Article(id=1149735929889342419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)10-0221-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0310, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1721491200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048006746, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048006746, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048006746, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048006746, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735925967663173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048005811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361993174, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830100474082271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830100478276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=221, endPage=228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735930124223444, articleId=1149735929889342419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on joint reserve decision-making of government and enterprises under quantity flexibility contract, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the applicability and scalability of the joint reserve model for social emergency supplies,and reduce the reserve risks of the government and manufacturers,raw material suppliers were used to propose a government-led Stackelberg three-tier joint reserve model of government and enterprises under a quantity flexibility contract. In this model,the government and manufacturer engaged in joint a stockpile of physical emergency supplies,while the suppliers were responsible for stockpiling raw materials for the production of emergency supplies. The inverse-order solution method in game theory was used to analyze the optimal reserve quantity of the three parties to balance the expected profit and cost. Moreover,the advantages of the proposed three-tier supply chain model involving government and enterprises were evaluated. Finally,the model performance was validated by numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis. The results demonstrated that the three-tier joint government-enterprise stockpile model not only improved the overall emergency stockpile volume under specific market conditions but also reduced the government's storage risk. Furthermore,it can enhance the profitability of high-performing enterprises and reinforce the structure and efficacy of the emergency stockpile system.

, correspAuthors=Keting GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lingjun GONG, Xingyu JIANG, Keting GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735936797360193, articleId=1149735929889342419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=数量柔性契约下的政企三方联合储备决策研究, columnId=1149733268855108116, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=应急技术与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高社会化应急物资联合储备模式的适用性和拓展性、降低政府和制造商的储备风险,引入原材料供应商构建数量柔性契约下政府主导的Stackelberg政企三级联合储备模型。在该模型中,政府和制造商共同储备应急物资的实物,而供应商则负责储备生产应急物资的原材料。使用博弈论中逆序求解法分析政企三方各自的最优储备量,均衡状态下的期望利润和期望成本;并与政府单独储备模式进行对比,以评估政企三级供应链的优势;最后,通过数值模拟和敏感性分析的方法验证结论。研究结果表明:特定的市场条件下,政企三级联合储备模式不仅能够提高整体应急物资储备量,也可降低政府储存风险,提高企业利润,还可强化应急物资储备系统的结构和效能。

, correspAuthors=郭柯廷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 郭柯廷(1997—),男,河南林州人,博士研究生,研究方向为物流与供应链管理、应急管理。E-mail:
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巩玲君 (1989—),女,山东临沂人,博士,讲师,博士生导师,主要从事物流与供应链管理、应急管理、军民融合、国民经济动员等方面的研究。E-mail:

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巩玲君 (1989—),女,山东临沂人,博士,讲师,博士生导师,主要从事物流与供应链管理、应急管理、军民融合、国民经济动员等方面的研究。E-mail:

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巩玲君 (1989—),女,山东临沂人,博士,讲师,博士生导师,主要从事物流与供应链管理、应急管理、军民融合、国民经济动员等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Systems Engineering, 2024, 42(1): 87-99., articleTitle=Multi-stage reserve decision of government and enterprise emergency supplies based on agent storage mode, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167812035703218766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, awardId=23CGL068, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金资助(23CGL068), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167812032213557800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167812032230335017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, companyId=1167812032213557800, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=International Business School,Hainan University,Haikou Hainan 570228,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167812032238723626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, companyId=1167812032213557800, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 国际商学院,海南 海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167812034704974404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of government and supply chain reserves, figureFileSmall=cvQg/7Xxfi12OuB3HoERPw==, figureFileBig=a3LExhDEA0vzuZLb4JamQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812034797249093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=CN, label=图1, caption=政府和供应链储备量对比, figureFileSmall=cvQg/7Xxfi12OuB3HoERPw==, figureFileBig=a3LExhDEA0vzuZLb4JamQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812034855969350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of government expected cost, figureFileSmall=cwJSfMo5Yr3oS+WqZYrFcg==, figureFileBig=qq7xUjMj4sa7/574v+e1pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812034931466823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=CN, label=图2, caption=政府期望成本对比, figureFileSmall=cwJSfMo5Yr3oS+WqZYrFcg==, figureFileBig=qq7xUjMj4sa7/574v+e1pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812035006964296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of enterprises' expected profits, figureFileSmall=dYbIvr6CVM7U8RK0kb/cNQ==, figureFileBig=Bh4lE9+Cxv5sJU75m8QZEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812035124404809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=CN, label=图3, caption=企业期望利润对比, figureFileSmall=dYbIvr6CVM7U8RK0kb/cNQ==, figureFileBig=Bh4lE9+Cxv5sJU75m8QZEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812035216679498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensitivity analysis of emergency occurrence probability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ 政企三方联合储备模式 政府单独储备模式
Q c * Q 1 * Q 2 * Π s 1 * Π m 1 * Π g 1 * Q 0 * Π s 0 * Π m 0 * Π g 0 *
0.44 114 9 316 4 743 95 406 310 329 1 118 644 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
0.54 3 796 7 590 3 865 96 257 438 046 1 318 525 6 590 32 950 329 502 1 449 977
0.64 6 328 6 404 3 261 96 842 525 851 1 459 068 8 685 43 427 434 267 1 569 981
0.74 8 176 5 539 2 820 97 269 589 926 1 563 290 10 214 51 072 510 718 1 660 253
0.84 9 583 4 880 2 485 97 594 638 744 1 646 909 11 379 56 897 568 966 1 731 414
0.94 10 691 4 360 2 220 97 850 677 175 1 714 046 12 296 61 482 614 820 1 789 561
), ArticleFig(id=1167812035292176971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

突发事件发生概率的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ 政企三方联合储备模式 政府单独储备模式
Q c * Q 1 * Q 2 * Π s 1 * Π m 1 * Π g 1 * Q 0 * Π s 0 * Π m 0 * Π g 0 *
0.44 114 9 316 4 743 95 406 310 329 1 118 644 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
0.54 3 796 7 590 3 865 96 257 438 046 1 318 525 6 590 32 950 329 502 1 449 977
0.64 6 328 6 404 3 261 96 842 525 851 1 459 068 8 685 43 427 434 267 1 569 981
0.74 8 176 5 539 2 820 97 269 589 926 1 563 290 10 214 51 072 510 718 1 660 253
0.84 9 583 4 880 2 485 97 594 638 744 1 646 909 11 379 56 897 568 966 1 731 414
0.94 10 691 4 360 2 220 97 850 677 175 1 714 046 12 296 61 482 614 820 1 789 561
), ArticleFig(id=1167812035359285836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensitivity analysis of manufacturer's flexible purchasing prices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
w1 政企三方联合储备模式 政府单独储备模式
Q c * Q 1 * Q 2 * Π s 1 * Π m 1 * Π g 1 * Q 0 * Π s 0 * Π m 0 * Π g 0 *
100 114 124 7 801 64 782 352 730 1 178 661 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
102 114 461 7 710 66 301 355 333 1 175 450 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
104 114 788 7 620 67 742 357 497 1 172 431 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
221 114 10 256 4 369 97 208 294 935 1 115 189 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
223 114 10 337 4 337 97 351 293 532 1 114 911 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
225 114 10 417 4 304 97 489 292 140 1 114 640 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
), ArticleFig(id=1167812035459949133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735929889342419, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

制造商柔性采购价格的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
w1 政企三方联合储备模式 政府单独储备模式
Q c * Q 1 * Q 2 * Π s 1 * Π m 1 * Π g 1 * Q 0 * Π s 0 * Π m 0 * Π g 0 *
100 114 124 7 801 64 782 352 730 1 178 661 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
102 114 461 7 710 66 301 355 333 1 175 450 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
104 114 788 7 620 67 742 357 497 1 172 431 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
221 114 10 256 4 369 97 208 294 935 1 115 189 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
223 114 10 337 4 337 97 351 293 532 1 114 911 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
225 114 10 417 4 304 97 489 292 140 1 114 640 3 542 17 712 177 116 1 279 972
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数量柔性契约下的政企三方联合储备决策研究
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巩玲君 , 姜星宇 , 郭柯廷 **
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(10): 221-228
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(10): 221-228
数量柔性契约下的政企三方联合储备决策研究
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巩玲君 , 姜星宇, 郭柯廷**
作者信息
  • 海南大学 国际商学院,海南 海口 570228
  • 巩玲君 (1989—),女,山东临沂人,博士,讲师,博士生导师,主要从事物流与供应链管理、应急管理、军民融合、国民经济动员等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 郭柯廷(1997—),男,河南林州人,博士研究生,研究方向为物流与供应链管理、应急管理。E-mail:
Research on joint reserve decision-making of government and enterprises under quantity flexibility contract
Lingjun GONG , Xingyu JIANG, Keting GUO**
Affiliations
  • International Business School,Hainan University,Haikou Hainan 570228,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0310
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为提高社会化应急物资联合储备模式的适用性和拓展性、降低政府和制造商的储备风险,引入原材料供应商构建数量柔性契约下政府主导的Stackelberg政企三级联合储备模型。在该模型中,政府和制造商共同储备应急物资的实物,而供应商则负责储备生产应急物资的原材料。使用博弈论中逆序求解法分析政企三方各自的最优储备量,均衡状态下的期望利润和期望成本;并与政府单独储备模式进行对比,以评估政企三级供应链的优势;最后,通过数值模拟和敏感性分析的方法验证结论。研究结果表明:特定的市场条件下,政企三级联合储备模式不仅能够提高整体应急物资储备量,也可降低政府储存风险,提高企业利润,还可强化应急物资储备系统的结构和效能。

数量柔性契约  /  政企三方联合储备  /  应急物资  /  原材料储备  /  三级供应链

To improve the applicability and scalability of the joint reserve model for social emergency supplies,and reduce the reserve risks of the government and manufacturers,raw material suppliers were used to propose a government-led Stackelberg three-tier joint reserve model of government and enterprises under a quantity flexibility contract. In this model,the government and manufacturer engaged in joint a stockpile of physical emergency supplies,while the suppliers were responsible for stockpiling raw materials for the production of emergency supplies. The inverse-order solution method in game theory was used to analyze the optimal reserve quantity of the three parties to balance the expected profit and cost. Moreover,the advantages of the proposed three-tier supply chain model involving government and enterprises were evaluated. Finally,the model performance was validated by numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis. The results demonstrated that the three-tier joint government-enterprise stockpile model not only improved the overall emergency stockpile volume under specific market conditions but also reduced the government's storage risk. Furthermore,it can enhance the profitability of high-performing enterprises and reinforce the structure and efficacy of the emergency stockpile system.

quantity flexibility contract  /  joint reserves of government and enterprises  /  emergency supplies  /  reserve of raw materials  /  three-tier supply chain
巩玲君, 姜星宇, 郭柯廷. 数量柔性契约下的政企三方联合储备决策研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 221 -228 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0310
Lingjun GONG, Xingyu JIANG, Keting GUO. Research on joint reserve decision-making of government and enterprises under quantity flexibility contract[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 221 -228 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0310
我国领土辽阔、地形复杂,自然灾害如地震、干旱、风雹、洪涝等频发,造成较大的人员伤亡和财产损失。2023年,各类自然灾害使9 544.4万人次受灾,倒塌损坏房屋227.3万间,直接经济损失3 454.5亿元[1]。为快速响应灾情,截至2023年,我国已建设126个中央应急物资储备库,储备物资955万件[2]。政府统一采购储备物资应对灾后需求,若储备不足,需依赖紧急采购和社会捐赠。这一模式虽然能够快速响应,但存在储存限制、实施效率低[3]和运输成本高等问题。随着灾害频率的增加,亟需改进现有储备模式。《“十四五”国家应急体系规划》提议构建中央和地方、政府和社会、实物和产能相结合的现代化储备模式,强化物资管理并鼓励企业参与。
为降低政府储备应急物资的风险,学者们建议政府与企业合作储备。WANG Xihui等[4]基于数量柔性契约,探讨了实物储备模式对政府储备量的影响;NIKKHOO等[5]发现数量柔性契约有助于减少损失并提高群众满意度;TORABI等[6]认为,人道救援组织与多个企业签订数量柔性契约,不仅可提升救援供应链效率,还可降低供应链成本;扈衷权等[7]建立双源应急物资采购模型,研究企业的储备决策和政府的定价决策;柴亚光等[8]考虑储备周期,建立针对易受保质期影响物资的采购模型;张琳等[9]基于政企委托代理关系,结合常规采购和柔性采购,建立政企联合储备模型,此模式可降低政府成本和优化供应商收益;李晟等[10]提出代储企业之间签订契约合作,合理的契约有助于增强合作关系,提升储备水平;王喆等[11]分析维护对防汛物资损耗的影响;邵舒羽等[12]构建突发事件下政企协同演化博弈模型,表明适当的经济激励可提高物资储备效率并降低协同成本。学者们又提出储备生产能力,胡少龙等[13]证实,生产能力储备能减少实物储备量,降低供应不足的风险;ZHANG Yongling等[14]表明产能储备能提高政府资金使用效率,减轻财政压力;扈衷权等[15]探讨了制造商储备方式对采购的影响;张琳等[16]构建应急物资供给博弈模型,给出政府和契约方的最佳储备决策;姜旭等[17]基于构建政府与制造商签订物资期权契约、制造商与供应商签订原材料代储契约模型,探讨三级供应链的适用范围。综上,现有研究多集中于政府与制造商协作的二级储备模式,较少涉及生产能力储备中原材料储备层面。尽管已有学者考虑了实物与生产能力储备的结合,但相关研究仍局限于二级决策。
鉴于此,笔者拟利用数量柔性契约机制,引入原材料供应商,聚焦供应商为制造商储备生产能力所需原材料,构建由政府、制造商和供应商组成的政企三方联合储备模型,通过推导和算例分析,探讨在三级供应链决策框架下政府、制造商和供应商的最优决策,以期提高社会的应急物资储备水平,并为应急物资储备体系的现代化提供理论依据。
本文基于数量柔性契约,建立政府、制造商和供应商合作的三级供应链模式,政府和制造商分别占据第一、第二阶段决策的主导地位。
第一阶段决策涉及政府与制造商。灾前,政府以常规价格p0向制造商采购数量Qc的应急物资作为常规储备,实物的单位储存成本为hg。政府与制造商签订数量柔性契约,约定灾后以柔性价格p1采购一定数量的应急物资。制造商以价格w0向供应商购买原材料生产应急物资,生产成本为m0,并根据政府提供的契约决策代储数量Q1 + Q2,实物的单位储存成本为hm。第二阶段决策涉及制造商和供应商。由于灾害事件的不确定性,制造商为降低储备风险,与供应商签订数量柔性契约,供应商为制造商储备数量Q2的原材料,单位储存成本为hs,供应商的原材料生产成本为c(c < w0 < c + hs < w1)。紧急状态下,制造商按价格w1购买原材料,此时生产成本为m1(m1 > m0w0 + m0 + hm < w1 + m1 < p1)。
在储备期内,灾害发生概率为ρ(0 < ρ < 1),应急物资的实际需求量为x(上限为U),累积分布函数及其反函数分别为F[x]和F-1[x],期望值μ = E(x)。一旦突发事件发生,政府首先调用自身储备库中应急物资。若政府储备量不足,则政府向制造商柔性采购;若政府和制造商的储备量仍不能满足需求,则制造商向供应商柔性采购原材料并加急生产应急物资;若制造商再生产仍不满足需求,则政府需以高价M从现货市场采购。未使用的应急物资和原材料分别按残值sv处理。
1) 模型中只有一个政府、制造商和供应商,且各方签订的为单周期合同。
2) 政府、制造商和供应商均为风险中性且完全理性的主体,且主体之间信息完全对称。
3) 政府不考虑使用强制行政手段无偿征用物资或干预制造商与供应商的决策。
4) 本模型所涉及的应急物资为难以长期保持物理形态且生产周期短的物资,如医药、食品等。
5) 不考虑运输费用,交货提前期可忽略不计,制造商将生产能力转换为应急物资的速度较快。
政府单独储备仅涉及常规采购。突发事件发生前,政府以常规价格向制造商采购Q0(政府单独储备时政府储备量)单位应急物资。储备期内,无灾害事件发生时,应急物资按残值处理;突发事件发生时,若实际需求未超过政府储备(0 < xQ0),则政府调用自身储备满足需求;若实际需求超过政府储备(Q0 < xU),则政府从现货市场紧急采购。政府的期望成本函数Πg0、制造商的期望利润函数Πm0和供应商的期望利润函数Πs0如下:
$\begin{array}{c} \Pi_{g 0}=\left(p_{0}+h_{g}\right) Q_{0}-(1-\rho) s Q_{0}+ \\ \rho\left(\int_{0}^{Q_{0}} s\left(x-Q_{0}\right) f(x) \mathrm{d} x+\int_{Q_{0}}^{U} M\left(x-Q_{0}\right) f(x) \mathrm{d} x\right) \end{array}$
Π m 0 = ( p 0 - w 0 - m 0 ) Q 0
Π s 0 = ( w 0 - c ) Q 0
式(1)化简为:
Π g 0 = (p 0 + h g - s) Q 0 + ρ M μ + ρ (s - M) Q 0 - 0 Q 0 F (x) d x
求解式(4)关于Q0的二阶导数,得到$\partial^{2} \Pi_{g 0} /\partial Q_{0}{ }^{2}>0$,令$\partial \Pi_{g 0} / \partial Q_{0}=0$求得单独储备时政府成本最小的储备量 Q 0 * = F-1[1 - (p0 + hg - s) / ρ(M - s)],此时各方最优成本和利润如下:
Π g 0 * = (p 0 + h g - s) Q 0 * + ρ M μ + ρ (s - M) Q 0 * - 0 Q 0 * F (x) d x
Π m 0 * = (p 0 - w 0 - m 0) Q 0 *
Π s 0 * = (w 0 - c) Q 0 *
推论1:当突发事件发生概率满足条件(p0 + hg - s) / (M - s) < ρ < 1时,政府才会储备应急物资。
为降低大量储备应急物资的风险,政府选择与制造商签订契约,通过制定柔性价格激励制造商为其代储应急物资。制造商为降低自身储备风险,与供应商签订数量柔性契约,将部分储备转为生产能力储备。制造商先以常规价格向供应商采购原材料,生产政府和制造商储备的应急物资。再向供应商提供柔性价格,激励其储备一定数量的原材料。本模型决策过程属于政府领导的Stackelberg博弈模型,使用逆序法推导三方最优决策。
供应商选择与制造商签订数量柔性契约,决定为其储备数量Q2的原材料。储备期内,无论突发事件发生与否,供应商均可获得固定收益(w0 - c)(Qc + Q1) - Q2(c + hs)。以下分析供应商在灾害事件发生与否情况下的决策。
若储备期内无突发事件发生,制造商不会向供应商采购原材料,供应商获得残值收益vQ2
若储备期内有突发事件发生,则
1) 当0 < xQc + Q1时,政府与制造商的应急物资储备量能满足突发需求,制造商不会向供应商采购原材料,供应商获得残值收益vQ2
2) 当Qc + Q1 < xQc + Q1 + Q2时,突发事件导致的需求超过政府与制造商的储备量,制造商以柔性价格w1向供应商采购x - Qc - Q1单位的原材料以紧急生产应急物资,供应商获得未使用原材料的残值收益v(Qc + Q1 + Q2 - x)。
3) 当Qc + Q1 + Q2 < xU时,突发需求超过政企三方联合储备总量,制造商采购供应商储备的全部原材料,供应商获得收益w1Q2,无残值收益。
在储备期内供应商的期望利润函数Πs1为:
$ \begin{array}{c} \Pi_{s 1}=\left(w_{0}-c\right)\left(Q_{c}+Q_{1}\right)-\left(c+h_{s}\right) Q_{2}+ \\ (1-\rho) v Q_{2}+\rho \int_{0}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}} v Q_{2} f(x) \mathrm{d} x+ \\ \rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}}\left[w_{1}\left(x-Q_{c}-Q_{1}\right)+\right. \\ \left.v\left(Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}-x\right)\right] f(x) \mathrm{d} x+\rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}}^{U} w_{1} Q_{2} f(x) \mathrm{d} x \end{array}$
整理式(8)可得:
$\begin{array}{c} \Pi_{s 1}=\left(w_{0}-c\right)\left(Q_{c}+Q_{1}\right)-\left(c+h_{s}-v\right) Q_{2}+ \\ \rho\left(w_{1}-v\right)\left(Q_{2}-\int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}} F(x) \mathrm{d} x\right) \end{array}$
求解得到$\partial^{2} \Pi_{s 1} / \partial Q_{2}{ }^{2}<0,\Pi_{s 1}$是关于Q2的凹函数,根据极值条件,令$\partial \Pi_{s 1} / \partial Q_{2}=0$,可得:
Q 2 * = F - 1 1 - c + h s - v ρ ( w 1 - v ) - Q c - Q 1
制造商与政府签订数量柔性契约,决定为政府储备数量为Q1的应急物资,并将部分生产能力储备的责任转移给供应商。储备期内,无论突发事件发生与否,制造商均有固定收益Qc(p0 - w0 - m0) - Q1(w0 + m0 + hm)。第1部分为政府常规采购所获利润,第2部分为制造商的实物持有成本。
若储备期内无突发事件发生,制造商将未使用的应急物资做残值处理,获得残值收益sQ1
若储备期内有突发事件发生,则
1) 当0 < xQc时,政府自身储备的应急物资足以应对突发事件的需求,无需向制造商采购,制造商获得残值收益sQ1
2) 当Qc < xQc + Q1时,政府储备不足以满足需求,政府将以柔性价格p1向制造商采购x - Qc单位的应急物资,制造商获得未使用的应急物资残值收益s(Q1 + Qc - x)。
3) 当Qc + Q1 < xQc + Q1 + Q2时,政府和制造商的联合储备仍不足以应对突发需求,制造商以柔性价格w1向供应商采购x - Qc - Q1单位的原材料进行加急生产,此时制造商收益为p1(x - Qc) - (w1 + m1)(x - Qc - Q1)。
4) 当Qc + Q1 + Q2 < xU时,制造商向供应商采购契约中全部的储备量,此时制造商的收益为p1(Q1 + Q2) - Q2(w1 + m1)。
在储备期内制造商的期望利润Πm1为:
$ \begin{array}{l} \Pi_{m 1}=\left(p_{0}-w_{0}-m_{0}\right) Q_{c}-\left(w_{0}+m_{0}+h_{m}\right) Q_{1}+ \\ \quad(1-\rho) s Q_{1}+\rho \int_{0}^{Q_{c}} s Q_{1} f(x) \mathrm{d} x+ \\ \rho \int_{Q_{c}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}}\left[p_{1}\left(x-Q_{c}\right)+s\left(Q_{1}+Q_{c}-x\right)\right] f(x) \mathrm{d} x+ \\ \quad \rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}}\left[p_{1}\left(x-Q_{c}\right)-\left(w_{1}+m_{1}\right)\right.\\ \left.\left(x-Q_{c}-Q_{1}\right)\right] f(x) d x+\rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}}^{U}\left[p_{1}\left(Q_{1}+Q_{2}\right)-\right. \\ \left.\left(w_{1}+m_{1}\right) Q_{2}\right] f(x) \mathrm{d} x \end{array}$
整理式(11)可得:
$ \begin{array}{c} \Pi_{m 1}=\left(p_{0}-m_{0}-w_{0}\right) Q_{c}-\left(w_{0}+m_{0}+h_{m}-s\right) Q_{1}+ \\ \rho\left(p_{1}-s\right)\left(Q_{1}-\int_{Q_{c}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}} F(x) \mathrm{d} x\right)+ \\ \rho\left(p_{1}-w_{1}-m_{1}\right)\left(Q_{2}-\int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}} F(x) \mathrm{d} x\right) \end{array}$
Q 2 *代入式(12)得到$\partial^{2} \Pi_{m 1} / \partial Q_{1}{ }^{2}<0$, Π m 1是关于Q1的凹函数,令$\partial \Pi_{m 1} / \partial Q_{1}=0$可得:
Q 1 * = F - 1 1 - w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ρ ( w 1 + m 1 - s ) - Q c
综合考虑突发事件可能性、储备成本等因素后,政府与制造商签订柔性契约。合同约定突发事件发生后,政府能以柔性价格p1向制造商采购不超过约定数量Q1 + Q2的应急物资。在此基础上,政府决策自身储备量。无论突发事件发生与否,政府都需要承担购买和储备应急物资的费用(p0 + hg)Qc
若储备期内无突发事件发生,则政府获得应急物资的残值收益sQc
若储备期内有突发事件发生,则
1) 当0 < xQc时,政府自身储备的应急物资足以应对突发事件的需求,政府无需向制造商采购额外应急物资,政府的残值收益为s(Qc - x)。
2) 当Qc < xQc + Q1 + Q2时,政府自身储备不足以应对突发事件的需求,政府将以柔性价格p1向制造商采购x - Qc单位的应急物资。
3) 当Qc + Q1 + Q2 < xU时,政企三方联合储备不足以应对突发需求,政府以柔性价格p1向制造商采购Q1 + Q2单位的应急物资后,还需从现货市场以高价M采购x - Qc - Q1 - Q2单位的物资。
在储备期内政府的期望成本函数Πg1为:
$ \begin{array}{c} \Pi_{g 1}=\left(p_{0}+h_{g}\right) Q_{c}-(1-\rho) s Q_{c}+ \\ e_{0} \int_{c} s\left(x-Q_{c}\right) f(x) \mathrm{d} x+\rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{2}}^{Q_{c}} p_{1}\left(x-Q_{c}\right) f(x) \mathrm{d} x+ \\ \rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}}^{U} p_{1}\left(Q_{1}+Q_{2}\right) f(x) \mathrm{d} x+ \\ \rho \int_{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}}^{U} M\left(x-Q_{c}-Q_{1}-Q_{2}\right) f(x) \mathrm{d} x \end{array}$
整理式(14)可得:
$ \begin{array}{c} \Pi_{g 1}=\left(p_{0}+h_{g}-s\right) Q_{c}+\rho s\left(Q_{c}-\int_{0}^{Q_{c}} F(x) \mathrm{d} x\right)+ \\ \rho p_{1}\left(Q_{1}+Q_{2}-\int_{Q_{c}}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}} F(x) \mathrm{d} x\right)+ \\ \rho M\left(\mu-Q_{c}-Q_{1}-Q_{2}+\int_{0}^{Q_{c}+Q_{1}+Q_{2}} F(x) \mathrm{d} x\right) \end{array}$
Q 2 * Q 1 *代入式(15)得到$\partial^{2} \Pi_{g 1} / \partial Q_{c}{ }^{2}>0,\Pi_{g 1}$是关于Qc的凸函数,令$\partial \Pi_{g 1} / \partial Q_{c}=0$,可得:
Q c * = F - 1 1 - p 0 + h g - s ρ ( p 1 - s )
联立式(10)、式(13)、式(16),可得:
Q c * = F - 1 1 - p 0 + h g - s ρ ( p 1 - s ) Q 1 * = F - 1 1 - w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ρ ( w 1 + m 1 - s ) -       F - 1 1 - p 0 + h g - s ρ ( p 1 - s ) Q 2 * = F - 1 1 - c + h s - v ρ ( w 1 - v ) -       F - 1 1 - w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ρ ( w 1 + m 1 - s )
Q c * Q 2 * Q 1 *代入式(9)、式(12)、式(15)得到政府的最优成本,制造商和供应商的最优利润。此外,还需保证政府、制造商和供应商的储备量均为正值,此模型才有实际意义,得到推论2。
推论2:当突发事件发生概率ρ、柔性采购价格p1w1均满足以下条件时,数量柔性契约下政企三方联合储备模型才有效:
1) p 0 + h g - s p 1 - s ρ 1;
2) max { p 0 + h m w 1 + m 1 } p 1 ( w 1 + m 1 - s ) ( p 0 + h g - s ) w 0 + m 0 + h m - s + s;
3) m a x ( c + h s - v ) ( m 1 - s ) + ( w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ) v ( w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ) - ( c + h s - v ) w 0 + m 0 + h m - m 1 ( p 1 - s ) ( w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ) p 0 + h g - s + s - m 1 ( c + h s - v ) ( M - s ) p 0 + h g - s + s w 1 p 1 - m 1
推论3:满足下列条件时,与政府单独储备相比,政企三方联合储备模型不但可以提高应急物资储备量,还能降低政府自身储备风险,条件为:
1) p 0 + h g - s p 1 - s ρ 1;
2) max{ p 0 + h m w 1 + m 1 } p 1 ( w 1 + m 1 - s ) ( p 0 + h g - s ) w 0 + m 0 + h m - s + s;
3) m a x ( c + h s - v ) ( m 1 - s ) + ( w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ) v ( w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ) - ( c + h s - v ) w 0 + m 0 + h m - m 1 ( p 1 - s ) ( w 0 + m 0 + h m - s ) p 0 + h g - s + s - m 1 ( c + h s - v ) ( M - s ) p 0 + h g - s + s w 1 p 1 - m 1
推论4:在一定条件下,与政府单独储备模式相比,政企三方联合储备模式不仅降低政府成本,还能增加制造商和供应商的利润。
假定政府与储备应急物资实物的制造商签订数量柔性契约,制造商与储备原材料的供应商签订数量柔性契约,形成政企三级供应链。设置参数为:x ~ U(0,20 000),M = 300,p0 = 100,w0 = 30,m0 = 20,m1 = 25,hg = 15,hm = 10,hs = 5,c= 25,s = 10,v = 5(价格:元/件,储备量:件)。由推论1和推论2可知:数值模拟涉及变量p1w1ρ,为研究方便,继续假设p1 = 250,研究ρw1对最优决策的影响。使用Mathematica软件模拟政企三方联合储备模式下政府、制造商和供应商最优决策。
先作出政企三方联合储备模式下政府最优储备量 Q c *和政府单独储备模式下最优储备量 Q 0 *的图像,如图1a所示,再将政企联合储备下总储备量 Q c * + Q 1 * + Q 2 *和政府单独储备模式下最优储备量 Q 0 *对比,如图1b所示。根据参数设置,突发事件发生概率ρ和制造商柔性采购价格w1的变化范围为:7/16 < ρ <1,695/7 < w1 < 225。
1) 从图1a可以看出,政企三方联合储备模式下政府储备量图像位于下方,即政企三方联合储备模式有利于降低政府自身储备应急物资的风险,政府所承担的成本也下降,可以说政企三方联合储备模式改善了政府的储备量决策。
2) 从图1b可以看出,政企三方联合储备模式下供应链总储备量图像位于政府单独储备模式下总储备量图像的上方,即供应链储备量在政企三方联合储备模式下得到很大提升。
根据上述参数,绘制政府在2种储备模式的期望成本对比(图2),以及制造商和供应商的期望利润对比,如图3所示。这些图像反映了不同模式下各方的成本与利润差异,具体含义如下:
1) 从图2可以看出,政企三方联合储备模式下政府的期望成本图像位于政府单独储备模式图像的下方。表明政府通过与制造商和供应商合作,分担了应急物资储备的压力,有效降低整体成本。
2) 从图3可以看出,政企三方联合储备模式下制造商、供应商的利润图像均位于政府单独储备模式上方,制造商和供应商接受契约有利于提高自身利润。政企联合储备模式提高制造商和供应商在应急物资储备的参与程度,增强了在供应链中的角色。
通过均衡结果可以看出,突发事件的发生概率对政府、制造商和供应商的最优储备量决策产生显著影响。因此,在不同的突发事件发生概率下(7/16 < ρ < 1),分析政企三方协作储备的前后最优储备量、期望利润和期望成本的敏感性。以p1 = 250,w1 = 200为例,敏感性分析的数据见表1
表1可知:
1) 政企三方联合储备模式相比政府单独储备,可降低政府的储备风险。三方联合储备模式下,政府自身储备量和期望成本均下降,政府借助制造商和供应商的储备与生产能力,可降低自身储备的必要性。此外,政府向现货市场采购物资的数量也在减少,从而整体成本降低。表明三方联合储备模式具有风险分散和成本优化的效果。
2) 突发事件发生概率增大时,2种模式下政府储备量和期望成本均增加。这是因为突发事件发生概率越高,政府储备物资的需求就越大,导致更高的储备量和成本投入。然而,制造商和供应商的储备量则随之降低。当政府选择更多储备物资时,制造商和供应商的存储需求减少,他们在储备方面的负担减轻。政府对自身储备的重视程度提高,使得制造商和供应商不再需要承担过多的储备责任。
3) 随着突发事件发生概率增大,供应商和制造商的期望利润逐渐升高。突发事件发生概率越大,应急物资需求越大,政企联合储备供应链中储备的应急物资数量越多,随着储备数量的增多,作为应急物资提供者的供应商和制造商,其利润也会增大。
当政府和制造商的储备量不足时,制造商需向供应商购买原材料生产应急物资,此时涉及到制造商的柔性采购价格。因此,在不同的柔性采购价格下(695/7 < w1 < 225),分析政企三方协作储备前后的最优储备量、期望利润和期望成本的敏感性。以p1 = 250,ρ = 0.44为例,敏感性分析的数据见表2
表2可知:
1) 由于政府单独储备时不涉及数量柔性契约,政府的成本、制造商和供应商的利润均与制造商柔性采购价格无关,联合储备中政府储备量也与制造商柔性采购价格无关。
2) 随着制造商柔性采购价格的增大,制造商应急物资储备数量逐渐增多,供应商储备原材料的数量逐渐减少。因为制造商柔性采购价格增大时,制造商灾后紧急生产的成本升高,制造商倾向于自身储备更多物资而非与供应商签订数量柔性契约。
3) 政府储备量与制造商柔性采购价格无关,期望成本与其负相关;当柔性采购价格较高(低)时,制造商的期望利润与其负(正)相关,供应商的期望利润与柔性采购价格正相关。制造商柔性采购价格增大,政府、供应商选择三级联合储备模式意愿越强,制造商意愿越低。
1) 数量柔性契约机制下政企联合储备模式适用于医药、食品等难以长期保持物理形态或对储存条件要求较高且紧迫性低、生产周期短的物资,缓解了政府储备库的压力。
2) 政府是数量柔性契约的主导者,需要制定出合理的柔性采购价格才能促使企业参与到应急物资的联合储备中,同时,协作企业是否接受合作还受到突发事件发生概率的影响,只有满足多方面的条件才可能达成政企协作。
3) 文中仅分析了数量柔性契约基础上的单周期协作储备,涉及研究主体只有一个政府、一个制造商和一个供应商,但在实际运用中,往往存在多个供应链成员参与,且协作过程大都为多周期决策。后续研究中可引入多个制造商与供应商共同参与决策,并将单周期模型拓展为多周期模型。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助(23CGL068)
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0310
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-07-21
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国家社会科学基金资助(23CGL068)
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    海南大学 国际商学院,海南 海口 570228

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** 郭柯廷(1997—),男,河南林州人,博士研究生,研究方向为物流与供应链管理、应急管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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