Article(id=1149735935706841109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)10-0095-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1888, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719331200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-26, revisedDate=1724947200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048008132, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048008132, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048008132, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048008132, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735925967663173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048005811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361993174, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830100474082271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830100478276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735935962693663, articleId=1149735935706841109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effect of transformer oil on foam properties of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactant systems, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to prevent transformer fire accidents,short-chain fluorocarbons (FS-50) were combined with non-ionic (Alkyl Polyglucoside(APG)-0810),zwitterionic (Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate(CAD)-40) and anionic (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS) )three kinds of foam solutions,APG-0810/FS-50,CAD-40/FS-50 and SDS/FS-50 were prepared. The basic properties,foamability,foam and liquid film stability of the foam solution in the presence of transformer oil were systematically studied. The curves of foam drainage,volume decay,oil volume and film thickness were obtained over time. The results show that oil has a significant influence on foam properties. Under the action of transformer oil,the foaming ability of the foam solutions decreased significantly,and the foaming ability of APG-0810/FS-50,CAD-40/FS-50 and SDS/FS-50 were reduced by 16.9%,18.4% and 18.8% respectively. The volume of drainage in 60 min increased by 13.6%,74.6% and 15.5%,respectively. Foam volume decay increased by 2.5%,9.8% and 17.9%; The stability of liquid film decreased,and the film thickness decreased by 276.5,414.7 and 552.9 nm,respectively,at 100 s. Among the three foam solutions,the mixture of APG-0810/FS-50 has the best inhibition ability to transformer oil,and the stable foam of this system has the best oil resistance to transformer oil. The research results of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the development and selection of special extinguishing agent for transformer oil fire.

, correspAuthors=Youjie SHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaqing ZHANG, Fengju SHANG, Wenzhi MA, Youjie SHENG, Yi GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735952844767931, articleId=1149735935706841109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=变压器油对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂体系泡沫性能影响, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了预防变压器火灾事故,采用短链氟碳表面活性剂FS-50分别与非离子(烷基糖苷(APG)-0810)、两性离子(椰油两性咪唑啉(CAD)-40)及阴离子(十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS))等表面活性剂复配,制备APG-0810/FS-50、CAD-40/FS-50、SDS/FS-50等3种泡沫溶液,并系统地分析变压器油存在下,泡沫溶液基本性质、起泡性、泡沫及液膜稳定性。结果表明: 变压器油对泡沫性能影响显著。油的作用下,泡沫溶液的起泡性显著降低,APG-0810/FS-50、CAD-40/FS-50和SDS/FS-50的起泡性分别减少16.9%、18.4%、18.8%。油的作用下,泡沫析液加快,60 min析液量分别增加13.6%、74.6%和15.5%;泡沫体积衰减增加2.5%、9.8%和17.9%;液膜稳定性下降,100 s时膜厚分别下降276.5、414.7 和552.9 nm。3种泡沫溶液中,APG-0810/FS-50复配体系对变压器油的抑制能力最好,该体系稳定的泡沫对变压器油的耐油性最佳。

, correspAuthors=盛友杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 盛友杰(1988—),男,安徽阜阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控新材料研究。E-mail:
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张佳庆 (1987—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事输变电设施火灾防护技术等方面研究。E-mail:

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张佳庆 (1987—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事输变电设施火灾防护技术等方面研究。E-mail:

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张佳庆 (1987—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事输变电设施火灾防护技术等方面研究。E-mail:

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label=Table 1, caption=

Surface tension,conductivity,viscosity of the mixed solution

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样品 表面张力/
(mN·m-1)
电导率/
(μS·cm-1)
黏度/
(mPa·s)
AF 16.24 287 1.26
AFO 22.38 280 2.56
CF 15.32 450 4.47
CFO 21.47 443 2.43
SF 20.04 1005 1.22
SFO 26.38 974 2.83
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混合溶液的表面张力、电导率和黏度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 表面张力/
(mN·m-1)
电导率/
(μS·cm-1)
黏度/
(mPa·s)
AF 16.24 287 1.26
AFO 22.38 280 2.56
CF 15.32 450 4.47
CFO 21.47 443 2.43
SF 20.04 1005 1.22
SFO 26.38 974 2.83
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变压器油对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂体系泡沫性能影响
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张佳庆 1 , 尚峰举 1 , 马文智 2 , 盛友杰 2, ** , 过羿 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 95-104
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 95-104
变压器油对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂体系泡沫性能影响
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张佳庆1 , 尚峰举1, 马文智2, 盛友杰2, ** , 过羿1
作者信息
  • 1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 电力火灾与安全防护安徽省重点实验室(国家电网公司输变电设施火灾防护实验室),安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 张佳庆 (1987—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事输变电设施火灾防护技术等方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 盛友杰(1988—),男,安徽阜阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控新材料研究。E-mail:
Effect of transformer oil on foam properties of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactant systems
Jiaqing ZHANG1 , Fengju SHANG1, Wenzhi MA2, Youjie SHENG2, ** , Yi GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Electric Fire and Safety Protection (State Grid Laboratory of Fire Protection for Transmission and Distribution Facilities),State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute,Hefei Anhui 230601,China
  • 2 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Xi'an University of Science and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710054,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1888
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为了预防变压器火灾事故,采用短链氟碳表面活性剂FS-50分别与非离子(烷基糖苷(APG)-0810)、两性离子(椰油两性咪唑啉(CAD)-40)及阴离子(十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS))等表面活性剂复配,制备APG-0810/FS-50、CAD-40/FS-50、SDS/FS-50等3种泡沫溶液,并系统地分析变压器油存在下,泡沫溶液基本性质、起泡性、泡沫及液膜稳定性。结果表明: 变压器油对泡沫性能影响显著。油的作用下,泡沫溶液的起泡性显著降低,APG-0810/FS-50、CAD-40/FS-50和SDS/FS-50的起泡性分别减少16.9%、18.4%、18.8%。油的作用下,泡沫析液加快,60 min析液量分别增加13.6%、74.6%和15.5%;泡沫体积衰减增加2.5%、9.8%和17.9%;液膜稳定性下降,100 s时膜厚分别下降276.5、414.7 和552.9 nm。3种泡沫溶液中,APG-0810/FS-50复配体系对变压器油的抑制能力最好,该体系稳定的泡沫对变压器油的耐油性最佳。

变压器油  /  表面活性剂  /  泡沫性能  /  耐油性  /  泡沫稳定性

In order to prevent transformer fire accidents,short-chain fluorocarbons (FS-50) were combined with non-ionic (Alkyl Polyglucoside(APG)-0810),zwitterionic (Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate(CAD)-40) and anionic (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS) )three kinds of foam solutions,APG-0810/FS-50,CAD-40/FS-50 and SDS/FS-50 were prepared. The basic properties,foamability,foam and liquid film stability of the foam solution in the presence of transformer oil were systematically studied. The curves of foam drainage,volume decay,oil volume and film thickness were obtained over time. The results show that oil has a significant influence on foam properties. Under the action of transformer oil,the foaming ability of the foam solutions decreased significantly,and the foaming ability of APG-0810/FS-50,CAD-40/FS-50 and SDS/FS-50 were reduced by 16.9%,18.4% and 18.8% respectively. The volume of drainage in 60 min increased by 13.6%,74.6% and 15.5%,respectively. Foam volume decay increased by 2.5%,9.8% and 17.9%; The stability of liquid film decreased,and the film thickness decreased by 276.5,414.7 and 552.9 nm,respectively,at 100 s. Among the three foam solutions,the mixture of APG-0810/FS-50 has the best inhibition ability to transformer oil,and the stable foam of this system has the best oil resistance to transformer oil. The research results of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the development and selection of special extinguishing agent for transformer oil fire.

transformer oil  /  surfactant  /  foam properties  /  oil resistance  /  foam stability
张佳庆, 尚峰举, 马文智, 盛友杰, 过羿. 变压器油对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂体系泡沫性能影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1888
Jiaqing ZHANG, Fengju SHANG, Wenzhi MA, Youjie SHENG, Yi GUO. Effect of transformer oil on foam properties of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactant systems[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1888
泡沫是一种热力学不稳定的特殊流体,已被广泛应用于消防领域[1-4]。水成膜泡沫(Aqueous Film-Forming Foam,AFFF)灭火剂是国际上公认的扑救大规模露天液体火灾最常用、也最为有效的灭火技术。然而,由于AFFF核心组分全氟辛烷磺酸类氟碳表面活性剂具有严重的环境危害性[5],已被国际公约禁用[6]。因此,开发针对液体燃料火灾的环保泡沫灭火剂迫在眉睫。
为改善氟碳表面活性剂对环境的危害性,一些研究者通过缩短氟碳表面活性剂氟碳链的碳原子数开发短链氟碳表面活性剂,并以此为核心研制了相应的环保泡沫灭火剂[7],并分析了这些环保泡沫的起泡性[8-9]、稳定性[7-8]、流变性[10-11]等参数。这些研究表明:短链氟碳表面活性剂和碳氢表面活性剂对泡沫性能具有协同作用。然而,以往的研究大多集中在单一碳氢表面活性剂的泡沫耐油性,用以提高石油采收率,很少有研究关注油对多组分表面活性剂稳定的泡沫性能的影响。近年来,国内外学者最新的研究发现,相对于成膜性,泡沫灭火剂的耐油性对于高效扑救液体火灾更关键[12-15],而关于环保泡沫灭火剂耐油性的研究很少,泡沫耐油性受多种因素影响,其中包括油的组成[16]、表面活性剂种类[17]等。因此,有必要对环保泡沫灭火剂核心组分泡沫耐油性进行系统研究,以筛选耐油性优异的泡沫灭火剂关键成分。
变压器油是一种在变压器运行过程中用于冷却、绝缘和消弧等作用的绝缘油,通常难以被点燃。然而,随着输电技术快速发展,变压器火灾事故增多[18-19]。变压器油一旦起火,能快速燃烧并放出大量的热,火势发展迅猛,并能引发爆炸,扑救难度大[20-21]。研究变压器油对泡沫灭火剂性能的影响,对于变压器专用泡沫灭火剂研制和选型意义重大。
AFFF核心组分是氟碳表面活性剂和碳氢表面活性剂[57]。目前,新一代的氟碳表面活性剂主要是C6型短链氟碳表面活性剂。而不同的AFFF所用的碳氢表面活性剂差异较大,常用的碳氢表面活性剂主要包括阴离子型、两性离子型和非离子型3大类。因此,文中选用一种短链氟碳表面活性剂分别和3种不同离子型碳氢表面活性剂复配,制备泡沫溶液,并深入研究变压器油对泡沫溶液性质、起泡性、泡沫稳定性和液膜稳定性的影响,分析变压器油对泡沫性能的影响机制,以期丰富泡沫耐油性研究体系,促进新型高效环保泡沫灭火剂的开发。
文中碳氢表面活性剂选用非离子碳氢表面活性剂——烷基糖苷(Alkyl Polyglucoside,APG)-0810(纯度为50%,剩余为水),两性离子碳氢表面活性剂——椰油两性咪唑啉(Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate,CAD)-40(纯度为40%,剩余为水)和阴离子碳氢表面活性剂——十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)(纯度为99%)。两性离子型短链氟碳表面活性剂FS-50是甜菜碱表面活性剂,氟碳主链长度为6个碳原子,纯度为27%(剩余为水和少量乙醇)。25号变压器油纯度为99%,相对密度为0.83。苏丹Ⅲ纯度为99.5%。表面活性剂分子结构式如图1所示。
试验所用变压器油为无色透明状,不易观察,因此,均使用苏丹Ⅲ染色处理。具体染色效果如图2所示。为了达到最佳染色效果,选择5种不同体积比进行染色。当苏丹Ⅲ与油的体积比为1:1或1:5时,染色效果较差,底部出现分层现象;当体积比为1:15或1:20时,染色效果浅,不便于后续试验观察;体积比1:10时,染色效果最好;因此,试验前,利用苏丹III按体积比1:10对25号变压器油染色处理。
临界胶束质量浓度(Critical Micelle Concentration,CMC)指表面活性剂在溶液中形成胶束的最低质量浓度,文中使用的APG-0810和SDS的CMC分别为2[22]和7.9mmol/L[23]。CAD-40和FS-50的CMC用质量分数表示,分别为0.075%和0.0126% [9]。为保证充分发挥表面活性剂最佳性能,所有表面活性剂的质量浓度都应大于其CMC[24]。因此,将APG-0810、CAD-40、SDS和FS-50的质量分数分别固定为0.5%、0.1%、0.461%和0.25%。根据碳氢表面活性剂的离子类型,将3种表面活性剂混合溶液分别编号为AF(APG-0810/FS-50)、CF(CAD-40/FS-50)和SF(SDS/FS-50)。此外,按照油与溶液的体积比为3:97的比例,分别将变压器油加入到3种表面活性剂溶液,制成油-水混合溶液,并编号为AFO、CFO和SFO。使用前,利用超声分散仪将油-水混合溶液超声分散10min。
采用数显旋转黏度计测定混合溶液动态黏度。采用自动表面张力仪测量混合溶液表面张力。采用梅特勒多参数测试仪测试混合溶液电导率。以上所有测试均在25℃的固定温度下进行并重复3次以上,最后取平均值。
起泡性是评价泡沫溶液最重要的基本性质之一。采用改进的Ross-Miles法测定上述泡沫溶液的起泡性,并用初始泡沫高度表征溶液的起泡性,具体步骤可参见文献[22]。
采用双注射器技术发泡,用直径5mm的管子将2个注射器(体积60mL)连接在一起,一个含有40mL空气,一个含有20mL泡沫混合溶液,以恒定速度反复推动注射器30次即可产生泡沫,该泡沫具有分布均匀、复现性高的优点。为分析变压器油对泡沫析液和体积衰减的影响,通过在量筒中观察泡沫析液、体积衰减等随时间的变化,对泡沫稳定性进行表征。含油工况下,将油置于量筒底部,油品上方通入泡沫,油品与泡沫体积比为1:3。虽然此时使用的泡沫溶液仍然是AFO、CFO和SFO,但为了突出含油与不含油工况的区别,现将含油工况下的3种泡沫溶液分别命名为AF+Oil、CF+Oil、SF+Oil。无油条件下,将量筒底部的油品换为等体积的泡沫溶液即可。使用相机记录整个试验过程12h,利用Image J软件计算泡沫析液体积和泡沫衰减体积,该软件可以根据给定的刻度提供泡沫析液体积和衰减体积准确值。最终获得泡沫析液体积和泡沫衰减体积随时间的变化情况。
液膜在重力、油及蒸发等作用下,液膜内液体含量减少,膜厚相应变薄,最终液膜破裂失稳。不同的泡沫组分,液膜稳定性差异较大,受变压器油的影响不同。为深入分析变压器油与泡沫液膜之间的相互作用,搭建垂直液膜稳定性试验装置,如图3所示。该装置由矩形成膜架(10mm×15mm)、玻璃槽、自动升降台、单色绿光源、铁架台及相机组成。试验前,在玻璃罐内放置黑色纸板,以消除光线的反射,盖上盖子密封,防止液体蒸发,并放置在升降平台上。之后将光源与成膜框调整到相同的高度,使光源与摄像机的夹角为15~45°。试验时,成膜框浸没在混合溶液中,降低升降台,使成膜框脱离玻璃槽,即可在成膜框中观察到垂直液膜,相似的成膜方法参见文献[1525]。
当光源垂直照射在液膜上,会出现明暗相间的干涉条纹,这主要是因为膜内干涉区存在相长干涉和相消干涉[1526]。明亮的绿色条纹反映了膜上的最大相消干涉值。对于膜上的破坏性干涉区域,会出现最小值(暗条纹)。由于薄膜厚度不均匀,在薄膜上出现暗绿色和亮绿色相间的条纹。如果薄膜的厚度随时间变化,则在给定位置的反射强度在低强度和高强度之间交替。用相机记录整个试验过程15min。对于亮绿色条纹,可以得到局部厚度hg:
h g c o s α = 2 k - 1 ) λ 4 n k = 1,2
对于暗条纹,局部厚度可表示为hd:
h d c o s α = k λ 2 n k = 1,2
式中:λ为单色光波长,取520nm;k为条纹阶数;α为入射角,约为45°;n为溶液折射率,取n≈1.33。
黑色薄膜下的第一个条纹为k=1阶,第2个条纹为k=2阶,以此类推。用相机记录液膜和干涉条纹的变化。根据记录的干涉顺序,通过式(1)和式(2)计算薄膜厚度。
表面活性剂混合溶液的表面张力、电导率和黏度见表1。无油工况下,表面张力呈现出SF>AF>CF;电导率呈现出SF>CF>AF;黏度则表现出CF>AF>SF的趋势。这主要是碳氢表面活性剂含有亲水基团的原因[27]。3种碳氢表面活性剂具有相似的疏水基团(碳原子数相近的线性烷基),但亲水基团完全不同。值得注意的是,混合溶液中AF的电导率最低,这是因为APG-0810为非离子表面活性剂,与其他碳氢化合物表面活性剂相比,APG-0810没有电离出自由电荷。而CF表现出最大的黏度,这是因为在混合溶液中,两性离子FS-50分子与两性离子CAD-40分子的静电相互作用比其他两种表面活性剂更强,产生了相对大而紧的胶束,黏度相对较高。
含油条件下,混合溶液的表面张力均发生明显的增加,这归因于烃类表面活性剂的疏水亲油基团吸附到了油滴中,导致气液界面处表面活性剂数量大幅减少;需要指出的是,表面张力越高,说明油从气液界面带走的表面活性剂分子越多,具体如图4所示。黏度方面除CF,其余混合溶液的黏度均随油的加入而增大。其原因是由于表面活性剂的疏水亲油基团与泡沫溶液中的油滴结合,在溶液中产生了更大的聚集体,具体如图4a图4c所示。值得注意的是,油加入后SFO的黏度最大,这可能是因为SDS表面活性剂具有较长的疏水烷基链,其可以与较大的油滴结合,促进表面活性剂和油滴形成较大的聚集体,相应的黏度也较大[27]。而含油条件下,CFO黏度有所下降,一方面归因于FS-50与CAD-40混合溶液的初始黏度较高。另一方面是由于加入油后,混合溶液中CAD-40和FS-50分子形成的大而紧密的胶束被破坏。随着油的加入,胶束被破坏,导致小分子聚集体的产生,降低了混合溶液的黏度(图4b)。3种表面活性剂混合溶液的电导率均随油的加入而降低。这主要归因于表面活性剂与油滴表面相互作用形成聚集体,部分自由电荷被包裹在其中导致混合溶液中自由电荷数量减少。
图5为混合溶液的初始泡沫高度。AF,CF,SF的初始起泡高度分别为325、190、351mm。随着油的加入,3种混合溶液的初始泡沫高度明显降低。AF的初始泡沫高度降至270mm,CF降至155mm,SF降至285mm;3种复配体系的初始泡沫高度分别减少16.9%,18.4%,18.8%。3种复配体系溶液的起泡性差异主要是由碳氢表面活性剂的分子结构所决定的。油加入后,起泡性降低的原因主要是由于高表面活性的组分被萃取到油相中,导致起泡过程中产生的泡沫不稳定,容易破裂[16]。此外,有研究表明:黏度的增加会导致泡沫性的降低[28]。因此,对于AF和SF黏度的增加在一定程度上促进了发泡性能的降低。
混合溶液的泡沫析液、体积衰减随时间变化如图6所示。所有工况具有相同的初始液体体积和泡沫高度,并呈现出相似的变化过程。前10min,泡沫析液体积迅速增加,泡沫体积迅速减少,油体积缓慢变化。60min后,泡沫体积缓慢衰减,析液体积和油体积不再变化。300min到720min,泡沫持续衰减,泡沫体积缓慢减少。与无油工况相比,含油泡沫体积衰减更明显,特别是在720min后。含油条件下少量松散且粒径较大的泡沫分布在油层上方,而无油条件下泡沫溶液上方分布的泡沫粒径较小且致密。显然,底部油层的存在一定程度上加快了泡沫衰减。这是因为油存在的情况下部分油进入泡沫层中,此时泡沫受到重力和油消泡的双重作用,导致泡沫衰减加快[29]
图7为泡沫析液体积随时间的变化趋势。前10min,析液体积迅速增加。10min后,析液体积缓慢增长。60min后析液曲线几乎不变。值得注意的是,所有含油泡沫的析液曲线均高于无油泡沫的析液曲线,AF+Oil、CF+Oil和SF+Oil等3种体系的泡沫析液量比无油泡沫分别增加13.6%,74.6%和15.5%。这说明变压器油的存在加剧了泡沫析液,主要原因是由于表面活性剂分子疏水基与油的团聚,减少了游离表面活性剂分子的数量进而降低了混合溶液中的表面活性,最终导致泡沫析液加快[30]。此外,3种复配体系中CF+Oil的析液体积要远大于AF+Oil和SF+Oil。60min后,CF+Oil的析液体积分别是AF+Oil的1.56倍,是SF+Oil的1.46倍。主要归因于以下2个方面:①可能是因为APG-0810/FS-50和SDS/FS-50混合溶液的乳化效果要优于CAD-40/FS-50体系,前两者与油形成的假乳膜相对稳定,稳定的假乳膜能有效阻止油滴进入泡沫,起到保护泡沫、减缓泡沫析液的作用[31]。②变压器油的加入破坏了CF中表面活性剂聚集体,导致溶液中游离表面活性剂分子增加,一部分表面活性剂分子形成自聚集形成胶束,另一部分则与油滴重新结合,这个过程分子活动剧烈,进而导致泡沫稳定性降低,泡沫析液体积急剧增加。
泡沫体积衰减随时间变化曲线如图8所示。所有工况泡沫体积均呈现出随时间逐渐减小的趋势。前60min,混合溶液的泡沫体积均迅速衰减。60min后,泡沫体积曲线逐渐趋于平缓,这个过程伴随着缓慢的体积衰减并一直持续到720min。720min时3种复配体系泡沫衰减比例分别为46.2%、77.2%和68.9%。值得注意的是,加入油后的泡沫体积明显减小,720min时3种复配体系衰减分别加快2.8%、2.9%和8%。这表明油的存在会在一定程度上加快泡沫体积的衰减。这主要是因为油的存在导致表面活性剂分子从气液界面向油水界面移动,此时气液界面表面活性剂分子数量迅速减少表面活性降低,泡沫稳定性下降;而3种复配体系中气液界面处的表面活性剂分子排布存在一定差异,最终造成不同程度的泡沫破裂和泡沫体积衰减[1632-33]。此外,需要指出的是SF与SF+Oil两者曲线之间的距离相比其他2种体系大得多。这表明SF+Oil的泡沫在油作用下泡沫体积衰减最大,受油影响最明显。这可能是由于SDS反离子含量高于其他2种表面活性剂,这会屏蔽气液界面静电相互作用,从而降低泡沫稳定性,导致油加入后消泡作用尤为显著[33-34]
油体积随时间变化如图9所示,变压器油体积随时间变化曲线总体均呈现出下降趋势。在前10min内,油体积迅速减少。这主要是表面活性剂的疏水亲油基团与油分子的相互作用,促进了油分子在泡沫中的运输,导致油体积的减少。10min后,油体积曲线变化缓慢,说明10min后泡沫层中油分子数量达到相对平衡状态。30min后,油体积不再变化。3种复配体系下,油损失量分别为AF+Oil为0.36mL,CF+Oil为0.38mL,SF+Oil为0.4mL;这主要归因于3种复配体系的分子结构不同,导致与油分子相互作用的强弱存在一定差异。值得注意的是,与其他2种混合溶液相比,AF工况下,变压器油损失最少,且泡沫析液体积最少、体积衰减最小。这表明AF体系受到变压器油影响最小,耐油性最好。
液膜随时间变化具体如图10所示。总体上看,不同工况下的液膜随时间的变化具有一定的相似性。液膜生成后,在重力、油和蒸发作用下持续析液,6种工况下的液膜表面均出现一层层水平的干涉条纹。随时间推移,干涉条纹会向下边界移动,并逐渐消失在液膜底部,在这个过程中液膜上的表面活性剂分子向下界移动,并在膜的下边界积聚,逐渐达到饱和[35]。此外,液膜底部出现由马兰戈尼效应驱动的不稳定扰动,它允许在薄膜边界附近厚区和薄区之间进行液体交换,从而使薄膜变薄[36]
值得注意的是,无油条件下的液膜干涉条纹数量要远多于含油条件下的干涉条纹,这主要是由于变压器油作用下,泡沫析液更快,液膜厚度变薄的速率更快。此外,变压器油存在下,液膜在180s时伴随较宽的绿色条纹下移,出现了表面基本不含胶束的黑色薄膜,其厚度通常小于20nm,黑膜表面散布着尺寸长度不一的“亮斑”,黑膜的出现主要是在重力和变压器油双重作用下表面活性剂分子和胶束快速析出导致,液膜通常会在黑膜区域发生破裂[37]。“亮斑”主要是残留在黑膜表面的变压器油吸附了表面活性剂分子在重力作用下发生扩散,最终影响了液膜的表面张力梯度而产生的。
混合溶液的液膜减薄曲线如图11所示。总的来说,3种液膜厚度随时间的减薄趋势在有无变压器油存在时基本一致,膜厚随着离膜底距离的增加而减小,且随时间的推移在不同表面活性剂和油作用下,相同位置的液膜厚度出现不同程度的减薄。在油作用下,100s时3种复配体系的液膜厚度分别下降了276.5、414.7、和552.9nm。此外,由于液膜的减薄行为是从膜的内外双侧同时进行,因此,膜厚曲线整体上呈对称的。
需要指出的是,对于单个液膜,2条膜厚曲线之间的距离越近,膜厚随时间的变化越小。不难看出,在3种复配体系中,AF的膜厚变化比其他3种泡沫的膜厚变化要小。AF的厚度曲线在60s时几乎重合。CF的膜厚随时间的变化明显小于SF。SF液膜减薄最快。加入变压器油之后,同一位置液膜厚度下降,膜厚减薄速度均有所加快。此外,100s时可以明显观察到AFO膜厚曲线中的4条曲线明显比CFO和SFO间隔距离要小,这表明变压器油作用下,3种复配体系中AF减薄最慢。这可能是因为APG的疏水亲油基团与油品结合后,形成相比CAD、SDS与油品结合稳定性更好的乳化液滴,有效阻止了液膜与油品的直接接触,从而有效减缓了液膜的析液,使得膜稳定性得到提高[38]。这些结果进一步表明:非离子APG-0810和两性离子FS-50复配体系的液膜稳定性和耐油性最好,SDS/FS-50复配体系的液膜稳定性和耐油性最差。
1) 变压器油的加入会破坏短链氟碳和碳氢表面活性剂复配体系,便气液界面和体相分子相互作用,导致体系表面张力和黏度上升,电导率和起泡性降低。
2) 变压器油对不同离子型的表面活性剂复配体系溶液的起泡性、泡沫稳定性和泡沫耐油性均存在明显的影响,变压器油的存在导致表面活性剂混合溶液泡沫析液和泡沫体积衰减明显加速,泡沫薄膜稳定性也有所下降。
3) 两性离子氟碳表面活性剂FS50与阴离子碳氢表面活性剂SDS复配体系起泡性最好,但对变压器油的耐油性最差,而FS-50与非离子碳氢表面活性剂APG-0810复配体系对变压器油的耐油性最好。
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1888
  • 接收时间:2024-06-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-26
  • 修回日期:2024-08-30
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国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(52120523000L)
作者信息
    1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 电力火灾与安全防护安徽省重点实验室(国家电网公司输变电设施火灾防护实验室),安徽 合肥 230601
    2 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054

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** 盛友杰(1988—),男,安徽阜阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控新材料研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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