Article(id=1149735928974979187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)10-0124-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718467200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-16, revisedDate=1723996800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048006528, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048006528, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048006528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048006528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735925967663173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048005811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361993174, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830100474082271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830100478276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735929159528567, articleId=1149735928974979187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Theoretical analysis and numerical verification of simplified mass transport model for multi-component gas, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explicit the distribution characteristics of polluted gases in factory buildings and realize efficient control of industrial building environments,the study analyzed the differences and simplification conditions between the distribution characteristics of multiple gaseous pollutants and single gaseous pollutants,clarified the transportation characteristics of multi-component mixed gases emitted simultaneously from the same source,revealed the feasibility range and principles to be followed for mass transfer simplification of multi-component mixed gases in full scale,and verified the validity of the conclusion through numerical simulation. The results show that the applicable range of the multi-component gas mass transfer simplification model is as follows: when the mixed gas emitted from the same source has no phase change and chemical reaction,and its flow parameter Reynolds number Re is above 103 and Mach number Ma < 0.3,and the physical property parameters are within the range of Knudsen number Kn < 0.01 and temperature between 0.3 Characteristic vibrational temperature θv and T',the components can be simplified for studying the distribution characteristics of pollutants. The simplified deviation stems from the difference in volume force per unit mass of the mixed gas before and after simplification (ΔF). When simplifying,it is necessary to ensure that the ratio of ΔF to the main driving force is less than 0.01. The theoretical model's application range and simplification principle agree with the simulation results. It is proved that a variety of gaseous pollutants can be simplified into a single type under the condition that the simplification principle is met within the applicable scope to explore the distribution characteristics of pollutants.

, correspAuthors=Yi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingxue CAO, Jinxiao WANG, Yi WANG, Yanqiu HUANG, Haodong LI, Xiaojing MENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735940995854816, articleId=1149735928974979187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=多组分气体传质简化模型理论分析及数值验证, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确厂房内污染气体的分布特征,高效控制工业建筑环境,研究分析多种气态污染物与单一气态污染物分布特征间的区别及简化条件,明确同源同时散发的多组分混合气体的运输特性,揭示全尺度中多组分混合气体传质简化的可行性范围及需遵循的原则,并通过数值模拟验证结论的有效性。结果表明: 多组分气体传质简化模型的适用范围为:同源散发的混合气体在无相变和化学反应时,其流动参数雷诺数Re量级在103以上,且马赫数Ma<0.3时,物性参数在克努森数Kn<0.01且温度在0.3倍的振动特征温度θv和沸腾温度T'之间,可简化组分进行污染物分布特征研究;简化偏差源于简化前后单位质量混合气体体积力之差(ΔF),简化时需保障ΔF与主要驱动力之比小于0.01;理论模型的适用范围及简化原则与模拟结果相符,证明在适用范围内满足简化原则的条件下,可以将多种气态污染物简化为单一种类探究污染物分布特征。

, correspAuthors=王怡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 王怡(1970—),女,山东龙口人,博士,教授,主要从事工业建筑环境方面的研究。E-mail:
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曹莹雪 (1988—),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事工业建筑环境主-被联合控制技术、工业职业健康评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

黄艳秋,教授;

孟晓静,教授

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New York: Springer, 2002: 134-154., articleTitle=Computational methods for fluid dynamics:Third, rev.Edition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167812227789762880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928974979187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=103, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=27, authorNames=普朗特·奥斯瓦提奇[德], 维格哈特[德], journalName=郭永怀,陆士嘉,译, refType=null, unstructuredReference=普朗特·奥斯瓦提奇[德], 维格哈特[德]. 流体力学概论[M]. 郭永怀,陆士嘉,译. 北京: 科学出版社,2016: 103-128., articleTitle=流体力学概论, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167812227861066049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928974979187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=10, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=章梓雄, 董曾南, journalName=粘性流体力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=章梓雄, 董曾南. 粘性流体力学[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社,1998: 10-20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167812227928174914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928974979187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=9, pageStart=1, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=29, authorNames=CAO Yingxue, WANG Yi, ZHOU Yu, journalName=Building Simulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Yingxue, WANG Yi, ZHOU Yu, et al. Spatio-temporal distribution of gaseous pollutants from multiple sources in industrial buildings with different flow patterns[J]. 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注:Re为雷诺数;Ma为马赫数;Re~O(103)代表雷诺数数量级在103以上;Ref为管流雷诺数;u为流动速度。

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注:Cp为定压比热容;Cv为定容比热容;Kn为克努森数;Tv为气体的振动特征温度,K;T'为沸腾温度,K。

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Numerical simulation working conditions

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序号 气体组分/% 温度/K 初速度/(m·s-1) R1 R2
1 HF:50 CO2:5 He:5 300 10 0.000 6 0.118
2 HF:5 CO2:20 He:2 300 5 0.002 19 0.313
3 HF:55 CO2:35 He:5 800 1 1.12 0.26
4 HF:5 CO2:40 He:50 800 0.1 290 0.47
5 SO2:20 CO2:5 He:70 800 0.5 643 0.897
6 HF:1 CO2:1 He:95 300 0.5 0.612 0.093
7 SO2:80 CO2:5 He:5 800 0.5 0.117 8 0.008 94
8 SO2:20 CO2:30 He:45 800 0.5 16.79 1.031
9 SO2:20 CO2:30 He:45 300 0.5 6.295 75.15
10 SO2:25 CO2:22 He:48 300 0.5 6.934 411.12
), ArticleFig(id=1167812225344483618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928974979187, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 气体组分/% 温度/K 初速度/(m·s-1) R1 R2
1 HF:50 CO2:5 He:5 300 10 0.000 6 0.118
2 HF:5 CO2:20 He:2 300 5 0.002 19 0.313
3 HF:55 CO2:35 He:5 800 1 1.12 0.26
4 HF:5 CO2:40 He:50 800 0.1 290 0.47
5 SO2:20 CO2:5 He:70 800 0.5 643 0.897
6 HF:1 CO2:1 He:95 300 0.5 0.612 0.093
7 SO2:80 CO2:5 He:5 800 0.5 0.117 8 0.008 94
8 SO2:20 CO2:30 He:45 800 0.5 16.79 1.031
9 SO2:20 CO2:30 He:45 300 0.5 6.295 75.15
10 SO2:25 CO2:22 He:48 300 0.5 6.934 411.12
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多组分气体传质简化模型理论分析及数值验证
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曹莹雪 1, 2 , 王金宵 2 , 王怡 1, 3, ** , 黄艳秋 1, 3 , 李浩东 2 , 孟晓静 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 124-133
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 124-133
多组分气体传质简化模型理论分析及数值验证
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曹莹雪1, 2 , 王金宵2, 王怡1, 3, ** , 黄艳秋1, 3, 李浩东2, 孟晓静2
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 绿色建筑全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3 西安建筑科技大学 建筑设备科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 曹莹雪 (1988—),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事工业建筑环境主-被联合控制技术、工业职业健康评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

    黄艳秋,教授;

    孟晓静,教授

通讯作者:

** 王怡(1970—),女,山东龙口人,博士,教授,主要从事工业建筑环境方面的研究。E-mail:
Theoretical analysis and numerical verification of simplified mass transport model for multi-component gas
Yingxue CAO1, 2 , Jinxiao WANG2, Yi WANG1, 3, ** , Yanqiu HUANG1, 3, Haodong LI2, Xiaojing MENG2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Green Building,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 School of Resource Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 3 School of Building Services Science and Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0125
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为明确厂房内污染气体的分布特征,高效控制工业建筑环境,研究分析多种气态污染物与单一气态污染物分布特征间的区别及简化条件,明确同源同时散发的多组分混合气体的运输特性,揭示全尺度中多组分混合气体传质简化的可行性范围及需遵循的原则,并通过数值模拟验证结论的有效性。结果表明: 多组分气体传质简化模型的适用范围为:同源散发的混合气体在无相变和化学反应时,其流动参数雷诺数Re量级在103以上,且马赫数Ma<0.3时,物性参数在克努森数Kn<0.01且温度在0.3倍的振动特征温度θv和沸腾温度T'之间,可简化组分进行污染物分布特征研究;简化偏差源于简化前后单位质量混合气体体积力之差(ΔF),简化时需保障ΔF与主要驱动力之比小于0.01;理论模型的适用范围及简化原则与模拟结果相符,证明在适用范围内满足简化原则的条件下,可以将多种气态污染物简化为单一种类探究污染物分布特征。

气态污染物  /  多组分气体  /  传质简化模型  /  简化原则  /  数值模拟

In order to explicit the distribution characteristics of polluted gases in factory buildings and realize efficient control of industrial building environments,the study analyzed the differences and simplification conditions between the distribution characteristics of multiple gaseous pollutants and single gaseous pollutants,clarified the transportation characteristics of multi-component mixed gases emitted simultaneously from the same source,revealed the feasibility range and principles to be followed for mass transfer simplification of multi-component mixed gases in full scale,and verified the validity of the conclusion through numerical simulation. The results show that the applicable range of the multi-component gas mass transfer simplification model is as follows: when the mixed gas emitted from the same source has no phase change and chemical reaction,and its flow parameter Reynolds number Re is above 103 and Mach number Ma < 0.3,and the physical property parameters are within the range of Knudsen number Kn < 0.01 and temperature between 0.3 Characteristic vibrational temperature θv and T',the components can be simplified for studying the distribution characteristics of pollutants. The simplified deviation stems from the difference in volume force per unit mass of the mixed gas before and after simplification (ΔF). When simplifying,it is necessary to ensure that the ratio of ΔF to the main driving force is less than 0.01. The theoretical model's application range and simplification principle agree with the simulation results. It is proved that a variety of gaseous pollutants can be simplified into a single type under the condition that the simplification principle is met within the applicable scope to explore the distribution characteristics of pollutants.

gaseous pollutants  /  multi-component gas  /  mass transfer simplification model  /  simplification principle  /  numerical simulation
曹莹雪, 王金宵, 王怡, 黄艳秋, 李浩东, 孟晓静. 多组分气体传质简化模型理论分析及数值验证. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 124 -133 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0125
Yingxue CAO, Jinxiao WANG, Yi WANG, Yanqiu HUANG, Haodong LI, Xiaojing MENG. Theoretical analysis and numerical verification of simplified mass transport model for multi-component gas[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 124 -133 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0125
工业活动所产生的污染气体通常具有复杂多样的特性,气态污染物组分不同,其物化性质不同,职业接触限值也存在差异,如电解铝工艺中产生的电解烟气含有氟化物、二氧化硫、粉尘等污染物[1],其中的氟化氢属于剧毒气体,短期暴露于高浓度的氟化氢,可引起眼、鼻、喉部的刺激和疼痛。长期暴露于低浓度的氟化氢,则可能引起慢性呼吸道疾病、骨骼病变、牙齿损害等[2]。据我国卫生健康委员会统计,2022年,全国共报告各类职业病新病例11 108例[3]。因此,有效控制多组分污染气体,践行职业健康保护行动,对维护全体劳动者身体健康至关重要[4]
目前针对多组分气体传质的研究,主要集中在低速、低压、高温高速条件下的多组分气体各组分传输特征上。在低速方面,肖峻锋等[5]探究了高含硫天然气发生泄漏,研究结果表明:CH4与H2S的含量比和管道压力与天然气爆炸危险性呈正相关,而风速为负相关,当CH4和H2S体积分数含量比为19、管道压力为7.5 kPa、通风速率为5m/s时,结果安全性最高;王浩等[6]探究了混合物模型和组分传输模型在低速通风管道中多组分气体混合条件下模拟结果的差异及其原因,结果表明:在多组分气体混合过程中必须考虑质量传递的作用,组分传输模型计算中将其包含,更适合多组分传输问题,而混合物模型模拟低速通风管道内的浓度扩散过程,会低估污染气体的扩散程度。在低压方面,张春燕等[7]数值模拟了H2-Air混合物燃烧过程,再现了不同初始压力下火焰传播过程及流场扰动状况,发现当H2体积分数一定时,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随初始压力降低而线性降低;RUBTSOV等[8]探究了低压下甲烷-空气混合气体燃烧前缘与圆柱形障碍物的相互作用,试验观察到,在298 K和1.33×104~3.99×104Pa条件下,充分稀释的甲烷-氧气混合物在火焰传播时,火焰前缘在直径为30~50 mm的圆柱状障碍物后面不会形成冯·卡门涡脱落,在相同条件下热产物的流动存在不稳定性。在高温高速方面,QI Chang等[9]研究了乙烯/丙烷混合物的可燃性上限(Upper Flammable Limit,UFL),结果表明:乙烯和丙烷的UFL与温度呈正相关,与压力呈负相关,随着混合燃料中乙烯比例的增加,压力增加对混合燃料UFL的影响变得不那么明显;HAUNG Cunkui等[10]测量了沥青饱和砂中溶剂在高温/高压条件下的有效扩散系数,发现正己烷在沥青饱和砂中的有效扩散系数与正己烷和沥青混合物黏度的关系可以表示为幂律关系。当前对于多组分气体传质的研究存在两级分化的现象,具有初始动量通量或浮力通量的通风条件,即中温中速条件下,多组分气体各组分传输特征的研究还不够充分,对于该条件下,是否可以将实际中的多种气态污染物形成的流场特征,简化为以单一组分污染物为代表的流动进行研究,尚无明确结论。
鉴于此,笔者拟分析工业建筑内部多种气态污染物与单一气态污染物分布特征间的区别及简化条件,明确同源同时散发的多组分混合气体的运输特性,揭示全尺度中多组分混合气体传质简化的可行性范围及需遵循的原则,并通过数值模拟验证结论的有效性,以期为简化此类现象为边界条件的研究提供一定的依据。
流动特性中可行性范围的界定如图1所示。随着宏观速度的增加,流动从阶段①中主要由分子传输驱动,过渡到阶段②分子传输和对流传输共同作用,然后是阶段③、④,对流传输成主导,最后是阶段⑤、⑥,对流传输对物质特质产生影响,影响程度因不同物质而异[11-12]。对多组分混合气体而言,阶段①、②、⑤、⑥中的流动需要考虑组元间物质特性差异,不能简化多组分混合气体的物质种类及其份额;阶段③、④中,可忽略分子传输和不同组元之间的物质特性差异,简化多组分传质过程中的物质种类及份额。
因此,在阶段③、④(Re~Ο(103)以上且Ma<0.3)的流动过程中,对于同时释放的同源多组分混合气体来说,不同组元气体的摩尔分数分布是相同的。在确保流体流动状态不受影响的前提下,可简化多组分混合气体的物质种类,以简化研究问题的边界条件的复杂度[13]
由于物质特性在热力学中常用p-T-v(压力-温度-体积)图表示,而单位物质密度ρ和体积v可相互转换,所以将复杂的三维p-T-v图简化为2部分:上半部分的T-ρ图和下半部分的p-ρ图。按密度轴整理物质传输特性的相关参数,物质特性中可行性范围的界定如图2所示。模型①—③的密度随着温度的降低而增加;模型④—⑤的密度随着压力的升高而增加。
图2中,随着宏观温度降低,物质从模型①(物质决定比热容)阶段,过渡到模型②(不同气体比热容相近)阶段,最后进入模型③(物质热力特性不稳定)阶段。物质的相态会随微小的压力或温度差异而改变。即在多组分混合气体中,模型①和③的情况需要考虑不同组元之间的物质特性差异,不能简化多组分混合气体的物质种类和份额,否则会导致较大的偏差;而在模型②的情况下,物质具有相似的比热容,即受热膨胀程度相近,因此,简化多组分传质过程中的物质组成,无需考虑不同组元之间的物质特性差异。随宏观压力升高,物质从模型④阶段逐渐过渡到模型⑤阶段。在模型④阶段,分子之间的距离非常大,可以忽略分子之间的碰撞,仅考虑分子与壁面的碰撞,不同物质间差异非常明显。而在模型⑤阶段,可使用宏观参数平均值来描述流体微团的特性[14]。其中,模型⑤热力特性与模型③相近。即对于多组分混合气体,需要考虑模型④中不同组元之间的物质特性差异,不能简化传质过程中多组分混合气体的物质种类和份额,否则会产生显著差异。而在模型⑤中,可忽略不同组元之间的物质特性差异,简化多组分传质可行。此外,在高温或低压的情况下,分子传质中的热致扩散效应和压致扩散效应在常温和常压下并不明显,亦将凸显出来。热致扩散效应和压致扩散效应常在医药和污水处理行业有所应用[15-16]
因此,综合考虑密度因素时,对于同源项同时释放的多组分混合气体而言,在模型②和模型⑤(Kn<0.01且T'<T<0.3Tv)中的物质,其混合气体宏观物质特性由各组元的参数统计平均得到,且不同种类的气体比热容相近。因此,在保证不改变流体本身的流动状态的前提下,可简化传质过程中多组分混合气体物质种类,进而达到简化研究问题边界条件复杂程度的目的。
综上,可得到简化多组分混合气体传质过程的可行性范围,如图3所示。
图3可知:对于同一源项同时释放的多组分混合气体而言,没有相变和化学反应时,如果其流动参数在雷诺数Re~Ο(103)以上且马赫数Ma<0.3的范围内,物性参数在克努森数Kn<0.01和T'<T<0.3Tv的范围内,各种气体的比热容相近,且仅考虑流体微团的整体运动而忽略分子传输,微团中的各组分摩尔分数同源自相似[13]。即在中温中压中速区,在保证不改变流体本身的流动状态的前提下,可简化多组分混合气体传质过程中的物质种类。总之,多组分传质简化的3个限制条件为:
1) 多组分传质的流动参数在雷诺数Re~O(103)以上且马赫数Ma<0.3范围内。
2) 多组分传质的物性参数在克努森数Kn<0.01 和T'<T<0.3Tv的范围内。
3) 简化时不改变流体本身的流动状态。
上述条件即为多组分传质简化模型的适用范围。另外,上述条件与流动模式无关。即无论其在厂房内部呈现怎样的流动模式,只要污染物的流动符合上述条件,多组分传质问题均可简化为二组元传质。
由于多组分传质在简化前后混合气体的密度不同[17],不同的流体密度会引起流动在体积力上的差异[18-19],单位质量混合气体的差异记作ΔF,当ΔF过大时,流体的受力状态就会和实际情况有所出入,则可能进一步导致无法保证简化后的流动状态与原状态相同。
简化前实际工况为n组元的混合气体,摩尔质量为Mm,初始条件下,环境温度为T0,混合气体的温度为T0T,摩尔质量为Mii组元的摩尔分数是xi,摩尔质量为M的空气摩尔分数是x,则有:
i = 1 n x i + x = 1
i = 1 n x i M i + x M = M m
简化后为空气与单一种类污染物所组成的二组元混合气体,选取摩尔质量为M1的第1组元气体作为代表性污染物,其摩尔分数为x1',空气的摩尔分数为x',则二组元混合气体的摩尔质量为Mb,原混合气体中的第2到第n组元气体称为被简化组元,则有:
x ' 1 + x ' = 1
x 1 ' M 1 + x ' M = M b
在研究过程中,要保证简化前后污染物M1的质量流量GG'相同[13],即:
y 1 · ρ m · A · u · g = y 1 ' · ρ b · A ' · u ' · g '
式中:y1y1'分别为污染物M1简化前后的质量分数;ρmρb分别为多组分混合气体和双元混合气体的密度,kg/m3;AA'为释放源的面积,m2;uu'为释放速度,m/s;gg'为重力加速度,m/s2。简化前后并不改变其他参数,以及质量分数与摩尔分数之间的转换关系:
y i = x i M i M m
与量热完全气体状态方程:
p M m = ρ m R ( T 0 + Δ T )
联立式(5)—式(7)可得:
x 1 = x 1 '
由式(3)、式(4)、式(8)可得:
x 1 M 1 + ( 1 - x 1 ) M = M b
因此,借鉴附加浓度浮力的定义[17]及浮力的计算方法[20],代入式(1)、式(2)、式(7)和式(9),经计算可得ΔF的计算式为:
Δ F = T 0 + Δ T T 0 M g 1 M b - 1 M m = g T 0 + Δ T T 0 M Δ M 1 M m M b
式中ΔM1为简化前后混合气体摩尔质量差。
Δ M 1 = M m - M b = i = 2 n x i ( M i - M )
从式(11)可以看出,去除这个问题中的不变量——gT0M,ΔF的影响因素主要有3项:
1) ΔT。混合气体与环境空气的温度差值,总体上ΔT项与ΔF呈正相关的趋势。
2) MmMb。简化前后的混合气体的摩尔质量MmMb项与ΔF呈负相关的趋势。
3) ΔM1。由式(11)可知:ΔM1项为复合参数。ΔM1项表征被简化组分与空气的质量离散程度。ΔM1项可能等于0,进而导致ΔF等于0: i = 2 n x i 0 Δ M 1 0,当被简化组元的摩尔分数均很小,也就是被简化组元在多组分混合气体中所占比例很小时,ΔM1 项也将趋于0。
i = 2 n ( M i - M ) 0 Δ M 1 0,当被简化组元的摩尔质量与空气的摩尔质量差值均很小,也就是被简化组元与空气的摩尔质量非常接近时,ΔM1 项将趋于0。
i = 2 n x i ( M i - M ) 0 Δ M 1 0,当被简化组元与空气的加权摩尔质量差之和很小,ΔM1 项将趋于0。因此,也就得出ΔM1项趋于0条件下3个对应的代表性组元选取方法:
m a x { x i } i = 1,2 n
m a x { | M i - M } i = 1,2 n
m a x { | x i ( M i - M ) | } i = 1,2 n
在上述3个条件中,选取一个使得ΔM1项最小,这样确定的代表性组元,则尽可能减小多组分传质简化所引起的偏差ΔF
经分析,当多组分传质简化偏差ΔF过大时,流体的受力状态会与实际情况不同,从而导致简化后的流动状态与原状态不同。从流体受力平衡来确定简化原则,在多组分简化的可行性范围内,可忽略属于分子传输的黏性项和压力项中的表面力部分,在流动过程中的主要受力为惯性力项和体积力项。当单位质量混合气体的ΔF远小于其受到的惯性力或体积力时,则可以忽略偏差,保证简化后和简化前的多组分传质流动状态相同。因此,分别讨论当主要受力是惯性力项或体积力项时,多组分传质在简化可行性范围内需要保障的原则如下:
1) 惯性力项为流动主要动力。已知单位质量的多组分混合气体受到的惯性力Fi-m的计算式为 [20-21]:
F i - m = l 2 u 2
R1为ΔF与惯性力通量之比,即
R 1 = Δ F F i - m
将式(10)和式(15)代入式(16),整理可得:
R 1 = g l 2 u 2 T 0 + Δ T T 0 M M m - M M b = g l 2 u 2 T 0 + Δ T T 0 M Δ M 1 M m M b
其中,
Δ M 1 = M m - M b = i = 2 n x i ( M i - M )
表征简化前后混合气体摩尔质量差,则:
① 当 R 1 = Δ F F i - m 1时,则说明多组分混合气体的惯性力通量远远大于ΔF,可忽略多组分传质简化偏差。
② 当 R 1 = Δ F F i - m 1时,则说明多组分混合气体的惯性力通量与ΔF的量级相当,不可忽略多组分传质简化偏差,否则流动状态将与实际工况不符。
③ 当 R 1 = Δ F F i - m 1时,则说明多组分混合气体的惯性力通量远远小于ΔF,此时选用的二组元传质模型并不合适,需重新选择代表性组元,或保持原来的多组分模型。
2) 体积力项为流动主要动力。已知单位质量的多组分混合气体受到的浮力Fm的计算式为[20]:
F m = - ρ m T 0 + Δ T - ρ T 0 + Δ T ρ m T 0 + Δ T g
R2为ΔF与浮力通量之比,即:
R 2 = Δ F F m
将式(10)和式(19)代入式(20),整理可得:
R 2 = ( T 0 + Δ T ) M ( M m - M b ) [ ( T 0 + Δ T ) M - T 0 M m ] M b = ( T 0 + Δ T ) M Δ M 1 Δ T M + T 0 Δ M 2 ) M b
其中,
Δ M 2 = M m - M = i = 1 n x i ( M i - M )
ΔM2表征多组分混合气体中所有组元的摩尔质量以空气的摩尔质量为中心的一阶中心距,则:
① 当 R 2 = Δ F F m 1时,则说明多组分混合气体的浮力通量远大于ΔF,可忽略多组分传质简化偏差。
② 当 R 2 = Δ F F m 1时,说明多组分混合气体的浮力通量与ΔF的量级相当,不可忽略多组分传质简化偏差,否则流动状态将与实际工况不符。
③ 当 R 2 = Δ F F m 1时,则说明多组分混合气体的浮力通量远远小于ΔF,此时选用的二组元传质模型并不合适,需重新选择代表性组元,或保持原来的多组分模型。
综上,多组分传质简化的3个限制条件为:
1) 多组分传质流动参数在雷诺数Re~Ο(103)以上且马赫数Ma<0.3的范围内。
2) 多组分传质物性参数在克努森数Kn<0.01 且 T'<T<0.3θv的范围内。
3) 简化前后的特性参数满足:ΔF与惯性力之比R1<0.01或ΔF与体积力之比R2<0.01。
利用CFD方法建立受限空间内气体散发的数学模型,采用数值模拟的方法验证上述理论,简化厂房几何模型,计算模型如图4所示。
房间尺寸为10m(长)×10m(宽)×10m(高),污染源尺寸为2m(长)×2m(宽)×0.5m(高),污染源上方射流,具有初始速度以及初始温度。定义污染源中心的坐标为(5,5,0)。由于模型及流场均具有对称性,故选取Y=5处XZ平面建立二维模型进行数值模拟。
自由平面射流的计算域为10 m×10 m,源项出口宽度为2m,高0.5m。网格性能影响数值模拟结果经网格无关性验证后综合考虑模拟精度与计算效率,设置网格尺寸为0.2m,网格分布稳定,质量良好。
模型污染源上表面定为速度入口边界条件。左右边界均设为压力出口边界,温度为环境温度。设置上下边界为绝热边界条件。湍流强度在速度和压力边界上均设置为5%。
模拟采用二维稳态模拟,采用组分输运模型模拟扩散过程,压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE迭代算法,湍流模型选Standard k-ε模型[17],其中,组分影响将采用不会发生化学反应的物质运移的模型。控制方程的数值模拟解法采用有限容积法、湍流方程与动量方程均采用二阶迎风格式。
为验证数值模拟方法的有效性,对比前期试验,建立与模型试验一致的数值模拟物理模型进行模拟,并比较试验结果与模拟结果,试验模型参数及工况设置见参考文献[22]。试验数据与模拟数据对比如图5所示。由图5可知:模拟数据与试验数据趋势相同,验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。
为验证多组分传质简化原则,分别设计以惯性力和体积力为主导的多组工况。为满足不同数量级下的R1R2,2组工况混合气体选取成分不同。具体工况见表1
各工况经数值模拟得到的代表组元质量分数云图如图6所示,图中标注为部分工况简化前后在空间的显著扩散范围,每组工况中左侧小图为多组分混合条件,右侧为简化后的双组元条件。部分工况在不同水平高度上简化前后代表组元质量分数对比点线图如图7所示。
工况1、2中,R1<<1,惯性力为主要动力项,气体初速度较大,气体上升到顶部高度出向2边流动逸散,形成T字形。简化前后质量分布云图基本一致,符合简化原则。工况3、4、5中,R1≥1,不符合简化传质条件。从图6可以看出,简化前后在空间的扩散情况并不相同,存在较大差异。
图7a为工况1简化前后不同水平高度上代表性组元氟化氢(HF)质量分数散点图,从图7a可以看出,简化前后在不同高度HF的质量分数点线图基本重合,意味着简化前后HF在空间中的分布情况一致,简化组元所产生的误差可以忽略不计,模拟结果符合气态污染物传质简化理论。工况4中,R1>>1,理论上存在较大误差,在图7b中不仅是简化前后相同位置代表性组元(He)质量分数存在差异,而且在空间上分布情况也存在差异,此时简化模型已不再适用。
工况6、7中,R2<<1,此时体积力为主导作用,混合气体在空间内自由扩散。简化前后气体在空间中的分布相似,无较大差异,符合简化多组分传质简化理论。工况8中,R2≈1,其气体分布云图存在一定差异,但仍有相似性。工况9、10中,R2≫1,理论上不符合传质简化条件。从图7b可以看出,简化前后气体分布差异较大,不具有相似性。
图7c为工况7简化前后不同水平高度上代表性组元(SO2)质量分数散点图,从图7c可以看出,简化前后在不同高度SO2的质量分数点线图基本重合,表明简化前后SO2在空间中的分布情况一致,简化组元所产生的误差可以忽略,模拟结果符合气态污染物传质简化理论。图7d为工况11的气体质量分数散点图,简化前后同一点的质量分数存在一定差值,简化前后两者在空间中的分布情况具有较大差异,此时传质简化模型已不再适用。数值模拟结果符合简化传质理论。
1) 多组分传质简化的可行性范围为:对于同一源项释放的多组分混合气体,没有相变和化学反应时,如果其流动参数在Re数量级在103以上且Ma小于0.3的范围内,物性参数在Kn小于0.01 且温度在沸腾温度和0.3的振动特征温度之间时,各种气体的比热容相近,且仅考虑流体微团的整体运动而忽略分子传输。这个范围即为多组分传质简化模型的适用范围,范围内微团中的各组分的摩尔分数同源自相似,可考虑在不改变流体本身的流动状态的前提下,简化多组分混合气体传质过程中的物质种类。
2) 多组分传质简化偏差的影响因素包括混合气体与环境空气的温度差值、简化前后的混合气体的摩尔质量乘积和简化前后混合气体摩尔质量差。通过改变这几项的大小,确定代表性组元,则可尽可能减小多组分传质简化所引起的偏差。
3) 在可行性范围内,多组分传质简化需保障的基本原则是:简化前后的特性参数满足:当流动主要受力为惯性力时,多组分传质简化偏差与惯性力之比R1<0.01;当流动主要受力为体积力时,多组分传质简化偏差与体积力之比R2<0.01。
4) 模拟验证结果表明:工况R1<0.01或R2<0.01时,简化前后组元质量分布情况基本一致,而其他情况下简化前后组元质量分布存在一定误差,证明在适用范围内满足简化原则的条件下,可以将多种气态污染物简化为单一种类探究污染物分布特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52178089)
  • 榆林市科技计划产学研合作项目(CXY-2021-139)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0125
  • 接收时间:2024-06-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-16
  • 修回日期:2024-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52178089)
榆林市科技计划产学研合作项目(CXY-2021-139)
作者信息
    1 西安建筑科技大学 绿色建筑全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    2 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    3 西安建筑科技大学 建筑设备科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710055

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** 王怡(1970—),女,山东龙口人,博士,教授,主要从事工业建筑环境方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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