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There is a risk of collision in the batch operation of logistics UAVs. To evaluate the collision probability between UAVs in the air,a model was proposed to analyze the collision risk of logistics UAVs in the aerial operation stage. A UAV collision probability model with the double errors of positioning and velocity was proposed based on the conflict zone theory,and the logistics UAV collision probability variations are analyzed from different angles. The key risk factors in small civil UAV accident/incident data were analyzed and identified based on the data from the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States. The UAV safety flight interval model was proposed based on the logistics UAV failure data of 20 thousand flight hours to determine the shortest flight interval under the acceptable safety level. Furthermore,the effects of track angles and wind directions on the collision probability between UAVs under constant flight intervals were investigated. The results showed that the risk for all flight scenarios was acceptable when the shortest safety interval between logistics UAVs exceeded 90.71 m. When the track angle was 30,60,and 90°,the collision probability varied little with the wind direction. Specifically,the collision probability was maintained constantly when the track angle was 90°. The collision probability varied a lot when the angle was 140°,thereby the safe flight of the UAV was sensitive to environmental factors.

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物流无人机(UAV)批量运行会存在一定的碰撞风险,为量化UAV之间在空中的碰撞概率,针对物流UAV空中运行阶段开展建模分析其碰撞风险。基于冲突区域理论,建立定位、速度双误差的UAV碰撞概率模型,分析不同夹角情况下物流UAV碰撞概率变化情况。分析识别美国联邦航空管理局官网中关于民用小型UAV的事故/事件数据中的关键风险因素。结合2万飞行小时的物流UAV故障数据建立UAV安全飞行间隔模型,给出可接受安全水平下的最短飞行间隔。探究在给定飞行间隔前提下不同航迹角以及不同风向对UAV之间碰撞概率的影响。结果表明: 当物流UAV之间最短安全间隔大于90.71 m时,所有飞行场景下UAV的风险水平均在可接受范围之内。当航迹角为30、60、90°时,碰撞概率随风向变化的波动范围较小,其中,航迹夹角为90°时最稳定。而当夹角为140°时,碰撞概率的波动范围较大,UAV安全飞行对环境因素更为敏感。

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靳慧斌 (1976—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事航空风险评估、人机工效设计、智能人机协同等方面的研究。E-mail:

黄俊,高级工程师

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靳慧斌 (1976—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事航空风险评估、人机工效设计、智能人机协同等方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=syAZGiujjlSjfk2fm1Q62g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812260157202505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735933588713753, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

UAV system failure type analysis and probability

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故障类型 故障介绍 故障概率
电池故障 电池故障会直接导致失去升力与飞行速度,严重影响UAV飞行安全 7.42×10-4
电机故障 电机发生故障时,旋翼失去动力导致升力不足 1.24×10-4
桨叶故障 桨叶故障一般分为桨叶断裂与桨叶松动2种,严重则会造成桨叶脱落,UAV会发生意外坠落 4.95×10-6
货舱故障 货舱发生松动会使UAV飞行过程中货物发生脱落,严重影响飞行安全 8.81×10-5
遥控装置
故障
当UAV出现飞行异常的情况,驾驶员需要合理控制UAV,人工干预不及时,则会引发更多的安全问题 2.13×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1167812260220117067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735933588713753, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

UAV系统故障类型分析及概率

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故障类型 故障介绍 故障概率
电池故障 电池故障会直接导致失去升力与飞行速度,严重影响UAV飞行安全 7.42×10-4
电机故障 电机发生故障时,旋翼失去动力导致升力不足 1.24×10-4
桨叶故障 桨叶故障一般分为桨叶断裂与桨叶松动2种,严重则会造成桨叶脱落,UAV会发生意外坠落 4.95×10-6
货舱故障 货舱发生松动会使UAV飞行过程中货物发生脱落,严重影响飞行安全 8.81×10-5
遥控装置
故障
当UAV出现飞行异常的情况,驾驶员需要合理控制UAV,人工干预不及时,则会引发更多的安全问题 2.13×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1167812260287225933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735933588713753, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

UAV M600 parameter values

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参数 重量
m/kg
长度
λx/m
宽度
λy/m
高度
λz/m
最大速度
vmax/
(m·s-1)
最小速度
vmin/
(m·s-1)
取值 12 1.668 1.518 0.759 18 3
), ArticleFig(id=1167812260345946191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735933588713753, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

UAV M600参数取值

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参数 重量
m/kg
长度
λx/m
宽度
λy/m
高度
λz/m
最大速度
vmax/
(m·s-1)
最小速度
vmin/
(m·s-1)
取值 12 1.668 1.518 0.759 18 3
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基于定位、速度双误差的物流无人机碰撞概率分析
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靳慧斌 1 , 刘希 1 , 黄俊 2 , 陈怿淳 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 64-70
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 64-70
基于定位、速度双误差的物流无人机碰撞概率分析
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靳慧斌1 , 刘希1, 黄俊2, 陈怿淳1
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2 中国民用航空上海航空器适航审定中心,上海 200232
  • 靳慧斌 (1976—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事航空风险评估、人机工效设计、智能人机协同等方面的研究。E-mail:

    黄俊,高级工程师

Collision probability analysis of logistics UAV based on positioning and speed double errors
Huibin JIN1 , Xi LIU1, Jun HUANG2, Yichun CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2 CAAC Airworthiness Certification Center,Shanghai 200232,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1657
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物流无人机(UAV)批量运行会存在一定的碰撞风险,为量化UAV之间在空中的碰撞概率,针对物流UAV空中运行阶段开展建模分析其碰撞风险。基于冲突区域理论,建立定位、速度双误差的UAV碰撞概率模型,分析不同夹角情况下物流UAV碰撞概率变化情况。分析识别美国联邦航空管理局官网中关于民用小型UAV的事故/事件数据中的关键风险因素。结合2万飞行小时的物流UAV故障数据建立UAV安全飞行间隔模型,给出可接受安全水平下的最短飞行间隔。探究在给定飞行间隔前提下不同航迹角以及不同风向对UAV之间碰撞概率的影响。结果表明: 当物流UAV之间最短安全间隔大于90.71 m时,所有飞行场景下UAV的风险水平均在可接受范围之内。当航迹角为30、60、90°时,碰撞概率随风向变化的波动范围较小,其中,航迹夹角为90°时最稳定。而当夹角为140°时,碰撞概率的波动范围较大,UAV安全飞行对环境因素更为敏感。

定位误差  /  速度误差  /  物流无人机(UAV)  /  碰撞概率  /  冲突区域  /  航迹夹角  /  飞行间隔

There is a risk of collision in the batch operation of logistics UAVs. To evaluate the collision probability between UAVs in the air,a model was proposed to analyze the collision risk of logistics UAVs in the aerial operation stage. A UAV collision probability model with the double errors of positioning and velocity was proposed based on the conflict zone theory,and the logistics UAV collision probability variations are analyzed from different angles. The key risk factors in small civil UAV accident/incident data were analyzed and identified based on the data from the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States. The UAV safety flight interval model was proposed based on the logistics UAV failure data of 20 thousand flight hours to determine the shortest flight interval under the acceptable safety level. Furthermore,the effects of track angles and wind directions on the collision probability between UAVs under constant flight intervals were investigated. The results showed that the risk for all flight scenarios was acceptable when the shortest safety interval between logistics UAVs exceeded 90.71 m. When the track angle was 30,60,and 90°,the collision probability varied little with the wind direction. Specifically,the collision probability was maintained constantly when the track angle was 90°. The collision probability varied a lot when the angle was 140°,thereby the safe flight of the UAV was sensitive to environmental factors.

positioning error  /  speed error  /  logistics unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)  /  collision probability  /  conflict zones  /  track corner  /  flight interval
靳慧斌, 刘希, 黄俊, 陈怿淳. 基于定位、速度双误差的物流无人机碰撞概率分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 64 -70 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1657
Huibin JIN, Xi LIU, Jun HUANG, Yichun CHEN. Collision probability analysis of logistics UAV based on positioning and speed double errors[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 64 -70 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1657
随着自动化和人工智能技术的迅猛发展,传统物流实现了向智慧物流的转变,无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)因其使用灵活,节省人力,广泛应用于物流配送[1]。UAV物流配送技术也成为物流企业亚马逊、敦豪航空货运公司以及顺丰等研究热点[2-3]。然而,UAV自身的高速飞行以及飞行路径的不确定性导致UAV之间极容易发生碰撞,这种碰撞可能导致UAV撞击到地面人员或建筑,造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。在此背景下研究UAV之间的碰撞概率对保障物流UAV安全运行具有重要意义。
为准确评估UAV碰撞风险,欧洲航空安全局提出UAV运行等效安全水平,即UAV的碰撞风险水平不得高于民航客机的风险水平[4]。目前,国内外学者对UAV风险的研究主要分为UAV失效风险[5]、UAV对地风险评估[6]。在UAV失效风险方面,贝叶斯网络得到广泛的应用[7],如ZHANG Honghong等[8]将贝叶斯网络与系统理论过程分析结合,分析物流UAV的事故概率;HAN Peng等[9]根据UAV实际运行数据,建立了贝叶斯网络风险评估模型,并给出了有效的风险缓解措施。在对地风险评估方面,PRIMATESTA等[10]量化了特定空域下UAV对地面人口造成的风险后果;ZHOU Qiang等[11]建立了对地风险评估模型;KOH等[12]分析了不同重量以及不同飞行高度坠落与地面人员致死率之间的关系;钟罡等[13]针对物流UAV出现机、货分离情况建立了UAV与货物坠地造成的人员伤亡模型,并建立了风险评估矩阵。综上,在空中飞行风险方面,研究侧重于零部件故障引发的飞行失效风险;而对地风险则主要关注UAV失效坠地对地面人员和建筑造成的损失。然而,随着UAV的批量运行,飞行过程中发生碰撞的风险也日益引人关注。当前研究多集中于UAV与有人机之间的碰撞风险[14-15],并通常仅考虑单一误差因素带来的碰撞风险[16],很少针对城市物流UAV自由飞行的特点进行相关的碰撞研究。
鉴于此,笔者拟提出基于定位、速度双误差的UAV碰撞概率模型,并综合考虑多种影响飞行安全的因素,构建UAV安全飞行间隔模型,并进一步研究空域环境中风向对UAV碰撞概率的影响。以期为物流UAV飞行安全评估提供重要的研究基础。
根据已有研究成果[17],依据物流UAV的飞行航迹之间的夹角以及航迹在水平面投影之间的夹角建立空间直角坐标系,搭建冲突区域进行风险建模分析。
飞行冲突指的是航空器在飞行过程中,与所在空域其他航空器在某一时刻空间上发生重叠,即2航空器的水平或垂直距离小于规定的最短间隔[18]
评估物流UAV运行风险,首先需要确定合理的安全目标标准。国际民航组织对于航空器之间的碰撞风险标准定为1.5×10-8次事故/飞行小时[17],欧洲航空安全局提出UAV运行的等效安全水平,文中研究小型物流UAV,因此,安全标准可采用1.5×10-8次事故/飞行小时。
从以下几个方面分析物流UAV碰撞概率的影响因素。
1) 导航定位误差。导航定位系统误差会使UAV在飞行过程中实际所处位置与预计到达位置存在一定的差异,最终引发安全事故。假设UAV的定位误差服从均值为0、标准差为 σ g高斯随机分布[14],即 ε g ~ N ( μ g σ g 2 )
2) 飞行速度误差。基于冲突区域建立的碰撞概率模型是从动态的角度分析碰撞概率,因此,速度误差会对其造成一定的影响,且文中设定速度误差服从均值为0、标准差为的 σ v正态分布,即 ε v ~ N ( μ v σ v 2 )
3) 空域侧风。UAV的飞行空域为低空空域并且冲突区域相对较小,低空的空气湍流等数据较难捕捉。因此,仅考虑风向对UAV碰撞的影响。
4) UAV系统可靠性。UAV自身出现故障会直接影响飞行安全,各个因素之间相互作用很可能导致UAV失去动力或严重偏离航迹。
5) 人为因素。由于操作人员在紧急情况下人为干预失败以及对UAV的维护不当、检查失误,导致UAV在飞行过程中发生碰撞事故。
以2架UAV同航迹反梯度飞行为例,建立基于冲突区域理论的碰撞模型。最初的REICH模型碰撞模板设定为长方体[18],但是,在发生航迹偏离之后,飞机之间的水平碰撞判定较难,为方便判定,将碰撞模板采用圆柱体代替[19],这虽然解决了上述问题,但对于物流UAV来说,由于自身的灵活性,碰撞判定需要考虑垂直方向的距离变化,因此,将物流UAV的碰撞模板视为以UAV自身为中心,半径为R的球体[20],如图1所示。
R为2架UAV长度、宽度、高度各自加和平均值的最大值,则:
R = m a x λ 1 x + λ 2 x 2 λ 1 y + λ 2 y 2 λ 1 z + λ 2 z 2
式中 λ i μ i架UAV在 μ方向上的长度,其中, i=1,2; μ=xyz
以UAV变梯度飞行为例,假设2架UAV的冲突区域类型属于同向航迹冲突。UAV-1执行降梯度飞行任务,预期飞行轨迹为 L 1,UAV-2执行升梯度飞行任务,预期飞行轨迹为 L 2,并且在冲突区域内2架UAV预计轨迹相交于一点O。物流UAV飞行示意如图2所示。
图2可知:UAV-1的航迹l1:AB,UAV-2的航迹 l 2 : C D l 1与平面XOY的夹角为 α 1 l 2与平面XOY的夹角为 α 2,2架UAV飞行航迹之间的夹角为 β,飞行航迹在平面XOY上投影之间的夹角为 θ = E O F,则有:
c o s θ = c o s β c o s α 1 c o s α 2 - t a n α 1 t a n α 2
根据式(2)可知:冲突区域的大小由 α 1 α 2 β以及最小安全间隔共同决定。为方便研究,冲突区域由六面体表示,如图3所示。
图3中,设UAV-1从P点到A点所用的时间为 t A,从A点到B点所用的时间为 t B;UAV-2从Q点到C点所用的时间为 t C,从C点到D点所用的时间为 t D,2架UAV预计飞行航迹相交于中心点O。实际飞行过程中2架UAV基本不会同时进入冲突区域,因此,假设UAV-1先到达A点,在 t Δ之后UAV-2到达C点,其中, t Δ ( 0 t B )
以各自的飞行方向在水平面的投影为X轴,与其垂直的方向为Y轴,竖直方向为Z轴建立空间坐标系,2个坐标系共用原点OZ轴,因此,将坐标旋转的推导转化为平面直角坐标系分析。坐标轴 x ' o y '按照顺时针方向旋转 α之后与 x o y重合,坐标变换矩阵为[21]:
$\boldsymbol{X}^{\prime}=X\left(\begin{array}{cc} \cos \alpha & \sin \alpha \\ -\sin \alpha & \cos \alpha \end{array}\right)$
通过分析冲突场景可知:当时间间隔 t Δ固定,任意时刻的UAV之间的瞬时碰撞概率为:
P = - R R f ( L - L b ) d L = - R R 1 2 π σ g 12 σ v 12 e x p - ( L - L b ) 2 2 ( σ g 12 ) 2 ( σ v 12 ) 2 d L
式中: L为考虑误差的UAV之间飞行间隔,m; L b为不考虑导航误差、速度误差的情况,只考虑风的影响下UAV之间的飞行间隔,m。 σ g 12 σ v 12的推导需要根据式(3)进行计算,具体计算过程如下:
σ g 12 = ( σ x g 12 ) 2 + ( σ y g 12 ) 2 + ( σ z g 12 ) 2
按照式(5)的推导过程,同理计算出 σ v 12的值,将其代入式(4)进行求解,计算出在任意tΔ下的瞬时碰撞概率。当冲突区域内的飞行总时间T已知,单位时间内UAV之间的碰撞概率 C P为:
C p = 0 T P d t T
由于实际飞行的场景中,UAV进入冲突区域内的时间间隔是一个随机变量,假设 t Δ是均匀分布的,由此可以计算出在该运行场景中,UAV之间碰撞的总概率 C P B为:
C P B = 0 m a x t Δ C P
UAV在运行过程中机载设备出现故障也会严重影响飞行安全,因此,考虑到UAV自身的可靠性对飞行安全的影响,假设飞行过程中设备出现严重故障的概率为 u 1,计算式为:
u 1 = 1 - i = 1 n ( 1 - p ' i )
式中: n为严重故障种类数; P ' i为第 i种故障类型发生的概率。
假设UAV运行过程中人为可靠性为 u 2,则可计算出UAV的运行总风险 E R为:
E R = 2 × 3   600 × C P b × u 1 × ( 1 - u 2 )
低空空域湍流与风切变对其飞行安全的影响较小,因此,不考虑风切变对飞行安全的影响,也不考虑风对UAV旋翼产生拉力与扭矩的影响,将UAV看作一个整体进行建模,有风阻力公式如下:
F μ = 1 2 c ρ S μ ( V w μ ) 2
式中: F μ为UAV在 μ方向受到风的阻力; c为阻力系数,取值为0.2; ρ为空气密度,取值为1.293kg/m3; S μ为在 μ方向的迎风面积; V w μ为空域风速在 μ方向上的分量。在此基础上将UAV看成一个整体进行受力分析,分别计算由于风的影响,UAV在3个方向上发生的偏移量,如下式:
S μ = 1 2 a μ t 2
式中: S μ为因风的影响UAV在方向 μ上产生的偏移量; a μ = F μ m为UAV在方向 μ上的加速度; t为飞行时间。
分别选取同向航迹、逆向航迹、交叉航迹为研究对象,分析相同飞行速度情况下UAV最短飞行间隔 L m i n与运行风险的关系。
根据文献[9]中物流UAV的飞行数据,提取出严重影响飞行安全的风险因素,结果见表1
表1可知:UAV在飞行过程中发生严重事故的概率为9.676×10-4
为量化人为可靠性,提取美国联邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration,FAA)中104起民用UAV事故数据诱因进行分析,结果如图4所示。
图4可知:由于人为因素引起的事故占比为9.62%,系统故障占比为86.54%。而文献[9]中2万飞行小时内UAV系统故障的次数约为300次,由此可以计算出在每飞行小时,系统故障发生的概率为1.5%,则可推算出每飞行小时内人为可靠性。
u 2 = 0.999   974
选取UAV M600为研究对象,具体参数见表2
在不考虑风速的影响下,探讨UAV之间的碰撞概率与航迹夹角θ、最短安全间隔Lmin的关系,从中找出碰撞概率出现极值情况的航迹夹角θ。具体变化趋势如图5所示。
图5可知:UAV之间的碰撞概率随着夹角的增大呈现先增后减再增的趋势,并且分别在90°与140°处取到极值点,极小值点与夹角60°时的碰撞概率相当;当夹角为30°的时候,碰撞概率的上升趋势最陡峭。结合实际情况,文中不考虑夹角180°的情况。因此,选取的航迹角度为30、60、90、140°分别分析UAV碰撞概率与风向之间的关系。
选取的飞行速度为13 m/s,分别从同向航迹、逆向航迹、交叉航迹3种情况进行分析,最终得出符合运行安全标准的最短飞行间隔以便于后续分析,计算结果如图6所示。
图6可知:UAV之间的最短安全间隔 L m i n>90.71 m时,所有飞行场景的运行风险水平在可接受范围内,因此,认为安全飞行间隔在该区间内时,UAV运行风险水平为低。
分别选取航迹之间夹角为30、60、90和140°的情况下,分析风向对UAV碰撞概率的影响。不同航迹角中风向与UAV碰撞概率之间的关系如图7所示。
图7可知:当航迹夹角为30、60、90°时,UAV之间碰撞概率随风向变化的波动范围较为平稳,其中,夹角为90°时最为稳定,当UAV之间的航迹夹角为140°时,碰撞概率的波动范围较大,此时当风向与UAV1飞行方向的夹角大于120°或者小于10°时,碰撞概率处于较低的水平。
文献[16]中计算的小型UAV同向飞行Lmin为114.15m,文中所计算的符合安全运行水平下任意水平飞行方向的Lmin为90.71m,结果偏小的原因有2个,分别为:①文中研究对象为M600,其型号比该文章的规格偏小;②文献[16]中UAV飞行速度选为13.9m/s,文中选取的为13m/s。文中研究的飞行间隔更小,间距的缩短意味着在相同的空域内能够运行更多的UAV来满足增长的物流需求,同时,在既定的飞行航迹中,通过空域中存在的风速与风向来决定UAV是否执行飞行任务,对提高物流UAV运行安全水平有着极大的现实意义。
综上,在考虑多种因素的情况下,建立的物流UAV碰撞概率模型具有实用价值,更符合UAV实际运行中的场景,在满足运行安全水平的前提下,最大限度的提高空域利用率,满足城市物流的运输需求。
1) 综合考虑UAV的定位误差、速度误差、风速、UAV系统以及人为因素,建立物流UAV之间的碰撞概率模型。
2) 通过合理假设,并选取合适的空域参数,利用模型计算出UAV运行风险与飞行最短间隔之间的关系,最终得出,在保证安全运行水平的前提下,小型物流UAV之间的最短飞行间隔为90.71m。
3) 分析不同航迹角下UAV碰撞概率与风向之间的关系,当航迹角为30、60、90°时,碰撞概率的波动趋于稳定,而当夹角为140°时,碰撞概率的波动较大。
4) 为使模型更为准确并更加接近实际情况,今后的研究应考虑UAV自身的避障能力对UAV运行总风险的影响,使结果更为准确。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(62132017)
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1657
  • 接收时间:2024-04-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-14
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(62132017)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
    2 中国民用航空上海航空器适航审定中心,上海 200232
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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