Article(id=1149738621630071082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)09-0131-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=1716652800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048648507, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048648507, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048648507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048648507, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738621005119786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048648358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401551172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190322751816582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738621005119786, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738621923672364, articleId=1149738621630071082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Consequences analysis of H2S-containing gas leakage on offshore platform, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the consequences of H2S-containing associated gas leakage on the platform,ANSYS Fluent software was used to simulate the spatiotemporal changes of the gas diffusion. According to the development process of H2S-containing gas diffusion,the toxic area of the associated gas cloud in two scenarios,namely no protective measures and emergency protective measures,were compared. A quantitative evaluation of the degree of toxic risk of H2S-containing associated gas leakage was conducted by using the dose-response model. The results showed that compared to the scenario with no protective measures,after taking the “shutdown” measure,the volume and horizontal diffusion distance of the gas cloud with H2S concentration ranging from 500-2 000 mg/m3 are reduced by 20%-37.5% and 15.4%-47.6%,respectively. After that,the toxic gas cloud volume and horizontal diffusion distance can be further reduced rapidly by taking the "blowdown" measures. By considering the H2S accumulative concentration and exposure reaction,“shutdown + blowdown” measures can obviously reduce the fatality probability. The fatality of three monitoring spots near the leakage hole decreases from 0.998,0.034 and 0.000 239 to 0.759,0.002 9 and 0.000 000 65 respectively. The area of intolerable section and ALARP section of horizontal plane on the middle deck decrease by 63.7% and 81.7% after taking the emergency protective measures. The hazardous degree of toxic consequences caused by associated gas leakage can be significantly reduced.

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为评估海上平台含硫化氢伴生气的泄漏事故后果,采用ANSYS Fluent软件模拟平台分离器含硫化氢伴生气扩散的时空变化。根据含硫化氢伴生气扩散的发展过程,对比泄漏后未采取保护措施和采取应急保护措施2种情形下伴生气气云团的毒害范围;结合剂量反应模型定量评估含硫化氢伴生气泄漏后毒害的危险程度。结果表明:相对于泄漏后未采用保护措施的情况,采取应急关断措施50 s后,硫化氢质量浓度阈值为500~2 000 mg/m3的气云团体积减小20%~37.5%,水平扩散距离减小15.4%~47.6%;随后采取主动泄放措施后,毒害气云团体积和水平扩散距离进一步迅速减小。综合考虑硫化氢积聚浓度和暴露反应,采取应急关断+主动泄放的应急保护措施可大幅降低平台受到毒害的死亡率,泄漏孔附近3个监测点的死亡率分别由0.998、0.034、0.000 239降低至0.759、0.002 9、0.000 000 65;采用措施后平台中层甲板水平截面的不可接受区和合理接收区的面积较未采用措施分别降低63.7%和81.7%,显著降低伴生气泄漏毒害后果的危险程度。

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马晨波 (1990—),男,甘肃临洮人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海上油气工艺设计方面的研究。E-mail:

宫景雯,工程师;

胡冬,高级工程师;

曹杨,高级工程师

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马晨波 (1990—),男,甘肃临洮人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海上油气工艺设计方面的研究。E-mail:

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马晨波 (1990—),男,甘肃临洮人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海上油气工艺设计方面的研究。E-mail:

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宫景雯,工程师;

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胡冬,高级工程师;

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曹杨,高级工程师

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曹杨,高级工程师

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figureFileBig=jcKuvlAm2+UvGdVE+/AGWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865451401982161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621630071082, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同死亡率区域面积, figureFileSmall=RV99lnBOcEIhiQ8HMcd9mA==, figureFileBig=jcKuvlAm2+UvGdVE+/AGWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167865451469091026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621630071082, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Elevation and size of individual deck m

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甲板 距离海平面 甲板尺寸
上层 29.0 45.5(长)×37.5(宽)
二层 24.5 31.5(长)×37.5(宽)
中层 20.5 43.5(长)×37.5(宽)
下层 12.0 43.5(长)×37.5(宽)
), ArticleFig(id=1167865451557171411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738621630071082, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各层甲板高度和尺寸

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甲板 距离海平面 甲板尺寸
上层 29.0 45.5(长)×37.5(宽)
二层 24.5 31.5(长)×37.5(宽)
中层 20.5 43.5(长)×37.5(宽)
下层 12.0 43.5(长)×37.5(宽)
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海上平台含硫化氢气体泄漏事故后果分析
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马晨波 , 陆心怡 , 宫景雯 , 胡冬 , 赵思奇 , 曹杨
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(9): 131-137
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(9): 131-137
海上平台含硫化氢气体泄漏事故后果分析
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马晨波 , 陆心怡, 宫景雯, 胡冬, 赵思奇, 曹杨
作者信息
  • 中海油研究总院有限责任公司 工程研究设计院,北京 100028
  • 马晨波 (1990—),男,甘肃临洮人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海上油气工艺设计方面的研究。E-mail:

    宫景雯,工程师;

    胡冬,高级工程师;

    曹杨,高级工程师

Consequences analysis of H2S-containing gas leakage on offshore platform
Chenbo MA , Xinyi LU, Jingwen GONG, Dong HU, Siqi ZHAO, Yang CAO
Affiliations
  • Engineering Research & Design Institute,CNOOC Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100028,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0065
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为评估海上平台含硫化氢伴生气的泄漏事故后果,采用ANSYS Fluent软件模拟平台分离器含硫化氢伴生气扩散的时空变化。根据含硫化氢伴生气扩散的发展过程,对比泄漏后未采取保护措施和采取应急保护措施2种情形下伴生气气云团的毒害范围;结合剂量反应模型定量评估含硫化氢伴生气泄漏后毒害的危险程度。结果表明:相对于泄漏后未采用保护措施的情况,采取应急关断措施50 s后,硫化氢质量浓度阈值为500~2 000 mg/m3的气云团体积减小20%~37.5%,水平扩散距离减小15.4%~47.6%;随后采取主动泄放措施后,毒害气云团体积和水平扩散距离进一步迅速减小。综合考虑硫化氢积聚浓度和暴露反应,采取应急关断+主动泄放的应急保护措施可大幅降低平台受到毒害的死亡率,泄漏孔附近3个监测点的死亡率分别由0.998、0.034、0.000 239降低至0.759、0.002 9、0.000 000 65;采用措施后平台中层甲板水平截面的不可接受区和合理接收区的面积较未采用措施分别降低63.7%和81.7%,显著降低伴生气泄漏毒害后果的危险程度。

海上平台  /  含硫化氢气体  /  气体泄漏  /  事故后果  /  气云团  /  危险程度

In order to evaluate the consequences of H2S-containing associated gas leakage on the platform,ANSYS Fluent software was used to simulate the spatiotemporal changes of the gas diffusion. According to the development process of H2S-containing gas diffusion,the toxic area of the associated gas cloud in two scenarios,namely no protective measures and emergency protective measures,were compared. A quantitative evaluation of the degree of toxic risk of H2S-containing associated gas leakage was conducted by using the dose-response model. The results showed that compared to the scenario with no protective measures,after taking the “shutdown” measure,the volume and horizontal diffusion distance of the gas cloud with H2S concentration ranging from 500-2 000 mg/m3 are reduced by 20%-37.5% and 15.4%-47.6%,respectively. After that,the toxic gas cloud volume and horizontal diffusion distance can be further reduced rapidly by taking the "blowdown" measures. By considering the H2S accumulative concentration and exposure reaction,“shutdown + blowdown” measures can obviously reduce the fatality probability. The fatality of three monitoring spots near the leakage hole decreases from 0.998,0.034 and 0.000 239 to 0.759,0.002 9 and 0.000 000 65 respectively. The area of intolerable section and ALARP section of horizontal plane on the middle deck decrease by 63.7% and 81.7% after taking the emergency protective measures. The hazardous degree of toxic consequences caused by associated gas leakage can be significantly reduced.

offshore platform  /  H2S containing gas  /  gas leakage  /  accident consequence  /  gas cloud  /  hazardous degree
马晨波, 陆心怡, 宫景雯, 胡冬, 赵思奇, 曹杨. 海上平台含硫化氢气体泄漏事故后果分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (9) : 131 -137 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0065
Chenbo MA, Xinyi LU, Jingwen GONG, Dong HU, Siqi ZHAO, Yang CAO. Consequences analysis of H2S-containing gas leakage on offshore platform[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (9) : 131 -137 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0065
随着海洋油气资源开采力度的加大,越来越多的采出油气中含有硫化氢。含硫化氢气体的泄漏和扩散可能带来人员伤亡和经济损失[1]。2010年,深水地平线钻井平台发生井喷爆炸事故,造成11人死亡、17人失踪[2]。1993年,抚顺石化硫化氢弥散导致4人死亡、9人中毒[3]。掌握硫化氢泄漏和扩散的时空特性,对应急逃生和救援具有重要意义。海上平台空间受限、设备布置紧凑,含硫化氢气体更易聚集形成高浓度的毒害区域,因此,全面的事故后果预测评估尤为重要。
目前,国内外学者针对含硫化氢气体的泄漏扩散开展了大量研究。章博等[4]融合泄漏概率和风场联合分布概率,定量构建了硫化氢的泄漏场景集,为气体泄漏检测报警仪布置优化提供依据。BAGHERI等[5]分析了长输管道的硫化氢泄漏原因,并依据危险系数确定了最小安全距离。杨冬冬等[6]研究了风速、风向对海洋平台井喷含硫天然气扩散危险区的影响。YANG Dongdong等[7]研究了不同通风条件对海上平台硫化氢扩散的稀释效果。杨圆鉴等[8]分析了天然气站场内分离器及管道在不同泄漏速率下的硫化氢扩散特征和影响范围。邓奇根等[9]研究了底板排气、通风及挡烟垂壁对狭长密闭空间高硫天然气分布的影响特征。现有研究主要聚焦含硫化氢气体发生泄漏后的演化情况和影响因素,对泄漏后危险程度评估的研究较少。
鉴于此,笔者拟以国内某海上平台为研究对象,利用ANSYS Fluent软件建立分离器含硫化氢伴生气泄漏事故后果预测评估模型,对比分析平台分离器泄漏含硫化氢气体后未采用保护措施和采用保护措施(应急关断+主动泄压)2种情况下的毒害区域和危险程度,明确应急保护措施的效果,以期为海上平台事故应急保护、事故处理和应急逃生提供参考。
气体扩散过程符合连续性方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程。对于多组分组成的混合气体,其单组分遵循质量守恒方程。上述方程表达式如下:
δ ρ δ t + · ( ρ V ) = 0
δ ( ρ V ) δ t + · ( ρ V V ) = - p + · τ + ρ g
δ ( ρ h ) δ t + · ( ρ V h ) = · ( ρ ( μ σ + μ 1 σ 1 ) h )
δ ( ρ Y i ) δ t + · ( ρ V Y i ) = · ( ρ ( μ σ + μ 1 σ 1 ) Y i )
式中:ρ为气体混合物密度,kg/m3;t为时间,s;V为雷诺平均后的速度向量,m/s;p为静压,Pa;τ为黏性应力张量,Pa;g为重力加速度,m/s2;h为气体混合物的焓,J/kg;μ为湍流分子黏度,Pa·s;μ1为湍流黏度,Pa·s; σ为湍流Schmidt数; σ 1为湍流Prandtl数;Yi为第i种气体组分的质量分数。
气体扩散过程通常为非稳态紊流,选择合适的计算模型对于准确描述气体扩散过程尤为重要。根据TAUSEEF等[10]的研究结果,Realizable k-ε方程能够更好地描述气体扩散行为。其表达式为:
t ( ρ k ) + x j ( ρ k u j ) = x j ( μ + μ 1 σ 2 ) k x j + G 1 + G 2 - ρ ε - Y M + M 1
t ( ρ ε ) + x j ( ρ ε u j ) = x j ( μ + μ 1 σ 3 ) ε x j + ρ C 1 S ε - ρ C 2 ε 2 k + v ε + C 3 ε k C 4 G 2 + M 2
$C_{1}=\max \left[0.43,\frac{\eta}{\eta+5}\right]$
η = S k ε
S = 2 S i j S i j
式中:k为湍流动能,J/kg;ε为湍流耗散率,m2/s3; σ 2为湍流动能的湍流Prandtl数; σ 3为湍流耗散率的湍流Prandtl数;xjuj分别为坐标轴上的速度分量; ν为运动黏度,m2/s;G1为由平均速度梯度产生的湍流动能,J/kg;G2为由浮力产生的湍流动能,J/kg;YM为可压缩湍流中波动膨胀对总耗散率的贡献;C2C3为常量;C4为浮力对湍动能耗散率的影响程度;S为平均变化率张量系数;Sij为平均应变率张量;M1M2为用户自定义项,kg/(m3·s)。
人员暴露在有毒环境的危险性,可通过剂量反应模型表征概率与死亡率之间的关系[11]:
P = 1 2 π - Y - 5 e x p - x 2 2 d x
Y = r 1 + r 2 l n L
L = Q n T
式中:P为死亡率;Y为概率变量;r1r2为概率系数,对于硫化氢k1k2分别取-31.42和3.008;L为中毒负荷;Q为有毒组分质量浓度,mg/m3;n为有毒组分剂量系数,对于硫化氢,n取1.43;T为时间间隔,min。
参照海上平台布置,建立数值仿真模型如图1a所示,中层甲板设备分布如图1b所示。平台共4层甲板,各层甲板的尺寸和相对海平面的高度见表1。平台分离器位于中层甲板前端,假定分离器右侧封头发生泄漏,泄漏孔距离中层甲板2.5 m。建模过程中适当简化了工艺管线、楼梯、桩腿等结构,以控制网格数量和计算成本。
根据海上平台尺寸设置 150 m(长)×80 m(宽)×60 m(高)的计算域,网格模型如图2所示。为提升计算效率,分区域划分网格,泄漏孔附近网格加密,最大网格尺寸0.01 m;其他区域按照1.2倍比例延伸格,最大网格尺寸2 m,经无关性验证最终网格数量为4 083 869。
计算域顶部、左侧面和右侧面假设流体物理量梯度为0,采用对称边界;计算域前侧为风入口,采用速度边界;计算域后侧为风出口,采用压力边界;泄漏孔处为质量入口;计算域底部和平台固体表面采用无滑移壁面。
分离器内压力为2.0 MPa,温度为70 ℃。分离器内伴生气组分:甲烷74.6%、乙烷16.9%、丙烷6.5%和硫化氢2.0%。泄漏孔径参照规范选取为40 mm[12]。按照孔口泄漏模型[13],计算得到初始泄漏速率为6.0 kg/s。涉及2种情形:
1) 情形1。泄漏后未采取保护措施,泄漏速率始终维持6.0 kg/s不变。
2) 情形2。泄漏后采取保护措施:① 发生泄漏0~90 s内,泄漏速率维持6.0 kg/s不变;② 在90 s时开始关闭关断阀,泄漏速率开始降低;③ 在140 s时打开泄压阀,泄漏速率继续降低。其中,步骤②和步骤③的泄漏速率按文献[14]计算,泄漏速率随时间的变化如图3所示。海平面以上8 m高度的平均风速为3 m/s,海平面以上不同高度的风速由风速廓线方程[15]计算得到。
瞬态求解步骤:① 模拟气体泄漏扩散前,以风速入口为初始条件,模拟计算域内稳定风场,时间步长为1 s;② 稳定风场的基础上,设置气体泄漏速率(图3),进行气体泄漏扩散模拟,时间步长为0.01 s。求解采用压力和速度耦合的SIMPLE算法[16-17]
气体毒害范围主要取决于硫化氢的质量浓度,通过模拟可得到不同硫化氢质量浓度阈值的气云团。对于情形1和情形2,发生泄漏的0~90 s内,泄漏速率均维持6.0 kg/s不变。图4为泄漏后90 s时4个不同硫化氢质量浓度阈值气云团分布。
图4可知:硫化氢质量浓度阈值越高,气云团覆盖范围越小。硫化氢质量浓度阈值500 mg/m3的气云团覆盖范围广泛:泄漏孔附近分离器表面大部分包裹在气云团内。水平方向上,泄漏后气体受风吹影响向平台后侧扩散,中层甲板井筒套筒、动力液注入泵均在气云团内部;气云团绕过主变电间外侧墙壁,继续向后延伸。竖直方向上,气体向上蔓延到了二层甲板井筒套筒、主电开关间。硫化氢质量浓度阈值1 000 mg/m3气云团的扩散范围明显减小,水平方向扩散至部分井筒套筒和动力液注入泵,竖直方向仅有少量接触到二层甲板前端边缘。硫化氢质量浓度阈值为2 000 mg/m3时,气云团范围很小,仅局限在泄漏孔与测试加热器撬之间。
以硫化氢质量浓度阈值1 000 mg/m3的气云团为例,进一步对比情形1和情形2在泄漏140和200 s后的差异(图5)。泄漏后140 s时,情形1的气云团(图5a)触及部分井筒套筒和动力液注入泵,而情形2中气云团(图5b)主要围绕在分离器附近,没有触及井筒套筒及下风向更远处。泄漏后200 s时,情形1(图5c)与140 s时一致,而情形2(图5d)仅在泄漏孔附近有很少量的气云团。
根据气体扩散的发展过程,进一步分析情形1和情形2的气云团体积和扩散距离变化,如图6所示。由图6a可知:情形1中各硫化氢质量浓度阈值的气云团体积均经历了先快后慢增大最终稳定的变化。与情形1相比,情形2(图6b)中泄漏后90 s起气云团体积呈先慢后快的指数式下降趋势。泄漏后90~140 s,硫化氢质量浓度阈值为500、1 000、1 500和2 000 mg/m3气云团的体积下降率分别为20%、21.2%、26.9%和37.5%。
图6c中,情形1中各硫化氢质量浓度阈值的气云团水平扩散距离均先快后慢上升至最终稳定。情形2(图6d)应急保护启动后,气云团水平扩散距离呈现先慢后快近似线性的降低趋势。泄漏后90~140 s,硫化氢质量浓度阈值为500、1 000、1 500和2 000 mg/m3气云团的水平扩散距离下降率分别为15.4%、20.3%、30.2%和47.6%。
参照文献[18]选取高度为1.5m的水平截面,图7为2个时刻该截面的硫化氢质量浓度分布。图7a图7b中,泄漏后140 s时,情形1的高硫化氢区域大于情形2,主要集中在平台前侧和泄漏孔附近,下风侧区域浓度随着距离泄漏孔的增大而逐渐降低。根据图7c,泄漏后200 s时情形1与140s时的一致,而图7d情形2中已不存在高浓度硫化氢,仅在泄漏孔周边有小部分区域的硫化氢质量浓度介于200~400 mg/m3,平面绝大部分位置硫化氢质量浓度都低于200 mg/m3
为进一步明确伴生气扩散与蓄积造成的危险,综合考虑硫化氢质量浓度变化和暴露有毒气体中的反应。以泄漏孔附近的3个点(图1b中A、B、C)为例,硫化氢质量浓度随时间的变化如图8所示。由图8a可知:情形1中发生泄漏后A点硫化氢质量浓度迅速上升后下降,经过小幅振荡后在11.9 s后稳定在3 755 mg/m3。B和C点的硫化氢质量浓度呈现先快后慢升高最终稳定的变化趋势,B和C点的浓度分别在22.8和41.6 s时稳定在1 619和961 mg/m3图8b情形2中3个点90 s起硫化氢质量浓度缓慢下降,140 s起硫化氢质量浓度迅速降低至0 mg/m3。A、B和C点在140 s时的硫化氢质量浓度分别为3 376、1 453 和829 mg/m3。结合情形1和情形2中各点的硫化氢质量浓度变化情况,根据式(10)—式(12)计算得到A、B和C点3个位置的死亡率。情形1中A、B和C点3个位置的死亡率分别为0.998、0.034和0.000 239,情形2采取应急保护措施后死亡率分别降低至0.759、0.002 9和0.000 000 65。
根据中层甲板1.5 m水平截面各处硫化氢质量浓度随时间的变化,计算得到截面的死亡率分布,如图9所示。情形1(图9a)中分离器靠近平台前侧区域,死亡率高于0.1区域面积较大,且部分区域死亡率已高于0.5;而情形2中仅在泄漏孔、测试加热撬和生产加热器撬A之间有少量高危险性区域,分离器附近区域死亡率均降至0.3以下,高危险区域的范围较情形1明显减小。
在危险程度可接受性方面,合理可接受水平(As Low As Reasonable Practicable,ALARP)准则[13]将风险划分为3个区域:不可接受区、合理可接受区(也称ALARP区)和可忽略区。根据文献[19],ALARP准则的2条风险分界线推荐值分别为0.05和0.000 1。当死亡率高于0.05时处于不可接受区,任何情况下该风险都不可接受;当死亡率不超过0.000 1时属于可忽略区,说明此时风险处于很低水平,没有必要开展详细的风险分析;当死亡率高于0.000 1且不超过0.05时属于ALARP区,说明风险程度可忍受,但仍需要进一步降低风险。根据A、B和C点的死亡率计算结果可知:情形2(采取应急保护措施)A点死亡率有所降低,但仍处于不可接受区;B点死亡率降幅较大,由不可接受区变为ALARP区;C点的死亡率显著降低,风险区由ALARP区转变为可忽略区。根据图9进一步分析得到,不可接受区(死亡率>0.05)和ALARP区(0.000 1<死亡率≤0.05)的面积,不同死亡率区域面积如图10所示。情形1和情形2的不可接受区面积分别为47.7和17.3 m2,ALARP区面积分别为173.9和31.9 m2。可以看出,情形2采取应急保护措施后,不可接受区和ALARP区的面积降幅分别高达63.7%和81.7%,说明应急保护措施可显著降低暴露区域遭受毒害的危险程度。同时,情形2的可忽略区面积显著大于情形1,通过应急保护措施,更加有利于现场人员事故后的逃生和事故应急救援。
1) 采取应急保护措施后,泄漏气体的毒害区域和危险程度显著降低。与未采取保护措施的情况相比,采取应急保护措施后硫化氢质量浓度阈值为500~2 000 mg/m3的气云团体积减小20%~37.5%(实施保护措施后50 s时刻);泄漏孔附近3个监测点的死亡率分别由0.998、0.034、0.000 239降低至0.759、0.002 9、0.000 000 65,中层甲板水平截面的不可接受区和合理接收区面积较未采用措施分别降低63.7%和81.7%。
2) 建议含硫化氢气体分离器附近区域加密安装硫化氢探测仪,确保气体泄漏发生后应急保护措施及时响应。同时,发生泄漏事故时现场人员应迅速有序疏散至ALARP区以外的区域,进一步减轻事故后果的影响。
3) 文中仅初步研究了一个泄漏位置在特定风向、风速下的含硫化氢伴生气泄漏事故后果,后续将综合考虑不同泄漏量、泄漏位置、风速、风向条件下的泄漏事故后果分析,以便更全面系统评估含硫化氢伴生气泄漏事故的影响。
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2024年第34卷第9期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0065
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 修回日期:2024-05-26
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    中海油研究总院有限责任公司 工程研究设计院,北京 100028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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