Article(id=1149735931432841408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)10-0190-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1721577600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048007113, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048007113, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048007113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048007113, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735925967663173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048005811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361993174, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830100474082271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830100478276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=190, endPage=196, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735931621585094, articleId=1149735931432841408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Development of a standard system for urban lifeline operational monitoring services, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To standardize the content and quality of urban lifeline operational monitoring services,a standard system for urban lifeline operational monitoring services was proposed. Based on the mature experience of operational monitoring services and "Guidelines for standardization of organizations in service sectorPart 2: Standard system construction",the proposed standard was divided into a general service basic standard system,service provision standard system,service guarantee standard system,and position standard system. A standardized and systematic operational monitoring service process was developed from the aspects of standard implementation foundation,operation service content,service quality assurance,and job responsibilities,to comprehensively guarantee the quality of urban lifeline operational monitoring services. The results indicated that the urban lifeline operational monitoring services standard system effectively addressed issues,such as untimely early warning responses and overlapping job functions. However,it should be continuously updated and improved in conjunction with industry development trends to fully promote the standard system implementation.

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为规范城市生命线监测运营服务内容及质量,构建城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系。基于监测运营服务成熟经验,参照《服务业组织标准化工作指南 第2部分:标准体系构建》的要求,构建的标准体系包括服务通用基础标准体系服务提供标准体系、服务保障标准体系及岗位标准体系。从标准化实施基础、运营服务内容、服务质量保障及岗位职责方面,建立形成规范化、系统性的监测运营服务流程,全面保障城市生命线监测运营服务质量。结果表明: 城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系可以解决城市生命线监测运营服务面临的预警联动响应不及时、岗位职能交叉等问题,但需结合行业发展趋势不断更新完善,全面推动标准体系落地应用。

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孙 路 (1993—),女,安徽合肥人,硕士,工程师,主要从事城市生命线安全工程标准体系及安全监测方面的工作。E-mail:

付明,研究员;

韩心星,副研究员;

汪正兴,工程师;

张壮壮,工程师

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城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系构建
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孙路 1, 2 , 付明 1 , 韩心星 1, 2 , 汪正兴 1, 2 , 张壮壮 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(10): 190-196
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(10): 190-196
城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系构建
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孙路1, 2 , 付明1, 韩心星1, 2, 汪正兴1, 2, 张壮壮1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 清华大学合肥公共安全研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2 合肥市城市生命线工程安全运行监测中心,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 孙 路 (1993—),女,安徽合肥人,硕士,工程师,主要从事城市生命线安全工程标准体系及安全监测方面的工作。E-mail:

    付明,研究员;

    韩心星,副研究员;

    汪正兴,工程师;

    张壮壮,工程师

Development of a standard system for urban lifeline operational monitoring services
Lu SUN1, 2 , Ming FU1, Xinxing HAN1, 2, Zhengxing WANG1, 2, Zhuangzhuang ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research,Tsinghua University,Hefei Anhui 230601,China
  • 2 Operation and Monitoring Center for Hefei Urban Safety & Security,Hefei Anhui 230601,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0098
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为规范城市生命线监测运营服务内容及质量,构建城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系。基于监测运营服务成熟经验,参照《服务业组织标准化工作指南 第2部分:标准体系构建》的要求,构建的标准体系包括服务通用基础标准体系服务提供标准体系、服务保障标准体系及岗位标准体系。从标准化实施基础、运营服务内容、服务质量保障及岗位职责方面,建立形成规范化、系统性的监测运营服务流程,全面保障城市生命线监测运营服务质量。结果表明: 城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系可以解决城市生命线监测运营服务面临的预警联动响应不及时、岗位职能交叉等问题,但需结合行业发展趋势不断更新完善,全面推动标准体系落地应用。

城市生命线  /  监测运营  /  标准体系  /  体系框架  /  服务提供

To standardize the content and quality of urban lifeline operational monitoring services,a standard system for urban lifeline operational monitoring services was proposed. Based on the mature experience of operational monitoring services and "Guidelines for standardization of organizations in service sectorPart 2: Standard system construction",the proposed standard was divided into a general service basic standard system,service provision standard system,service guarantee standard system,and position standard system. A standardized and systematic operational monitoring service process was developed from the aspects of standard implementation foundation,operation service content,service quality assurance,and job responsibilities,to comprehensively guarantee the quality of urban lifeline operational monitoring services. The results indicated that the urban lifeline operational monitoring services standard system effectively addressed issues,such as untimely early warning responses and overlapping job functions. However,it should be continuously updated and improved in conjunction with industry development trends to fully promote the standard system implementation.

urban lifeline  /  operational monitoring  /  standard system  /  system framework  /  service provision
孙路, 付明, 韩心星, 汪正兴, 张壮壮. 城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系构建. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 190 -196 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0098
Lu SUN, Ming FU, Xinxing HAN, Zhengxing WANG, Zhuangzhuang ZHANG. Development of a standard system for urban lifeline operational monitoring services[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 190 -196 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0098
为保证燃气、供水、排水、桥梁等城市生命线的安全运行,国家大力推广城市生命线安全工程建设,部署加强城市安全风险防范工作,将合肥、南京、深圳等城市列为国家城市安全风险综合监测预警工作体系建设试点[1],探索城市安全风险监测预警新模式新经验,提升城市防控重大风险与突发事件的能力。当前,各地城市生命线安全工程推进迅速,安全监测系统建成后如何规范化运营管理,成为城市管理者面临的难题和挑战。
目前,合肥、深圳、成都等城市已成立城市生命线安全运行监测中心,负责生命线的监测值守、报警研判、预警发布及日常运维等工作[2]。在美国、日本等国家针对城市基础设施开展监测预警工作,形成了较为成熟的监测预警模式[3-5]。由地下管线权属单位及相关部门组成的美国811“一呼通”体系承担着地下管线协调管理的工作,自成立以来管线开挖事故显著减少[5]。但城市生命线监测运营工作涉及监测运营单位、权属责任单位、政府监管部门等多家单位,管理职责界限不清,缺少相关工作规范,需厘清各项工作职责。此外,城市安全风险隐蔽复杂,如何针对风险快速分析研判,高效联动处置,成为亟需解决的问题。当前我国城市生命线监测运营服务从报警审核、预警发布、联动处置、运行维护、工作评价等环节缺少统一的标准规范,亟需建立一套标准体系,来统一服务流程、规范服务标准、加强服务监督,全面提升城市生命线监测运营服务质量。
鉴于此,笔者拟通过分析国内外城市生命线监测运营服务及标准现状,基于国内先进的监测运营经验,梳理规章制度,优化工作流程,构建城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系,以期推进生命线监测运营服务向制度化、标准化发展。
城市生命线是保障城市正常运行、满足群众生产生活需要的重要基础设施。在美国,由管道安全办公室代表政府对管道进行安全管理,建立国家管道地图系统为社会提供公共查询渠道,方便相关单位掌握各类管线信息[6]。为防止建设工程损坏地下管线,成立非政府组织的地下公共设施共同利益联盟,共享事故预防信息[7]。在法国,由环境与可持续发展总理事会负责油气及化工类管道的安全管理,通过设定专职部门协助施工单位掌握管线信息,施工时要求施工单位必须运用勘测手段,确定管道的具体位置[8]。但国外尚未建立生命线综合监测运营管理机构,由政府相关机构监管管线运行状态,各管线运营公司管理管线运行安全。
在我国,城市管线分属不同的行政管理部门,各地针对地下管线未建立统一的管理体制,规划、审批及行业管理分属不同部门,导致部门管理职能交叉、分散,对管线监管力度及安全建设投入不足,存在“重地上、轻地下、重审批、轻监管、重建设、轻养护”的问题[9-10]。2015年,安徽省合肥市在全国率先启动了城市生命线安全工程建设,运用物联网、大数据等技术,监测城市燃气、供水、桥梁等城市生命线,并于2017年成立城市生命线工程安全运行监测中心,负责全时段监测值守、智能化分析研判、高效辅助决策支撑,形成政府购买第三方监测运营服务,第三方负责系统建设和监测运营的模式[11-13]
国外通过引入市场竞争机制来推进城市基础设施市场化改革,促使这些国家要通过立法来确立政府在城市管理中的权威地位,因而国外在生命线管理方面的法律法规比较健全。美国、德国等发达国家城市化水平较高,在管道运行安全方面积累了大量的经验[14-16]。1968年,美国颁布了第一部与管道安全有关的法律《天然气管道安全法》,设立管道安全办公室开展管道安全管理、检验、审核报告等工作,同时由运输部负责制定管道设计、运行、维护、应急相关安全标准,管线公司需获得许可才可参与燃气的运输[17]。德国通过邀请专业委员会、公众代表及相关监管部门等参与城市规划设计,保障了工程建设质量。此外,德国还制定了《建设法典》《高压气体管道条例》等法律法规[14],并建立了由国家标准、ISO标准、企业标准等构成的天然气管道标准体系,保障了管线的安全运行。法国通过颁布《燃气、碳氢化工类公共事业管道的申报、审批及安全法令》,明确规定了管道的设计、施工、运行、经营、监管等方面的安全要求[8]
近年来,我国高度重视地下管线的建设管理工作,在2005年专门针对地下管线颁布了《城市地下管线工程档案管理办法》[18],对地下管线工程档案管理具有指导作用。但不同城市管理机构设置存在差异、发展程度不同,导致法规发挥的作用有限[19]。随着对地下管线的重视程度不断提高,北京在全国率先探索建立了地下管线综合管理体制[20]。长沙、青岛等地结合城市特点出台了城市地下管线管理条例[19]。随着城市规模的不断发展扩大,城市生命线系统变得愈加复杂,城市安全发展受到了高度重视[21],对城市管理部门、行业监管部门等提出更高的要求。此外,由于燃气爆炸、供水泄漏、路面塌陷等问题频发,使得城市生命线安全工程建设加速推进。2022年7月,住房和城乡建设部印发通知,在浙江省、安徽省及北京市海淀区等22个市(区)开展城市基础设施安全运行监测试点工作,要求各试点城市要结合本地实际,针对城市基础设施的运行特点、监测技术和管理模式等方面,制定技术规范、管理规程等标准,构建城市基础设施安全运行监测标准体系[22]
合肥等地在城市生命线监测运营方面积累了丰富的经验[23],建设了涵盖监测值守、数据分析、预警响应、运维保障、岗位职责等多个领域的规范制度,指导了监测运营服务行为,保障了各类预警事件及时有效处置,提升了城市精细化管理水平,为城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系框架搭建提供了参考。
建立标准体系框架是一项系统工程,通过梳理合肥城市生命线监测运营服务工程中形成的工作流程、工作标准、技术服务规范、岗位说明等规章制度,参考《服务业组织标准化工作指南 第2部分:标准体系构建》[24]及相关法律法规,形成了实践性高、操作性强的城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系框架,如图1所示。
城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系框架是依据监测运营服务提出的标准化方针目标,并结合监测运营服务应适应的法律法规、政策文件和指导标准建立形成的。根据各项标准在服务过程中位置的划分,分为服务通用基础标准体系、服务提供标准体系、服务保障标准体系、岗位工作标准体系。其中,服务通用基础标准体系位于标准框架的第1层,表示监测运营服务单位采用或转化国家、行业等基础标准而制定的基础性标准,为标准体系建立、实施的基础。服务提供标准体系和服务保障标准体系位于框架的第2层,为标准体系框架2个重要分支。其中,服务提供标准体系是城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系的核心,包含监测运营服务单位提供监测值守、报警分析、预警研判、日常运维等工作所依据的标准。服务保障标准体系是以支撑服务有效提供为目标的标准集合,包含场地及设施的安全管理、人员行为的规范管理等标准。岗位工作标准体系位于第3层,是服务提供标准体系和服务保障标准体系在岗位上落地的标准集合。
基于城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系框架,构建以服务通用基础标准体系为基础,服务提供标准体系为核心,服务保障标准体系为配套,岗位标准体系为支撑的城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系,如图2所示。
服务通用基础标准体系是监测运营服务标准体系的基础,是体系中其他标准制定和实施的依据,包含标准化工作标准子体系、术语与缩略语标准子体系、符号与标志子体系、数值数据标准子体系、分类和编码标准子体系。服务通用基础标准体系涵盖的标准为构建城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系应遵守制定和管理标准的方法和程序,还包括为促进相关方沟通、理解,制定的技术语言标准、符号标准以及标准化符号等标准。
标准化工作标准子体系用于指导城市生命线监测运营服务中相关标准化文件的起草。术语与缩略语标准子体系主要规范城市生命线监测运营服务中与城市生命线有关的术语。符号与标志子体系主要规范与城市生命线安全工程相关的图形符号、安全标志及其使用导则、公共图形信息符号、设备用图形符号。数值数据标准子体系主要规范城市生命线监测运营服务过程中涉及的基础数据、监测数据。分类和编码标准子体系主要规范城市生命线安全工程信息模型分类和编码。
服务提供标准体系是监测运营服务标准体系的核心,用于指导城市生命线监测运营服务,如图3所示。通过建立服务实现标准体系,规范监测运营服务各项内容。同时,要将监测运营过程中涉及的场所、人员等内容整合,建立运行管理规范。还要制定服务评价与改进标准,来综合评价监测运营服务质量,进而有针对性的优化服务内容保障服务质量。
1) 服务实现标准体系。该体系包括监测运营服务的服务通则、监测系统规划与建设、监测预警服务、运维服务等方面。其中,服务通则主要从人员行为、着装、用语等方面提出基本要求。决策规划标准是开展城市生命线安全工程前的规划准备阶段,从城市整体安全需求方面规划设计城市生命线安全监测工作。监测建设标准是城市生命线安全监测的基础,包含生命线监测对象确定、监测布点选取、监测系统建设、监测效果评估等方面。监测预警标准是服务实现标准的核心,包括日常监测、分析研判和预警联动3方面。运维服务标准从信息化运维、监测设备运维、设备标定校准、巡检养护等方面进行规范。信息服务标准包括监测分析报告编制要求及信息咨询服务要求2方面。服务质量控制标准是用于保障监测运营服务质量,具体包括客户投诉处理和客户满意度管理2方面。
2) 运行管理规范体系。该体系对专家库管理、运维配套设施管理、值守中心管理及运维仓库管理提出要求,使人员、场所、设施的运行管理有据可依。
3) 服务评级与改进标准体系。该体系不断优化监测运营服务,全面提升监测运营服务水平,包含《服务业组织标准化工作指南 第4部分:标准实施及评价》[25]《服务业组织标准化工作指南 第5部分:改进》[26]
服务保障标准体系是为保障服务和管理有序开展,以对人、车、财、物的管理为核心,涵盖环境与能源、安全与应急、设施设备及用品、信息管理、财务与审计、人力资源、法务与合同、职业健康、综合管理等标准,以支撑服务有效提供为目标的标准集合,按其内在联系形成的科学的有机整体。
1) 环境与能源标准。为积极响应国家节能降耗的要求,结合城市生命线监测运营服务实际需要,从节约能源的角度制订能源节约管理规范、办公室环境管理规范。
2) 安全与应急标准。为保证监测运营人员及场所的安全,制订人员安全、设施安全、消防安全及现场安全方面的标准规范。同时结合城市生命线监测运营服务过程中可能出现的安全风险,从应急角度制订突然停电、爆炸、火灾、地震等方面的应急处置流程,充分保障人员安全,提升突发事件应急处置能力。
3) 设施设备及用品标准。为保障办公用品、监控设备、电梯设备、劳动防护用品及空调等用品/设施的规范性使用,围绕选购、安装调试、使用与维护保养、停用改造与报废等环节,从用品/设施的全生命周期出发,制订相关的设施设备及用品的管理标准。
4) 信息管理标准。围绕信息安全技术管理,将信息系统安全通用技术要求、信息系统安全等级保护基本要求及信息安全风险处理实施指南纳入信息管理标准。同时建立网站管理规范及微信公众号运营管理规范。
5) 财务与审计标准。从财务管理、票据管理、费用报销、预算管理、固定资产管理以及采购管理这些方面构建财务与审计标准。
6) 人力资源标准。搭建全周期人力资源管理规范,从员工考勤管理、薪资福利管理、培训与人才开发管理、入离职管理、员工异动管理及员工奖惩管理这些方面提出要求。
7) 法务与合同标准。围绕档案管理、项目服务合同管理以及保密管理等方面,构建法务与合同标准。
8) 职业健康标准。为保障员工的职业健康安全,将职业健康安全管理要求及使用指南、职业健康管理规范纳入职业健康标准。
9) 综合管理标准。涵盖党政机关公文格式、公务车辆管理规范、办公文书管理规范、印章管理规范以及证照管理规范。
岗位标准体系是为了保障服务提供标准体系和服务保障标准体系有效实施,以岗位作业为组成要素的标准按其内在联系形成的科学有机整体。依照岗位职责及工作内容分为决策层、管理层、操作层工作标准。岗位标准规范要包含工作范围、职责和岗位目标,通过建立规范的岗位标准体系,明确各岗位的工作要求、工作范围及工作职责,有力保障监测运营服务目标的实现。
1) 从城市生命线监测运营服务的关键环节出发,建立监测运营服务标准体系框架,结合监测运营先进经验,参考服务业标准化工作规范,构建城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系。
2) 通过明确监测值守、联动预警响应、岗位职责等工作要求,解决城市生命线监测运营服务面临的预警联动响应不及时、岗位职能交叉等问题,为城市生命线安全运行提供主动式安全保障。
3) 为适应城市生命线监测运营服务工作的快速发展,需结合行业应用发展趋势,持续更新完善城市生命线监测运营服务标准体系。结合标准制定、编制及实施计划,全面推动标准体系落地应用。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3807601)
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0098
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-07-22
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3807601)
作者信息
    1 清华大学合肥公共安全研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2 合肥市城市生命线工程安全运行监测中心,安徽 合肥 230601
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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