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In order to study the invulnerability and key nodes of the metro network in road-rail cooperative urban distribution,so as to support the networking mode of urban distribution and the reliability improvement of the distribution network under road-rail cooperation,the relative network efficiency and relative load entropy were used as the invulnerability measurement indicators,and the network invulnerability changes under different attack modes were studied based on the improved coupling image lattice model first. Secondly,the centrality index of the transportation efficiency of the reaction network and the realistic index of the carrying capacity of the reaction network was selected to construct a comprehensive identification model of key nodes of the network. Then,by analyzing the level of network invulnerability under different index weights,the key node set under the optimal weight value was obtained. Finally,the empirical analysis of the Chengdu metro network was carried out to verify the effectiveness and practicability of the model. The results show that the metro network has a stronger anti-destruction ability in the face of random attacks under the same disturbance intensity. When faced with external disturbances,the relative network efficiency and relative load entropy loss of nodes with a loss of more than 20% is 6.3% and 6.8%,respectively,of which the relative network efficiency loss can reach 56.3%,and the relative load entropy loss can reach 50.2%. Considering the realistic and central indicators,the relative network efficiency loss and the maximum relative load entropy loss caused by each key node are 8.99% and 4.38%,respectively,which need to be paid attention to.

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为研究路轨(道路-轨道)协同城市配送中地铁网络的抗毁性和关键节点,支撑路轨协同下城市配送的组网模式以及配送网络的可靠性提升,首先,以相对网络效率、相对负载熵为抗毁性测度指标,基于改进的耦合映像格子(CML)模型,研究不同攻击模式下的网络抗毁性变化;其次,选取反映网络运输效率的中心性指标和反映网络承载能力的现实性指标,构建网络关键节点综合识别模型;然后,通过分析不同指标权重下的网络抗毁性水平,得到最优权重取值下的关键节点集合;最后,以成都市地铁网络为例进行实证分析,验证该模型的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明:在同等扰动强度下,地铁网络面对随机攻击时抗毁能力更强;当面临外部扰动时,相对网络效率与相对负载熵损失在20%以上的节点占比分别为6.3%与6.8%,其中相对网络效率损失最大可达56.3%,相对负载熵损失最大可达50.2%;同时,考虑现实性指标与中心性指标,平均每个关键节点造成的相对网络效率损失与相对负载熵最大损失分别为8.99%与4.38%,需予以重点关注。

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张 锦 (1963—),男,四川广元人,博士,教授,主要从事物流系统规划、交通运输规划与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

李国旗,副教授

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of 23 key nodes, figureFileSmall=n9EZdPrK7xiMgNq/8Tq1cg==, figureFileBig=chNUQqXKTXyTw6/OAbGblw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812336694862491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=CN, label=图12, caption=23个关键节点的空间分布, figureFileSmall=n9EZdPrK7xiMgNq/8Tq1cg==, figureFileBig=chNUQqXKTXyTw6/OAbGblw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812336753582748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Node ranking based on different feature values

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基于节点度的
排名
基于节点介数的
排名
基于节点强度的
排名
取值 站点 取值 站点 取值 站点
1 6 东光 0.242 孵化园 853 128 市二医院
2 6 孵化园 0.201 中医大省
医院
705 103 骡马市
3 6 省体育馆 0.175 锦城大道 670 483 玉双路
4 6 双桥路 0.168 华兴 629 284 太升南路
5 6 市二医院 0.165 省体育馆 581 101 春熙路
), ArticleFig(id=1167812336824885917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于不同特征值的节点排名

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基于节点度的
排名
基于节点介数的
排名
基于节点强度的
排名
取值 站点 取值 站点 取值 站点
1 6 东光 0.242 孵化园 853 128 市二医院
2 6 孵化园 0.201 中医大省
医院
705 103 骡马市
3 6 省体育馆 0.175 锦城大道 670 483 玉双路
4 6 双桥路 0.168 华兴 629 284 太升南路
5 6 市二医院 0.165 省体育馆 581 101 春熙路
), ArticleFig(id=1167812336875217566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Impact of each node failure on the resistance of the network

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站点编号 站点 综合排序 V 1损失/% V 2损失/%
181 高升桥 1 56.3 50.2
259 花牌坊 2 52.2 48.6
236 中坝 3 48.0 41.8
324 梓潼宫 4 42.2 40.4
173 红牌楼 5 38.8 39.6
244 抚琴 6 38.1 39.5
61 观东 7 31.0 28.2
59 华府大道 8 31.1 25.7
325 皇花园 9 31.4 24.5
106 金石路 10 27.1 24.4
146 东湖公园 11 23.7 20.4
108 航都大街 12 0.9 39.2
276 府青路 13 21.2 16.3
56 新通大道 14 1.5 35.9
121 华兴 15 23.1 7.8
), ArticleFig(id=1167812336980075167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各节点失效后对网络抗毁性造成的影响

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站点编号 站点 综合排序 V 1损失/% V 2损失/%
181 高升桥 1 56.3 50.2
259 花牌坊 2 52.2 48.6
236 中坝 3 48.0 41.8
324 梓潼宫 4 42.2 40.4
173 红牌楼 5 38.8 39.6
244 抚琴 6 38.1 39.5
61 观东 7 31.0 28.2
59 华府大道 8 31.1 25.7
325 皇花园 9 31.4 24.5
106 金石路 10 27.1 24.4
146 东湖公园 11 23.7 20.4
108 航都大街 12 0.9 39.2
276 府青路 13 21.2 16.3
56 新通大道 14 1.5 35.9
121 华兴 15 23.1 7.8
), ArticleFig(id=1167812337051378336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average invulnerability measure of key nodes under different coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数取值 考虑因素 关键节点平均测度
θ 1 θ 2 相对网
络效率
相对负
载熵
0 1 仅考虑现实性指标 0.915 6 0.960 4
1 0 仅考虑中心性指标 0.911 6 0.964 0
0.6 0.4 同时考虑,且网络连通性影响最大 0.910 1 0.965 3
0.5 0.5 同时考虑,且负载稳定性影响最大 0.912 3 0.956 2
), ArticleFig(id=1167812337105904289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同系数取值下的关键节点平均抗毁性测度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数取值 考虑因素 关键节点平均测度
θ 1 θ 2 相对网
络效率
相对负
载熵
0 1 仅考虑现实性指标 0.915 6 0.960 4
1 0 仅考虑中心性指标 0.911 6 0.964 0
0.6 0.4 同时考虑,且网络连通性影响最大 0.910 1 0.965 3
0.5 0.5 同时考虑,且负载稳定性影响最大 0.912 3 0.956 2
), ArticleFig(id=1167812337160430242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Optimal key node identification with emphasis on network connectivity and load stability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
偏重网络连通性识别的关键节点 偏重负载稳定性识别的关键节点
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
孵化园(90) 1 世纪城(76) 14 孵化园(90) 1 文化宫(231) 14
华兴(121) 2 神仙树(139) 15 华兴(121) 2 世纪城(76) 15
火车南站(130) 3 三元(97) 16 火车南站(130) 3 前锋路(250) 16
高朋大道(144) 4 金融城(101) 17 高朋大道(144) 4 人民北路(263) 17
太平园(158) 5 前锋路(250) 18 太平园(158) 5 三元(97) 18
中医大省医院(221) 6 人民北路(263) 19 中医大省医院(221) 6 金融城(101) 19
春熙路(202) 7 成都西站(260) 20 春熙路(202) 7 凤溪河(266) 20
一品天下(271) 8 海昌路(42) 21 一品天下(271) 8 成都西站(260) 21
省体育馆(171) 9 高升桥(181) 22 省体育馆(171) 9 火车北站(281) 22
武青南路(152) 10 驷马桥(280) 23 武青南路(152) 10 东光(147) 23
锦城大道(87) 11 火车北站(281) 24 市二医院(209) 11 海昌路(42) 24
文化宫(231) 12 琉璃场(133) 25 神仙树(139) 12 高升桥(181) 25
市二医院(209) 13 锦城大道(87) 13
), ArticleFig(id=1167812337227539107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735935404851216, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

偏重网络连通性与偏重负载稳定性的最优关键节点识别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
偏重网络连通性识别的关键节点 偏重负载稳定性识别的关键节点
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
站点名称
(节点编号)
重要度
排序
孵化园(90) 1 世纪城(76) 14 孵化园(90) 1 文化宫(231) 14
华兴(121) 2 神仙树(139) 15 华兴(121) 2 世纪城(76) 15
火车南站(130) 3 三元(97) 16 火车南站(130) 3 前锋路(250) 16
高朋大道(144) 4 金融城(101) 17 高朋大道(144) 4 人民北路(263) 17
太平园(158) 5 前锋路(250) 18 太平园(158) 5 三元(97) 18
中医大省医院(221) 6 人民北路(263) 19 中医大省医院(221) 6 金融城(101) 19
春熙路(202) 7 成都西站(260) 20 春熙路(202) 7 凤溪河(266) 20
一品天下(271) 8 海昌路(42) 21 一品天下(271) 8 成都西站(260) 21
省体育馆(171) 9 高升桥(181) 22 省体育馆(171) 9 火车北站(281) 22
武青南路(152) 10 驷马桥(280) 23 武青南路(152) 10 东光(147) 23
锦城大道(87) 11 火车北站(281) 24 市二医院(209) 11 海昌路(42) 24
文化宫(231) 12 琉璃场(133) 25 神仙树(139) 12 高升桥(181) 25
市二医院(209) 13 锦城大道(87) 13
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路轨协同下地铁配送网络抗毁性分析与关键节点识别
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张锦 1, 2, 3 , 陈朗 1 , 申皓 1 , 李国旗 1, 2, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 39-49
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 39-49
路轨协同下地铁配送网络抗毁性分析与关键节点识别
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张锦1, 2, 3 , 陈朗1, 申皓1, 李国旗1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学 交通运输与物流学院,四川 成都 611756
  • 2 西南交通大学 综合交通运输智能化国家地方联合工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
  • 3 西南交通大学 综合交通大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
  • 张 锦 (1963—),男,四川广元人,博士,教授,主要从事物流系统规划、交通运输规划与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

    李国旗,副教授

Network resistance analysis and key nodes identification of subway distribution network under road-rail coordination
Jin ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Lang CHEN1, Hao SHEN1, Guoqi LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation and Logistics,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu Sichuan 611756,China
  • 2 National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu Sichuan 611756,China
  • 3 National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu Sichuan 611756,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1659
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为研究路轨(道路-轨道)协同城市配送中地铁网络的抗毁性和关键节点,支撑路轨协同下城市配送的组网模式以及配送网络的可靠性提升,首先,以相对网络效率、相对负载熵为抗毁性测度指标,基于改进的耦合映像格子(CML)模型,研究不同攻击模式下的网络抗毁性变化;其次,选取反映网络运输效率的中心性指标和反映网络承载能力的现实性指标,构建网络关键节点综合识别模型;然后,通过分析不同指标权重下的网络抗毁性水平,得到最优权重取值下的关键节点集合;最后,以成都市地铁网络为例进行实证分析,验证该模型的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明:在同等扰动强度下,地铁网络面对随机攻击时抗毁能力更强;当面临外部扰动时,相对网络效率与相对负载熵损失在20%以上的节点占比分别为6.3%与6.8%,其中相对网络效率损失最大可达56.3%,相对负载熵损失最大可达50.2%;同时,考虑现实性指标与中心性指标,平均每个关键节点造成的相对网络效率损失与相对负载熵最大损失分别为8.99%与4.38%,需予以重点关注。

路轨协同  /  地铁配送网络  /  抗毁性  /  关键节点  /  耦合映像格子(CML)模型  /  级联失效

In order to study the invulnerability and key nodes of the metro network in road-rail cooperative urban distribution,so as to support the networking mode of urban distribution and the reliability improvement of the distribution network under road-rail cooperation,the relative network efficiency and relative load entropy were used as the invulnerability measurement indicators,and the network invulnerability changes under different attack modes were studied based on the improved coupling image lattice model first. Secondly,the centrality index of the transportation efficiency of the reaction network and the realistic index of the carrying capacity of the reaction network was selected to construct a comprehensive identification model of key nodes of the network. Then,by analyzing the level of network invulnerability under different index weights,the key node set under the optimal weight value was obtained. Finally,the empirical analysis of the Chengdu metro network was carried out to verify the effectiveness and practicability of the model. The results show that the metro network has a stronger anti-destruction ability in the face of random attacks under the same disturbance intensity. When faced with external disturbances,the relative network efficiency and relative load entropy loss of nodes with a loss of more than 20% is 6.3% and 6.8%,respectively,of which the relative network efficiency loss can reach 56.3%,and the relative load entropy loss can reach 50.2%. Considering the realistic and central indicators,the relative network efficiency loss and the maximum relative load entropy loss caused by each key node are 8.99% and 4.38%,respectively,which need to be paid attention to.

road-rail coordination  /  metro distribution network  /  resistance to destruction  /  key nodes  /  coupling image lattice(CML)models  /  cascade failure
张锦, 陈朗, 申皓, 李国旗. 路轨协同下地铁配送网络抗毁性分析与关键节点识别. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1659
Jin ZHANG, Lang CHEN, Hao SHEN, Guoqi LI. Network resistance analysis and key nodes identification of subway distribution network under road-rail coordination[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1659
随着城市物流配送的规模和密度不断增大,城市交通负荷越来越重,很多学者开始重视利用地铁开展城市配送的研究。当前,随着我国地铁时空资源逐渐富余,基于地铁的城市配送既有运营上的能力,也具备储存与运输的可行性。我国北京、成都等城市的地铁运营商相继对路轨(道路-轨道)协同城市配送进行了理论或实践上的尝试,以探索新的快递配送营运模式。但与此同时,路轨协同下的地铁配送模式对城市配送的组网、以及地铁网络运营的安全性、稳定性提出更高要求。通过分析城市配送网络中地铁网络的抗毁性并识别关键站点,制定具有针对性保护措施,对保障轨道交通网络的安全高效稳定运行具有重要意义。
国内外学者对地铁网络级联失效研究多集中于网络抗毁性分析及关键节点识别[1]。在网络抗毁性研究方面,马壮林等[2]从多层网络视角构建了多层有向时间加权的地铁网络模型,探究其面对不同攻击策略下的抗毁性。路昌庆等[3]考虑网络中实际的客流以及站点失效情景下公交对客流的接驳作用,评估了突发事件下轨道交通网络的抗毁性。KANEKO等[4]提出耦合映像格子(Coupled Map Lattice,CML)模型,描述了具有一定耦合作用的节点之间的时空状态关联。SUN Lishan等[5]在考虑多静态乘客流负载和再分配基础上,采用CML模型分析了北京地铁网络的抗毁性。朱岩等[6]构建了轨道交通网络动力学模型,模拟了不同情境下网络节点引发的网络级联失效动力学过程。LU Qingchang等[7]提出一种改进的CML模型,使用节点度体现了站点抗风险能力。在网络关键节点识别方面,杨景峰等[8]结合站点度中心性和介数中心性建立了重要性综合评价指标,挖掘了城轨网络的关键站点。ZARGHAMI等[9]设计了一种联合熵评价指标,能更加准确地识别网络关键脆弱点。崔欣等[10]从网络拓扑结构、交通功能特性定义拓扑冗余性和功能冗余性,识别出关键站点。王亭等[11]构建了综合考虑节点网络拓扑结构重要度和客流量重要度的关键节点识别模型。CUI Di等[12]考虑了失效边数量、边缘容限能力指标的变化,以识别网络中的关键边。
当前网络抗毁性分析中,多采用节点存活率、流量存活率、网络效率[13]等指标测度网络抗毁性。然而,现实情况中,流量存活率难以准确反映局部网络的负载稳定性。在网络关键节点识别中,考虑现实性因素的节点重要度评价指标仍有待完善。因此,笔者拟针对路轨协同下的地铁配送网络,以相对网络效率、相对负载熵为测度指标,基于改进的CML模型,研究不同攻击模式下的网络抗毁性变化,并设计一种考虑现实性指标与中心性指标的关键节点综合识别模型;通过路轨协同下地铁配送网络抗毁性分析与关键节点识别,以期为充分发挥地铁资源构建路轨协同的城市配送提供思路,推动城市配送的高质量发展。
节点在网络中的重要性由节点的中心性重要性和现实性重要性共同决定。中心性指标是基于复杂网络理论分析地铁配送网络得到的指标,包括度中心性、介数中心性、紧密中心性。中心性重要度越高,网络中的节点对外传输能力越强,传输效率越高。现实性指标是反映路轨协同地铁配送网络运营能力的指标,包括初始负载、路轨协同水平。现实性与节点周边的经济状况、道路运输协同水平及节点在网络中的位置等多种因素有关。现实性重要度越高,网络中的节点在运输和转运方面的承载能力越强。
1) 度中心性 D d ( i )。表示节点 i与网络中其他节点的连接水平。
D d (i) = k i N - 1
式中: k i为节点 i的度; N为网络中节点个数。
2) 介数中心性 D b ( i )。表示节点 i在网络中的信息负载程度。
B (i) = m n σ   m n ( i ) σ   m n
D b (i) = 2 B ( i ) ( N - 1 ) ( N - 2 )
式中: B ( i )为节点 i的介数; σ m n为节点 m n最短路径的数量; σ m n ( i )为节点 m n通过节点 i的最短路径的数量。
3) 紧密中心性 D c ( i )。表示节点 i与网络中其他节点的紧密程度。
D c (i) = N - 1 j i d i j
式中 d i j为节点 i j之间的最短路径长。
4) 初始负载。通过预处理真实数据,从预测的物流量数据中确定节点的初始负载。
5) 路轨协同水平 D s ( i )。表示节点 i与道路运输的协同水平。
D s (i) = q i s i
式中: q i为仿真测算得到节点 i通过路轨协同机制再分配的物流量; s i为节点 i的节点强度。
抗毁性是表征网络抵抗破坏、保持运行功能的能力。通常情况下,地铁配送网络节点在遭受攻击失效后,网络结构和性能可能发生的变化为网络连通性降低、网络局部负载不稳定等。针对以上变化,选用相对网络效率、相对负载熵作为地铁配送网络的抗毁性测度指标,以分别评估地铁配送网络的网络连通性和负载稳定性。
1) 相对网络效率 V 1。网络效率是对网络连通性的衡量,如果节点 i j之间不存在路径,则 d i j 。网络效率越高,表示网络节点越紧密,相对网络效率按下式计算。
E = 1 N ( N - 1 ) i j 1 d i j
V 1 = E t E 0
式中: E t为网络在 t时刻的网络效率; E 0为网络在初始时刻的网络效率。 V 1 [ 0,1 ] V 1越小,网络连通性损失越严重。
2) 相对负载熵 V 2。根据信息论,熵是从宏观意义上衡量系统能量分布稳定性的指标。表示系统的结构信息内容的熵 φ计算见下式:
φ = - i = 1 N p ( u i ) l n p ( u i )
式中 p ( u i ) u i能量分布的概率值。网络在级联失效下易受攻击的关键原因是其负载的不稳定分布,熵可较好地体现网络的这一特性。在地铁配送网络中,节点的物流量负载在很大程度上决定了其重要性水平。因此,采用基于节点强度的网络特性评价指标 I i ( t ),将其替代式(8)的概率值 p ( u )。网络 t时刻的负载熵 φ t计算见下式:
φ t = - i G ( t ) I i t l n I i (t) = - i G ( t ) s i j G ( t ) s j l n s i j G ( t ) s j
V 2 = φ t φ 0
式中: G ( t ) t时刻网络中能够维持正常运行的节点集合; φ t为网络在 t时刻的负载熵; φ O为网络在初始时刻的负载熵。 V 2 [ 0,1 ],随着网络中故障节点的增多, V 2呈现递减趋势,网络负载分布越不稳定。
在路轨协同下的城市配送中,不同类型和严重程度的突发事件对配送网络的影响程度不同。一般突发事件可能会导致城市配送网络局部瘫痪,严重事件会引起大规模级联失效导致城市配送网络整体瘫痪。文中将地铁网络中断情形分为2类,一类是指高强度运营、大型公众活动等引发的具有一定规律的中断事件,对应级联失效中的蓄意攻击。另一类是指因地质灾害、供电中断、突发公共安全事件等引发的随机中断事件,对应级联失效中的随机攻击。
路轨协同下地铁配送是在不影响旅客运输的前提下,利用城市轨道富余的时间与空间资源开展快递运输。因此,当地铁站点发生拥堵时,为保障旅客运输的正常服务,需要转移站点过载的快递流量。快递流量的转移渠道分为2种,一是转移给相邻的地铁站点,二是通过路轨协同机制将一部分物流量转移至城市道路系统再运输到目的地,进而减缓地铁网络的级联失效。
节点与边是网络的基本元素,在地铁配送网络中节点对应地铁配送站点,边对应地铁线路。地铁线路极少出现故障,一旦损坏,为排查隐患,地铁系统将会大面积停运。因此,仅考虑地铁配送网络中节点的故障,构建地铁配送无向加权网络 G = ( V E ),具体结构如图1所示。
为充分利用原始数据信息,客观地进行权重赋值,选用考虑熵权的TOPSIS法评价节点重要度。建立的原始决策矩阵如下。
X = x 11 x 12 x 1 m   x 21 x 22 x 2 m       x n 1 x n 2 x n m
式中 x i j表示第 i个区域对于第 j个指标的评价值。将原始决策矩阵正向化,将指标标准化处理,得到决策矩阵 X = [ X 1 X 2 X j X m ]。将决策矩阵进行标准化处理并赋予权值,价值矩阵 V计算如下:
v i j = w i j · x i j i = 1 n x i j 2
V = ν 11 ν 12 ν 1 m   ν 21 ν 22 ν 2 m       ν n 1 ν n 2 ν n m
利用熵权法确定指标权重,由于该方法较为成熟,且被较多学者采用,此处不再赘述,计算得到第 j项指标的权重 w j如下:
w j = d j j = 1 n d j ( j = 1,2 n )
式中 d j为第 j项指标的差异系数,随后确定正负理想解 ν j + v j -:
ν j + = m a x ( ν 1 i ν 2 i ν n j )
v j - = m i n ( v 1 i v 2 i v n j )
计算第 i个区域分别到 ν j +的间距 D i +和到 v j -的间距 D i -,后得出每个区域的相对接近度Ci
D i + = j = 1 m ( ν j + - ν i j ) 2
D i - = j = 1 m ( ν j - - ν i j ) 2
C i = D i - D i + + D i - C i [ 0,1 ]
将归一化后得到的节点 i的中心性重要度与现实性重要度相结合,得到节点重要度 K i如下:
K i = θ 1 · f i k + θ 2 · f i v
式中: f i k为节点 i的中心性重要度; f i v为现实性重要度, θ 1 θ 2 [ 0,1 ] θ 1 + θ 2 = 1
考虑到节点之间的拓扑结构和物流量相互关联,且节点的故障影响能够相继传播的特征。CML模型可描述一个时间和空间都离散,而状态保持连续的非线性动力学系统,有效研究具有混沌特性的节点组成的网络系统的状态变化。传统CML模型并没有考虑节点的抗风险能力,可能会较大程度地低估网络的抗毁性。因此,进一步改进了CML模型,具体改进的状态函数如下:
x i (t + 1) = ( 1 - ε 1 - ε 2 ) f ( x i ( t ) ) + ε 1 j Γ j a i j f ( x j ( t ) ) / k ( i ) + ( 1 - h i ~ ) ε 2 j Γ j w i j f ( x j ( t ) ) / s ( i )
式中: x i ( t + 1 )为节点 i t + 1时刻的状态,当 0 x i ( t + 1 ) 1时,节点 i处于正常运行状态,当 x i ( t + 1 ) 1,则表示失效; Γ j为与节点 j相邻的节点集合, ε 1 ε 2分别为节点度与物流量的耦合系数,满足 ε 1 + ε 2 1,且 ε 1 ε 2 ( 0,1 ); f ( x ) = 4 x ( 1 - x )为逻辑映射函数,它展示了拓扑网络中节点状态的演化规律。当地铁配送网络中所有节点初始状态都维持在范围 0,1内,那么网络将始终保持正常运行。当节点 i t 1时刻失效,则在后续时刻 x i ( t ) 0,与节点 i直接相连的节点将受到影响,并重新分配流量。
节点强度 s i反映了地铁站点在开展物流配送时的功能特性。因此,用 h i = q i s i来衡量路轨协同下的节点 i的路轨协同水平,用 h表示网络中所有节点的路轨协同水平。在计算风险阻抗系数前,首先对 h进行归一化。计算如下:
h ' i = h i - h m i n h m a x - h m i n
使用 1 - h ' i作为节点 i的风险阻抗系数。例如:节点 i的路轨协同水平越高,则其自身更不容易受到相邻节点故障的影响。
为研究突发事件对路轨协同下的地铁配送网络造成的影响,通过给节点 i添加外部扰动 R来模拟失效强度。后续时刻,相邻节点的状态将基于式(21)进行更新。
结合路轨协同情景,改进地铁配送网络物流量再分配方法。传统的地铁站点通常使用线路将物流量转移到相邻的其他站点。考虑了地铁站点与道路配送的衔接站点。计算道路站点分担的物流量,在级联失效时将部分物流量通过道路站点运输到目的地。路轨协同下的失效节点流量再分配规则如图2所示。
图2节点为例,物流量在节点 j失效后发生改变。流量分配计算见下式, Δ w k i为节点 j转移到边 w k i的物流量。则节点 j通过路轨协同机制再分配的物流量 q j计算见下:
Δ w k i = w i j · w k i s i
q j = m Γ m n G ( t ) w m j · w m n s m + w n j
此外,过载的节点并不总是失效,这些节点有能力将其过载物流量通过边进行分配,其中一部分流量也能通过城市道路运输到目的地。因此,瞬时节点过载是允许的,当节点的总物流量超出节点容量时,过载部分物流量再分配方式与式(23)相同。
网络抗毁性分析与关键节点识别计算原理如图3所示。首先,基于CML模型进行级联失效分析,得到不同攻击模式下的网络抗毁性变化;然后,基于关键节点综合识别模型得到不同系数 ( θ 1 θ 2 )的关键节点集合;最后,通过测度对比不同集合的关键节点的抗毁性指标,得到最优关键节点集合。
基于CML模型的级联失效仿真流程如下。
步骤1:初始化节点状态值 P s、最大迭代次数 N i、耦合系数 ε 1 = ε 2 = 0.25、容量系数 α = 0.2、扰动系数列 R、风险阻抗系数列 1 - h '
步骤2:计算节点状态值,更新 t时刻的节点状态矩阵 A = { a i j }
步骤3:识别故障节点,进行流量重分配,计算路轨协同机制再分配的物流量 q j,更新时间 t的流量矩阵 W = { w i j }
步骤4:若存在 x i ( t ) 1,则在 t时刻删除故障节点 v i及其连边的相关矩阵数据。
步骤5:遍历状态值正常的节点,识别过载节点,将过载部分流量进行重分配。
步骤6:储存 t时刻的抗毁性指标测度值。
步骤7:若完成最大迭代次数,输出网络中所有节点的路轨协同量 q,则转至步骤8,否则转至步骤2。
步骤8:网络抗毁性测度,针对不同扰动系数下的相对网络效率、相对负载熵,计算不同攻击下的第i项抗毁性指标:
V ¯ i = R [ 1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0 ] V i R 5
计算不同攻击下的抗毁性综合指标:
V - = γ 1 V ¯ 1 + γ 2 V ¯ 2
以成都地铁为例,开展实例验证。截至2023年1月,成都地铁共开通12条线路,线路总长518.96 km,共计373座车站投入运营,46座换乘站。基于space-L方法构建网络拓扑结构,研究车站2km半径覆盖的住宅小区需求点。为减少对需求点之间物流问题研究的难度,将1 658个需求点通过k-means聚类成若干区域,并将区域质心作为网络的末端节点。所构建的地铁配送网络拓扑结构如图4所示。
使用2022年成都市同城快递业务量作为物流总量,基于需求点位置爬取其周边2 km内写字楼、商场、工业园区数量,以此测算需求点的物流生成量与吸引量。根据末端需求点的物流生成量结果,运用单约束重力模型得到成都市快递物流量分布期望线,成都市快递物流量分布期望线如图5所示,将每一最短路径对应的权重分配在网络的边上,计算初始负载。
通过分析复杂网络特性,网络存在节点364个,边431条,网络节点平均度为2.368 1。任意2个节点的平均距离为21.633 2 km,网络直径为100.1km,得到的节点度与最短路径值结果如图6所示,节点度累积分布服从幂律分布。
图6可知:成都市地铁配送网络具有一定的小世界和无标度特性,网络的关键节点或连边在遭受蓄意攻击时,有可能会对网络造成较大破坏影响。基于不同特征值的节点排名见表1
采用随机攻击和蓄意攻击2种模式开展级联失效抗毁性分析。随机攻击通过给随机单个站点添加外部扰动值,用于模拟单个站点遭遇不同随机型中断事件。蓄意攻击通过对网络中节点度最大、节点介数最大、节点强度最大、路轨协同水平最高的站点添加外部扰动值,模拟特定站点遭遇不同蓄意型中断事件的情况。其中,基于节点度的蓄意攻击用于模拟大型换线站点遭受攻击的现实情景,例如:节假日公众活动导致的运营中断;基于节点介数的蓄意攻击用于模拟列车运行次数较多站点遭受攻击的现实情景,如高强度运行带来的车辆临停、通信信号故障导致的运营中断;基于节点强度的蓄意攻击用于模拟承载物流量最多的站点遭受攻击的现实情景,如大型购物节导致的运营中断;基于路轨协同水平的蓄意攻击用于模拟与道路运输协同水平最高的站点遭受攻击的现实情景,如台风暴雨洪水等地面气象灾害导致道路运输中断,道路客运流量分流到与其衔接的地铁站点导致的运营中断。蓄意攻击的站点分别是东光站、孵化园站、市二医院站、韦家碾站。级联失效下相对网络效率、相对负载熵的变化分别如图7图8所示。
当站点开始触发故障后,相对网络效率与相对负载熵开始逐步下降。得到结论:①在同等扰动强度下,成都市地铁配送网络面对随机攻击时抗毁能力更强。因此,应当着重防范特定时期事件对地铁配送网络带来影响。②基于节点度或节点介数的蓄意攻击对网络所造成的破坏相对更大。应当重点关注特定时期事件下中转线路较多,介数中心性较大的地铁站点的运行情况。③路轨协同水平最高的节点遭受攻击时展现出的抗毁性高于随机攻击与蓄意攻击展现出的抗毁性。表明路轨协同水平最高的节点在面对网络级联失效时抗毁性较高。④对比图7图8变化曲线可以看出,级联失效对相对网络效率的影响大于对相对负载熵,级联失效对网络连通性影响更大。
结合仿真测算所得的路轨协同水平,在基于改进的CML模型模拟的级联失效仿真中,分别为每个节点施加不同扰动系数进行抗毁性测度。通过抗毁性指标 V ¯ i来量化网络中节点在发生故障后对连通性与负载稳定性造成的影响。结果表明:网络中抗毁性测度指标值存在显著差异,结果如图9所示。
图9可知:当面临外部扰动时,相对网络效率损失在20%以上的节点占比为6.3%,其中,相对网络效率损失最大可达56.3%;相对负载熵损失在20%以上的节点占比为6.8%,其中,相对负载熵损失最大可达50.2%。部分节点发生故障时,能较大幅度地影响网络运行。
对比相对网络效率、相对负载熵的指标测度结果发现,相对网络效率损失通常大于相对负载熵损失,表明网络中站点故障对网络的连通性影响大于对负载稳定的影响。表2为不同节点失效后对网络抗毁性造成的影响。
基于熵权TOPSIS法分别计算节点的中心性重要度与现实性重要度,将系数 θ 1初值取为0,系数 θ 2初值取为1,并以0.05为步长逐步调整系数。取重要度排名前25的站点作为关键站点,获得不同系数取值下的关键节点集合,并结合不同节点失效后的网络抗毁性测度分析,得到不同系数取值下的关键节点网络连通性与负载稳定性,结果如图10图11所示。
图10图11可知:平均每个关键节点造成的相对网络效率损失与相对负载熵最大损失分别为8.99%与4.38%。不同系数取值下的关键节点平均抗毁性测度见表3
综合不同系数取值下的相对网络效率、相对负载熵2个指标变动趋势,当 ( θ 1 θ 2 )在(0.5,0.5)~(0.65,0.35)范围内时,识别得到的关键节点在遭受攻击时相对负载熵、相对网络效率损失均有增加。当系数 ( θ 1 θ 2 )中某单一参数占比较高时,识别得到的关键节点在遭受攻击时对相对负载熵、相对网络效率造成的损失均相对较小。相较于仅考虑现实性指标或中心性指标,本文所构建的关键节点综合识别模型可更加科学地识别网络关键节点。偏重网络连通性与偏重负载稳定性的最优关键节点识别见表4
偏重网络连通性与偏重负载稳定性所识别得到的最优关键节点重合度为92%,共同的关键节点为23个,将共同的关键节点标记如图12所示。孵化园、华兴、火车南站、高朋大道、太平园分别位于重要度排序前5名。共同的关键节点主要分布在1号线、3号线、7号线上、9号线上。环线线路上的关键节点数量多于直线,且关键节点主要集中在武侯区、金牛区、青羊区、成华区,大多位于市三环路两侧。对这些节点开展重点维护,能够有效预防突发事件对路轨协同下地铁配送网络的结构与性能造成影响。
1) 在成都市地铁配送网络抗毁性分析中,随着节点故障触发,级联失效会在30个时间步长内结束,失效后站点平均故障率达9.55%,物流量平均损失达9.10%,相对网络效率平均损失达11.8%。相较于随机攻击,基于节点度、节点介数、节点强度的蓄意攻击造成的网络崩溃均有所提前,从拓扑结构层面分析,在同等扰动强度下,地铁网络面对随机攻击时抗毁能力更强。
2) 当调整系数取值为(0.6,0.4)时,识别得到的关键节点遭受攻击时对网络连通性造成影响最大。当调整系数取值为(0.5,0.5)时,识别得到的关键节点遭受攻击时对负载稳定性造成影响最大。当系数 ( θ 1 θ 2 )中某单一参数占比较高时,识别所得的关键节点在遭受攻击时对相对负载熵、相对网络效率造成的损失均相对较小。相较于仅考虑现实性指标或中心性指标,构建的关键节点综合识别模型可更加科学地识别网络关键节点。但本文未考虑网络建设运营成本、客流影响等因素,今后应结合上述因素作进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(42271195)
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1659
  • 接收时间:2024-04-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-13
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
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国家自然科学基金资助(42271195)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学 交通运输与物流学院,四川 成都 611756
    2 西南交通大学 综合交通运输智能化国家地方联合工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
    3 西南交通大学 综合交通大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1659
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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