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In order to ensure the efficiency of response and disposal and reduce the damage caused by the hazardous gas leaks,it was necessary to quickly and accurately trace the location of the leak point as well as the source strength. In this article,a method of hazard location and source strength determination based on a complex algorithm was proposed. The basis of the algorithm was to compare the difference between the concentration of the monitored gas and the concentration calculated by the atmospheric diffusion model,and take the difference as the objective function,so that the parameter with the smallest objective function value was the optimal result of the source intensity and position. The results show that the complex algorithm can quickly and accurately obtain the location and source strength of the leakage source. Compared with the traditional simplex method,the compound algorithm has no restriction on the selection of initial value. Even if the selected initial value has a large deviation from the true value,the position and intensity of the source can be quickly obtained through the iteration of the complex algorithm,avoiding the shortcoming of the traditional simplex method,which has high requirements on the selection of initial value. A comparison of particle swarm optimization,genetic algorithm,simplex and complex algorithm is made in three aspects: traceability efficiency,traceability accuracy and traceability stability,which depicts that the complex algorithm is progressive. The complex algorithm can be applied to trace sources and determine source strength for continuous and instantaneous releases.

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为提高危险气体泄漏事故的应对处置效果,减少危险气体泄漏事故造成的损失,并快速准确地追溯泄漏点的位置以及源强,提出一种基于复合形算法的危险源定位及源强确定的方法,该算法基础是计算监测气体质量浓度与大气扩散模型计算得到质量浓度之差,并将该差值作为目标函数,使目标函数值最小的参数即为源强和位置的最优结果。研究结果表明:复合形方法可以快速、准确地得到泄漏源点的位置及其源强。相较于传统的单纯形法,复合形算法对于初始值的选择没有限制,即使所选择的初始值与真值偏差较大,也能通过复合形算法迭代迅速得到泄漏源的位置和强度,避免传统单纯形法对初始值选择要求高的缺点。从溯源效率、溯源准确性及溯源稳定性等3个角度对比分析粒子群算法、遗传算法、单纯形算法和复合形算法,复合形算法综合最优。复合形算法对于连续泄漏及瞬时泄漏均有较好的溯源能力。

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张建文 (1969—),男,北京人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事计算流体力学与传热、安全工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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张建文 (1969—),男,北京人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事计算流体力学与传热、安全工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Traceability result of leakage scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溯源方法 粒子群算法 遗传算法 混合粒子群—单纯形 复合形算法
初始值选取 无影响 无影响 无影响 无影响
寻优迭代次数:场景1、2 20/50 50/100 120/221 900/1022
溯源时间/s:场景1、2 0.62/2.12 0.19/0.56 1.11/3.32 0.35/1.20
泄漏源位置/m:场景1、2 (9.8,5.2,3.6)/
(10.5,21.1,3.3)
(9.3,5.6,3.3) /
(10.8,21.8,3.4)
(9.5,5,2.5) /
(9.5,20,2.6)
(9.9,5.0,3.4) /
(10.9,20.1,2.8)
源强Q/(mg.s-1) :场景1、2 99 63/9 952 10 489/ 9651 9 873/9 893 10 047/9 712
泄漏发生时间T/s:场景2 14.1 15.5 14.3 15.2
溯源误差/%:场景1、2 24.4/27.0 35.2/37.2 23.0/24.1 13.7/19.1
稳定性:场景1、2 0.85/0.85 0.6/0.6 1/1 1/1
), ArticleFig(id=1167812036240093763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937002881093, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

泄漏场景溯源结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溯源方法 粒子群算法 遗传算法 混合粒子群—单纯形 复合形算法
初始值选取 无影响 无影响 无影响 无影响
寻优迭代次数:场景1、2 20/50 50/100 120/221 900/1022
溯源时间/s:场景1、2 0.62/2.12 0.19/0.56 1.11/3.32 0.35/1.20
泄漏源位置/m:场景1、2 (9.8,5.2,3.6)/
(10.5,21.1,3.3)
(9.3,5.6,3.3) /
(10.8,21.8,3.4)
(9.5,5,2.5) /
(9.5,20,2.6)
(9.9,5.0,3.4) /
(10.9,20.1,2.8)
源强Q/(mg.s-1) :场景1、2 99 63/9 952 10 489/ 9651 9 873/9 893 10 047/9 712
泄漏发生时间T/s:场景2 14.1 15.5 14.3 15.2
溯源误差/%:场景1、2 24.4/27.0 35.2/37.2 23.0/24.1 13.7/19.1
稳定性:场景1、2 0.85/0.85 0.6/0.6 1/1 1/1
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基于复合形算法的危险气体泄漏溯源研究
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张建文 1, 2 , 卢世林 1 , 冯磊磊 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 58-63
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 58-63
基于复合形算法的危险气体泄漏溯源研究
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张建文1, 2 , 卢世林1, 冯磊磊2
作者信息
  • 1 北京化工大学 机电工程学院,北京 100029
  • 2 北京化工大学 化学工程学院,北京 100029
  • 张建文 (1969—),男,北京人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事计算流体力学与传热、安全工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

Study on traceability of dangerous gas leakage based on complex algorithm
Jianwen ZHANG1, 2 , Shilin LU1, Leilei FENG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
  • 2 School of Chemical Engineering,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1950
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为提高危险气体泄漏事故的应对处置效果,减少危险气体泄漏事故造成的损失,并快速准确地追溯泄漏点的位置以及源强,提出一种基于复合形算法的危险源定位及源强确定的方法,该算法基础是计算监测气体质量浓度与大气扩散模型计算得到质量浓度之差,并将该差值作为目标函数,使目标函数值最小的参数即为源强和位置的最优结果。研究结果表明:复合形方法可以快速、准确地得到泄漏源点的位置及其源强。相较于传统的单纯形法,复合形算法对于初始值的选择没有限制,即使所选择的初始值与真值偏差较大,也能通过复合形算法迭代迅速得到泄漏源的位置和强度,避免传统单纯形法对初始值选择要求高的缺点。从溯源效率、溯源准确性及溯源稳定性等3个角度对比分析粒子群算法、遗传算法、单纯形算法和复合形算法,复合形算法综合最优。复合形算法对于连续泄漏及瞬时泄漏均有较好的溯源能力。

危险气体泄漏  /  溯源  /  复合形算法  /  准确性  /  效率

In order to ensure the efficiency of response and disposal and reduce the damage caused by the hazardous gas leaks,it was necessary to quickly and accurately trace the location of the leak point as well as the source strength. In this article,a method of hazard location and source strength determination based on a complex algorithm was proposed. The basis of the algorithm was to compare the difference between the concentration of the monitored gas and the concentration calculated by the atmospheric diffusion model,and take the difference as the objective function,so that the parameter with the smallest objective function value was the optimal result of the source intensity and position. The results show that the complex algorithm can quickly and accurately obtain the location and source strength of the leakage source. Compared with the traditional simplex method,the compound algorithm has no restriction on the selection of initial value. Even if the selected initial value has a large deviation from the true value,the position and intensity of the source can be quickly obtained through the iteration of the complex algorithm,avoiding the shortcoming of the traditional simplex method,which has high requirements on the selection of initial value. A comparison of particle swarm optimization,genetic algorithm,simplex and complex algorithm is made in three aspects: traceability efficiency,traceability accuracy and traceability stability,which depicts that the complex algorithm is progressive. The complex algorithm can be applied to trace sources and determine source strength for continuous and instantaneous releases.

dangerous gas leakage  /  trace to the source  /  complex algorithm  /  accuracy  /  efficiency
张建文, 卢世林, 冯磊磊. 基于复合形算法的危险气体泄漏溯源研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 58 -63 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1950
Jianwen ZHANG, Shilin LU, Leilei FENG. Study on traceability of dangerous gas leakage based on complex algorithm[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 58 -63 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1950
近年来,随着国内化工行业的不断发展,化工及其相关领域的规模化和集中化程度也不断扩大。紧随而来的是与化工相关事故的发生频率也相应升高。这些事故往往导致非计划停车、财产损失,乃至造成人员的伤亡[1]。其中,危险气体的泄漏在这类化工事故中极具代表性。快速而准确地判断泄漏点的位置及源强是减少人民生命财产安全损失的重要保障。
从国内外危险气体泄漏溯源研究进展来看,获取泄漏源信息的主要方式是利用气体扩散模型为基础,构建反算模型,结合数学方法对模型求解获取泄漏源信息。目前,气体扩散研究领域主要的几种气体扩散模型有针对轻气及中性气体的高斯模型[2]、Sutton模型,以及针对重气的FEM3模型[3]等。利用数学方法分为基于概率统计理论和基于优化理论[4]2种。现存主流的利用概率统计理论溯源的方法是贝叶斯推理方法或蒙特卡罗抽样方法结合马尔可夫链方法[5]。概率统计理论溯源的主要思路是先假设参数值,之后依据成熟的大气扩散模型结合数理统计,判断其特征。基于优化理论的主要思路是比较泄漏现场的气体测量浓度与理论浓度,构造目标函数[6]。再采用最优化算法,在相应的求解域内对构造的目标函数求最值。可使用的寻优算法有遗传算法[7]、模拟退火算法[8]、粒子群算法[9]、蚁群算法[10],果蝇优化算法[11]等。这些算法有各自的特点及优劣。许多学者将算法进行混合,如陈增强[12]结合遗传算法和模式搜索算法,用于毒气泄漏源源强反算,这既解决了寻优结果陷入局部最优的难题,也避免了初始值敏感的问题;张建文等[13]提出混合遗传-单纯形算法反算泄漏源源强及位置,通过多次试验发现,该方法有较好的溯源效果。以上几种混合算法整体思路将溯源分为全局寻优和局部寻优2个过程。使用这种溯源思路进行溯源工作,对溯源结果的确定很大程度上依赖于第一阶段全局寻优的效果。如果溯源在全局搜索阶段就陷入局部最优解,后一阶段的局部寻优就是在局部最优解中找到一个较好的值,实质上并没有溯源到真实的最优值。
鉴于此,笔者拟利用复合形算法,研究危险气体泄漏溯源问题,反算泄漏点的源强及空间位置。将从溯源效率、溯源准确性及溯源稳定性3个角度分析复合形算法溯源的进步性,以期更快、更准确、更稳定地确定泄漏源信息。
在危险气体泄漏溯源工作中,需要以气体扩散模型为基础,以监测到的泄漏气体质量浓度为根据,建立气体扩散模型生成的数据与监测数据之间的关系,即构建溯源模型将溯源问题转化为最优化求解问题,后续利用复合形算法寻求最优值[14]
根据泄漏类型不同,溯源分为连续泄漏溯源和瞬时泄漏溯源。针对2种泄漏展开溯源研究,分别采用高斯烟羽模型及高斯烟团模型,作为2种泄漏类型溯源的前置扩散模型。
设定泄漏源点的泄漏速率为Q0,泄漏点的空间位置为(x0y0h0),依据高斯烟羽模型可知:空间中某点泄漏气体的质量浓度为:
$\begin{array}{c} C(x,y,h)=\frac{Q_{0}}{\left(\pi \sigma_{y} \sigma_{h} u\right)} \\ \exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}\left(\left(\frac{y-y_{0}}{\sigma_{y}}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{h-h_{0}}{\sigma_{h}}\right)^{2}\right)\right) \end{array}$
依据高斯烟团模型可知:空间中某点泄漏气体的质量浓度为:
$\begin{array}{c} C\left(x,y,h,Q_{0},t\right)=\frac{Q_{0}}{(2 \pi)^{1.5} \sigma_{x} \sigma_{y} \sigma_{h}} \\ \exp \left[-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{y}{\sigma_{y}}\right)^{2}\right] \exp \left[-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x-u t}{\sigma_{x}}\right)^{2}\right] \\ \exp \left[-\frac{1}{2}\left(\left(\frac{h+h_{0}}{\sigma_{h}}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{h-h_{0}}{\sigma_{h}}\right)^{2}\right)\right] \end{array}$
式中:C(xyh)为空间中(xyh)处的泄漏气体质量浓度,mg/m3;xyh为监测点的空间坐标,m;Q0为泄漏点的泄漏速率,即源强,mg/s; σ x σ y σ h分别为各自方向的扩散系数;u为外界环境中的风速,m/s;C(xyhQ0t)为空间中(xyh)处在泄漏发生时间t后的气体质量浓度,mg/m3
空间中某监测点i的气体质量浓度 C i m。利用高斯扩散模型可以得到i点处的预测气体质量浓度 C c i。溯源问题可归结为求解下列目标函数F(x)的最小值。
F ( x ) = C i m - C i c
复合形为多个单纯形合并成的超多面体。复合形算法认为,如果可行域内存在最优解,则最优解必存在于所构建的复合形的某一个顶点[15]。复合形算法利用对简单几何图形的组合构建复杂几何图形,对此图形各顶点的目标函数值作比较,在迭代过程中逐步以适应度较好的顶点取代适应度较差的顶点,直至取得最优解。
相比较单纯形对初始顶点数的限制N=D+1(D为参数维度),复合形算法不限制初始顶点的个数[16]。复合形算法求解构建的溯源模型过程如下:
1) 确定泄漏源空间坐标、源强、泄漏发生时间(应用于瞬时泄漏)的取值域。
2) 在取值域内生成构成初始复合形的N个顶点A1A2,…,An,其中,Ai=(XiYiHiQi) 或(XiYiHiQi Ti)。
3) 以式(3)作为目标函数,比较各顶点目标函数值f(Ai),得到最好点Ap、最差点Al、次差点As
4) 确定除最差点外剩余初始点的形心,以Ao记为形心。
5) 复合形搜索,为找到最优解,向最差点的反对称方向进行搜索。连接AoAl,在连接线的延长线上取点Ak,使Ak称为Al关于Ao的反射点。
A k = A o + r e f ( A r - A l )
式中ref为反射因子,一般取值为1.3。
6) 将ApAkAsAl几个点代入目标函数求解得到函数值,可能出现以下几种情形:
f(Ak)< f(Ap); ②f(Ap)<f(Ak)< f(As)
f(As)<f(Ak)< f(Al); ④f(Ak)> f(Al)
7) 依据不同的情况,通过压缩因子 c与扩张因子 e新迭代复合形顶点并构建新的复合形。比较新的复合形各顶点目标函数值的大小,将最小目标函数值代入约束条件进行判断是否满足设定的约束条件。如果不满足约束条件,迭代继续,直到生成满足约束条件的复合形,输出复合形中目标函数值最小的那个顶点的参数。
压缩因子c与扩张因子e的取值直接影响溯源结果的效率与准确性。标准复合形算法变化因子ce是一个定值,c一般取值0.5,e一般取值1.2~2.0。为提高复合形算法的溯源效率与溯源准确性,改进复合形算法压缩因子及扩张因子的设定,具体如下:
c = 0.5 G t
e = 2 G t
式中:t为迭代数;G为常数,G的取值要使压缩因子c与扩张因子e初始值较大,随迭代次数的增加,其值逐渐减小。这种改进既提高了复合形算法溯源前期全局搜索能力,又加快了后期收敛到最优解的速率。复合形算法运用流程如图1所示。
为验证复合形算法危险气体泄漏溯源领域的可行性。设定2个泄漏场景:①泄漏场景1。假设在开阔地形的一个连续泄漏源,空间坐标为(10,5,3),源强为10 000mg/s,风速为10m/s。②泄漏场景2。假设在开阔地形的一个瞬时泄漏源,空间坐标为(10,20,3),源强为10 000mg/s,风速为5m/s。分别根据高斯烟羽扩散模型与高斯烟团模型模拟泄漏场景1和场景2的气体扩散质量浓度数据,作为测量质量浓度值。利用此数据验证复合形算法应用于危险气体泄漏溯源领域的有效性。
利用复合形算法溯源研究上述2泄漏场景,压缩因子c与扩张因子e取值由式(5)和式(6)可得,初始复合形顶点N分别取值40与50。溯源研究泄漏场景1和场景2,其溯源结果如图2图3所示。
用复合形算法溯源泄漏场景1,算法经过727次迭代,得到最优溯源结果(9.9,5.0,3.4,10 047),定义溯源误差值为各参数与真实值误差的总和W,即:
W = [ ( X t 1 - X t 2 ) / X t 2 + ( Y t 1 - Y t 2 ) / Y t 2 + ( H t 1 - H t 2 ) / H t 2 + ( Q t 1 - Q t 2 ) / Q t 2 ]
溯源结果与真实的泄漏源信息(10,5,3,10 000)的误差为0.14,总消耗时长为0.35s。使用复合形算法溯源泄漏场景2,算法经过1 022次迭代得到最优溯源结果(10.9,20.1,2.8,9 712),与真实的泄漏源信息(10,20,3,10 000)的误差为0.19,总消耗时长为1.20s。对比泄漏场景1的溯源结果,其溯源效率及准确性有所降低,因为溯源泄漏场景2增加了一个求解参数T,溯源难度有所提高。
以上2种泄漏场景分别对应气体连续泄漏与气体瞬时泄漏。分析溯源结果,使用复合形算法反算泄漏源信息准确性较高,同时反算时间消耗较少,满足响应应急决策的要求。验证了复合形算法应用于危险气体泄漏溯源领域的可行性。
为验证复合形算法解决气体泄漏溯源的进步性。现通过运用粒子群算法、遗传算法、单纯形算法等优化算法溯源上述模拟的2个泄漏场景,根据各算法溯源结果的误差值及溯源时间判断各算法的溯源能力,结果见表1
从4种优化算法溯源2个泄漏场景的结果可以发现,在处理同一泄漏场景下的溯源问题时,遗传算法所消耗的时间最少,复合形算法所用时间较短,混合粒子群单纯形所消耗的时间最多。从溯源稳定性分析,多次使用复合形算法溯源泄漏场景,均能寻找到全局最优解。粒子群算法及遗传算法的稳定性较差。就溯源准确性分析,复合形算法的溯源误差最小,遗传算法的溯源误差最大。结合溯源效率、溯源准确性及溯源稳定性3方面考虑,在4种算法中复合形算法的溯源能力最佳。
1) 基于复合形算法进行泄漏源反算,溯源结果准确性及溯源速率不受初始选取点的影响。
2) 在合理的时间要求内,复合形算法能够较为准确地反算出泄漏源信息,这在应对紧急情况的溯源时占有很大优势。
3) 复合形算法应用于危险气体泄漏溯源领域对连续泄漏及瞬时泄漏都有较好的溯源能力。
4) 随着求解参数的增加,复合形算法求解效率及准确性有下降趋势。应用复合形算法处理溯源问题能很好地适用于单点泄漏溯源,对于多点源泄漏的溯源问题,应用复合形算法进行溯源,其溯源能力会有所下降。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3301100)
  • 化工安全交叉学科研究中心项目(XK2023-07)
  • 东营市市校合作资金重点项目(H2022608)
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1950
  • 接收时间:2024-04-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-14
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3301100)
化工安全交叉学科研究中心项目(XK2023-07)
东营市市校合作资金重点项目(H2022608)
作者信息
    1 北京化工大学 机电工程学院,北京 100029
    2 北京化工大学 化学工程学院,北京 100029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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