。其具体原理公式为:
y ( k ) = h ( k ) · u ( k ) = i = 0 N h ( k - i ) u ( i )
式中:yhu为序列;k为卷积次数;Nu的长度;i为从0~N的整数。
LSTM作为深度学习算法的一种,在处理时间序列数据预测任务上具有优势[14]。LSTM算法以细胞状态的更新与短期记忆值的输出为主要任务,利用输入门、遗忘门为细胞状态的更新提供参数,通过输出门处理数据并输出短期记忆值,最终实现对输入信息重要程度的区分,并根据重要程度选择性保留和遗忘信息。
相较传统单向神经网络仅按时间序列前向传播的训练方式,BiLSTM通过双向网络实现过去和未来隐藏层状态的递归反馈,从而更有效地发掘数据时序特征,提高模型预测精度和特征数据利用率。
结合CNN特征工程和BiLSTM时序处理优势,在BiLSTM隐藏层前加入卷积层。将水平位移和 6个影响因子串联为向量输入模型输入层,之后进入卷积层进行特征提取并形成特征向量,最终将特征向量输入BiLSTM,实现位移的动态预测。组合模型结构如图1所示。为充分发挥模型性能,采用MISSA优化算法调整深度学习模型参数,具体优化过程流程如下:①设置种群规模、最大迭代次数及参数寻优区间,并利用切比雪夫混沌映射初始化麻雀群体。②计算当前各个麻雀适应度并进行适应度排序,找出最优适应度值及对应位置。③从适应度值较优的麻雀中,选取部分麻雀为发现者,使用动态自适应权重更新麻雀位置,寻找最优解。④利用柯西变异和反向学习策略扰动当前最优解,产生新解。⑤根据麻雀当前状态,更新麻雀群体最优解。⑥重复步骤③—⑤,直到达到预定迭代次数或满足收敛条件。⑦输入寻优后参数搭建CNN-BiLSTM模型。
采用均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)和相关性系数R等指标评估尾矿坝位移模型预测精度[15]。此外,绝对误差和相对误差也用于分析预测结果。RMSE和R的计算式为:
R M S E = i = 1 N x i - x ^ i 2 F
R = i = 1 N x i - x - x ^ i - x ^ - i = 1 N x i - x - 2 i = 1 N x ^ i - x ^ - 2
式中: x i x ^ i分别为真实值和预测值; x - x ^ -分别为真实值和预测值的平均值; F为样本数。
该尾矿库位于陕西省略阳县红岩沟,库容98万m3,属于堆砌式尾矿库。尾矿库坝体上共有10个监测点,各监测点编号及具体监测位置如图2所示,其中,D表示一级子坝及其附近监测点,G表示初期坝与堆积坝交界处的两侧监测点,Z表示交界处中心监测点,J和P表示交界处附近监测点。为全面反映坝体变形情况,选择初期坝与堆积坝交界区域中心Z1监测点详细分析。
尾矿库滑坡是典型的推移式滑坡,其滑动力主要来自澄清池水对尾矿坝的浸润作用,导致尾矿坝内部孔隙水压力与外部静水压力增大,推动坡体下滑[16]并引发前部隆起、开裂变形。
为研究尾矿库随时间的动态演变过程,选取10年,以月为单位的监测数据,包括累计位移、库水位及降雨量,监测曲线如图3图4所示。根据尾矿坝演化情况,将演化过程分为先后3个阶段:初期不稳定阶段A,中期稳定性适应阶段B,后期稳定性增强阶段C。将监测曲线分3个阶段分析,并单独研究位移陡增点,探讨其出现的主要原因。
根据图3图4显示,在初期阶段,库水位整体较低,高位移主要受降雨驱动,尾矿处于矿浆向固结演化过程中[17],最大位移受降雨和初期演化状态共同影响;在中期阶段,库水位整体升高,库水位对尾矿坝的影响程度逐渐增强,尾矿坝位移极大值受库水位抬升影响较大;在后期阶段,库水位周期性波动,尾矿坝适应了库水位的变化,位移进入稳定状态,尾矿坝位移主要受降雨量与库水位影响。
在尾矿库服役期间,尾矿坝累计位移量持续增加,其中,由于尾矿排放初期含水率较大以及库水位的突然抬升,大大降低了尾矿内部的基质吸力与抗剪强度,使得尾矿坝变形速率达到最大,随后进入稳定变形阶段。
趋势项位移反映了尾矿坝位移的长期变化趋势,采用移动平均法提取趋势项位移。设 S i = { s 1   s 2 s t }为原始位移时间序列,则趋势项位移的计算方法如下:
ϕ ( r ) = s r + s r - 1 + + s r - l + 1 l ( r = l l + 1 t )
式中: l为周期值; r为从 l~ t的正整数; ϕ ( r )为趋势项位移, l的选取对于趋势项的提取结果至关重要,较小的 l值会导致平均值更加敏感,容易受到噪声和突发波动的影响;较大的 l值会导致平滑后的数据序列变化较为缓慢,反映当前数据的变化相对滞后。鉴于库水位以年为单位呈现周期性变化,l取12。趋势项位移提取值如图5所示。
采用高斯回归时间序列预测模型,通过高斯过程结合时间特征对趋势项位移进行时间序列建模与预测,其表达式为:
V = K E Q K ( Q Q ) - 1 y
式中: K为协方差函数; E为新的输入; Q为输入向量; y为目标输出; V为预测目标。
利用高斯回归时间序列预测模型预测趋势项位移,并与传统多项式拟合预测法比较,结果分别如图6图7所示。由图6图7可知:高斯回归时间序列预测模型预测结果R为0.998,RMSE为0.10 mm,多项式拟合模型预测结果R为0.990,RMSE为0.58 mm,相较于多项式拟合预测,高斯回归时间序列预测模型可更好地预测趋势项位移变化。
从尾矿坝累积位移中剔除趋势项位移,得到周期项位移,如图8所示。
影响因子的选取对位移预测精度的好坏至关重要。尾矿坝累积位移-时间曲线呈阶跃型,根据2.2节的分析,降雨及周期性水库水位波动是导致该变形特征的主导因素。此外,尾矿库所处的不同时间演化阶段对于外界诱发因素下尾矿坝位移的精确预测也有着重要影响。
1) 降雨。降雨对尾矿坝位移影响主要有2方面:①冲刷作用改变表面结构[18];②雨水入渗切割土体。入渗过程中,孔隙水压力增大导致颗粒间摩擦力和黏结力减小,导致土体结构松散易移动,增强了土体的不稳定性。考虑到降雨量入渗是一个相对缓慢的过程,图9为周期项位移分别与当月、前一个月降雨量的变化情况。图9显示,监测点处周期项位移波动规律与当前降雨量及前一个月降雨量较为一致,因此,选择当月降雨量与前一个月降雨量作为影响因素。
2) 库水位。库水位对尾矿坝位移的影响主要是通过库水位在渗透过程中产生的水力耦合作用。在吸附力和毛细力[19]共同作用下,尾矿坝中后部的饱和尾矿体积逐渐增大,导致泥质成分不断积累。这一现象增强了尾矿坝内部的水压力和重力,从而降低尾矿坝的有效应力。此外,在干湿循环过程中,尾矿坝内部土体框架会逐渐变得松散,可能导致内部裂缝或破坏产生[20]。库水位同样由于入渗过程的缓慢性导致其对于位移的影响产生了一定的滞后效应。图10为周期项位移分别与当月、前一个月库水位高程的变化情况,图10显示,其当月和前一个月库水位高程的变化趋势与周期项位移相同,因此,选择当月与前一个月库水位高程作为影响因素。
3) 尾矿坝变形形态。在相同影响因素下,不同阶段的、尾矿坝变形情况存在显著差异。当尾矿坝处于稳定状态时,即使经历较强降雨量,位移量也不会很大。相反,当尾矿坝处于不稳定状态时,即使遭遇普通降雨,也可能引发尾矿坝溃坝。因此,选择尾矿坝当月与前一个月的位移量,以表示其当前所处的稳定状态。周期项位移与位移增量关系如图11所示。
为验证所选取的影响因子对周期位移的影响,选取合适的Copula函数,利用其Pearson系数表示相关变量的关联性,通过分析上下尾厚度厘清影响因素对尾矿坝位移的影响,采用Gaussian,Student's t型,Gumbel,Clayton,Frank等5种Copula函数进行耦合关系描述,其中,Gaussian与Student's t型Copula函数分别通过标准正态分布与t分布的累计分布函数来转换边缘分布建立多维变量之间的相关性,这类函数均有对称的尾部相关性;Gumbel、Clayton、Frank 型Copula函数则根据不同的生成元函数得到相应的阿基米德Copula函数,分别适合上尾部厚尾特征明显、下尾部厚尾特征明显与对称厚尾结构变量耦合关系的描述。
同时,利用欧氏距离可衡量多维随机变量之间相似度的特性,通过比较不同因素与周期项位移在各函数下的欧氏距离,选择最能捕捉不同变量间依赖关系的Copula函数。欧氏距离越小,函数对实际数据的相关性结构拟合效果越好。表1为各影响因素在不同Copula函数条件下对周期性位移的欧氏距离。
表2为各影响因素在合适的Copula函数条件下得到的与周期性位移的Pearson相关系数。各个影响因素与周期项位移Copula函数密度如图12所示。
图12显示,当前月库水位、降雨量和位移增量与周期项位移关系可用Gumbel-copula函数描述,其上尾部厚尾特性较为敏感,下尾部厚尾特性较弱,呈J型曲线,上下尾部渐进关联,上尾部关联强度较高。表明尾矿坝位移在高或低时,3个影响因素与周期项位移均呈显著强相关性,高位移时相关性更强。前一个月库水位、降雨量和位移增量与周期项位移关系可用Frank-copula函数描述,其具有对称厚尾,呈C型曲线,上下尾部强度相似。由于前一个月影响因素会影响下个月土壤初始含水率及土体结构,因此,这些因素对下月尾矿坝高低位移均具有强相关性。经上述Copula函数结果分析验证,所选取的影响因子与尾矿坝周期项位移关系显著,可采用这6个影响因子预测周期项位移。
首先,归一化处理数据并将数据分为训练集和测试集。将6个影响因子作为输入,周期位移为输出。使用Matlab2022搭建多算法耦合模型,设定深度学习模型依次为输入层、折叠层、2次卷积层、展开层、平滑层、2层BiLSTM与Dropout交替层、全连接层及输出层;优化算法设定种群数量为20,最大迭代次数为50,并分别设立6个参数的下边界为[5,100,0.000 01,0.001,0.001,0.000 001];上边界为[100,500,0.1,2,1,1],将损失函数设为适应度函数,通过参数调整,训练深度学习模型,使损失函数值达到最小,参数训练结果见表3。将得到的最优参数用于构建深度学习模型,并利用构建的深度学习模型进行预测。
为验证本文方法的有效性,选取非线性预测能力较强的SVR模型与未经特征处理的BiLSTM进行预测效果对比。为避免模型参数选取方法差异导致的结果误差,同样用MISSA优化算法选取SVR与BiLSTM模型参数。基于尾矿库多处于中后期的现状,将2020年7月—2021年6月的位移量作为预测目标。
周期项位移预测结果显示,MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM预测结果的相关性系数R为0.995,RMSE为0.094 9 mm,整体预测精度较高。具体预测结果如图13表4所示。
在尾矿坝位移上升的7—9月期间,依托MISSA-BiLSTM类算法在首月预测精度相近,但随周期项位移增大,差异逐渐显现。融合了特征处理CNN的模型能更有效挖掘不同影响因子对高位移影响,其在3 mm以上位移预测表现较MISSA-BiLSTM模型优越,较低位移时,2模型预测精度相近;由于SVR模型在预测过程中不考虑之前各影响因素的情况,仅依托当前影响因素进行预测,使得其相邻预测结果之间变化较大,位移上升过程中预测结果上升太快整体预测值偏高,下降过程中下降太快预测值偏低,整体预测精度较低。由于尾矿坝安全预报关键在于高风险位移的预测与分析,MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM更适用于尾矿坝的实际情况与位移预测。
根据时间序列分解原理,将高斯回归趋势项位移预测值与MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM周期项位移预测值叠加,即可得到尾矿坝累积位移预测值,具体预测结果如图14表5所示。图14表5预测结果表明:尾矿坝累积位移预测值与实测值基本一致,相关性系数R为0.996,均方根误差RMSE为0.13 mm,总体预测精度较高且能较好地预测出尾矿坝位移阶跃型变化。
1) 利用高斯回归结合趋势位移进行时间序列建模,能够更有效地挖掘趋势项位移的时间动态趋势,进一步提高趋势项位移的预测精度。
2) 结合BiLSTM时间序列处理优势与CNN特征挖掘学习能力,能有效提高模型对高位移的耦合能力,使得模型对高位移的变化更加敏感,更有利于尾矿坝风险决策,同时,利用MISSA算法选取模型参数,可充分发挥模型的拟合能力。
3) 通过将高斯回归趋势项位移预测值与MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM周期项位移预测值叠加,得到的最终累计位移预测值与实测值基本一致,预测结果相关性系数为0.996,均方根误差为0.13mm。表明文中建立的 MISSA-CNN-BiLSTM多算法耦合模型预测精度较高,且能较好地预测出尾矿坝位移的阶跃型变化。
4) 由于尾矿坝位移的动态变化受多种因素影响,因素的选择和数量对提高模型精度具有显著影响。在后续研究中,将进一步深入探索尾矿坝位移影响因素。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51208282)
  • 陕西省社会科学基金资助(2023R035)
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.1091
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-06-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(51208282)
陕西省社会科学基金资助(2023R035)
作者信息
    1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710005
    2 西安建筑科技大学 西安市智慧工业感知计算与决策重点实验室,陕西 西安 710005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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