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Article(id=1149735928572325995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)10-0238-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1242, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=1723824000000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048006432, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048006432, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048006431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048006431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735925967663173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048005811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361993174, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830100474082271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830100478276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=238, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735928979173492, articleId=1149735928572325995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Investigation on impact of sleep deprivation on sustained attention and HRV rhythm across different chronotypes, columnId=1149735805633081985, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Occupational health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to elucidate the impact of varying sleep patterns on cognitive performance，this study leveraged the principle of complementarity among different chronotypes. This approach guided the strategic pairing of personnel for morning，evening，and night shifts，with the goal of enhancing operational safety and efficiency. The research involved a regimen of fixed sleep schedules，subjecting individuals with distinct sleep preferences to 30 hours of sleep deprivation. During this period，participants' HRV and levels of sustained attention were closely monitored. Moreover，the study utilized several established tools to evaluate fatigue in sleep-deprived individuals: the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)，the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)，and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Findings revealed that，throughout the sleep deprivation period，individuals with a preference for evening activities exhibited significantly more pronounced variations in HRV time-domain indicators (RMSSD=38.301±17.056，P<0.001). These variations were characterized by greater fluctuation intensity and amplitude，as well as more evident periodicity. KSS scores across all chronotypes show a general upward trend，with those of intermediate chronotypes displaying the highest correlation with HRV frequency-domain indicators (LF/HF=0.769，P<0.05). Morning-oriented individuals demonstrated higher levels of sustained attention between 11:00 AM and 5:00 PM，with accuracy rate linear regression coefficients ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 (×10-4). In contrast，individuals with intermediate sleep patterns peaked in attention from 7:00 AM to 12:00 PM，while evening-oriented participants exhibited significantly different patterns compared to the other two groups.

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为明确睡眠类型差异对个体认知绩效的影响，利用睡眠类型互补性原则差异化、科学化设计早晚班、夜班团队成员的搭配，提升作业人员的安全效能。采用固定作息法对不同睡眠类型参与者进行30 h睡眠剥夺，测量其心率变异性(HRV)和持续性注意(SUA)水平。同时采用卡罗林斯卡嗜睡量表(KSS)、早晨型-夜晚型问卷(MEQ)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)，测量睡眠剥夺下不同睡眠类型的参与者疲劳程度。结果表明： 在30 h睡眠剥夺中，夜晚型HRV时域指标差异更为明显(RMSSD=38.301±17.056，P<0.001)，其波动和幅度更剧烈，周期性更显著。3种睡眠类型KSS分值整体呈上升趋势，中间型KSS分值与HRV频域指标交叉相关性最高(LF/HF=0.769，P<0.05)。早晨型较高SUA水平保持在11:00—17:00，正确率线性回归系数绝对值在1.5×10-4~1.7×10-4，中间型保持在07:00—12:00，夜晚型与前两者相比差异较大。

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李敬强 (1976—)，男，天津人，博士，教授，主要从事人为因素与飞行安全、安全风险管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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李敬强 (1976—)，男，天津人，博士，教授，主要从事人为因素与飞行安全、安全风险管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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李敬强 (1976—)，男，天津人，博士，教授，主要从事人为因素与飞行安全、安全风险管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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Japanese Heart Journal, 2001, 42(2): 163-171., articleTitle=Diurnal variations of post-exercise parasympathetic nervous reactivation in different chronotypes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167812210588918668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=255, pageEnd=266, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=40, authorNames=BOMMEL V W, journalName=Lighting Research & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BOMMEL V W. Lighting for work: a review of visual and biological effects[J]. Lighting Research & Technology, 2004, 36 (4): 255-266., articleTitle=Lighting for work: a review of visual and biological effects, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167812206948262742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, awardId=U1933122, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(U1933122), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167812207002788695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, awardId=ASSA2023/20, language=CN, fundingSource=民航安全能力建设项目(ASSA2023/20), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167812202611352355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167812202640712484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, companyId=1167812202611352355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Safety Science and Engineering，Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167812202649101093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, companyId=1167812202611352355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院，天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167812205182460740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experimental stimulation of screen presentation, figureFileSmall=5bTz19JDecTaZGWSyDtQeA==, figureFileBig=dqmqKB00mpHmQgXYHGqr8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205249569605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=图1, caption=屏幕呈现的试验刺激, figureFileSmall=5bTz19JDecTaZGWSyDtQeA==, figureFileBig=dqmqKB00mpHmQgXYHGqr8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205308289862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Curve level of HRV for three chronotypes, figureFileSmall=AZHjZeyX1wLjI7yAhtfUxw==, figureFileBig=bZk9Cd8pQ57pxuCsXOF/3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205383787335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3种睡眠类型HRV曲线水平, figureFileSmall=AZHjZeyX1wLjI7yAhtfUxw==, figureFileBig=bZk9Cd8pQ57pxuCsXOF/3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205480256328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Curves of KSS score for three chronotypes, figureFileSmall=dYq4yO+tbdDpGlYwGWzeiQ==, figureFileBig=sOUtbZHeRN9GSmL8TOW5rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205547365193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3种睡眠类型KSS分值曲线, figureFileSmall=dYq4yO+tbdDpGlYwGWzeiQ==, figureFileBig=sOUtbZHeRN9GSmL8TOW5rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205601891146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Curve level of linear regression of reaction time and correct rate for three chronotypes, figureFileSmall=k137rOSNS+ajBJo778SSUA==, figureFileBig=BahDSTO+tGJ96vXDpaxJ1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205656417099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3种睡眠类型反应时和正确率线性回归曲线水平, figureFileSmall=k137rOSNS+ajBJo778SSUA==, figureFileBig=BahDSTO+tGJ96vXDpaxJ1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205799023436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Smooth curve level of absolute value of linear regression of reaction time and correct rate for three chronotypes, figureFileSmall=FxK33YH/bxZUuiFL41P5/g==, figureFileBig=tjauZ9h1pEF03bLjpWIoFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205874520909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3种睡眠类型反应时线性回归绝对值平滑曲线水平, figureFileSmall=FxK33YH/bxZUuiFL41P5/g==, figureFileBig=tjauZ9h1pEF03bLjpWIoFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812205937435470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical analysis of HRV for three chronotypes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HRV 夜晚型( x -±s) 中间型( x -±s) 早晨型( x -±s) 克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯
检验		 渐进
显著性
RMSSD /ms 38.301±17.056*** 43.018±24.669*** 50.472±19.957*** 3.046 0.218
LF/HF FFT范围 3.286±1.913*** 2.939±1.527*** 1.943±0.901*** 5.540 0.063
AR范围 12.388±10.465*** 9.763±17.250*** 3.788±2.599*** 6.900 0.032
ApEn 1.425±0.104*** 1.441±0.092*** 1.486±0.074*** 3.516 0.172
), ArticleFig(id=1167812205996155727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种睡眠类型HRV统计分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HRV 夜晚型( x -±s) 中间型( x -±s) 早晨型( x -±s) 克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯
检验		 渐进
显著性
RMSSD /ms 38.301±17.056*** 43.018±24.669*** 50.472±19.957*** 3.046 0.218
LF/HF FFT范围 3.286±1.913*** 2.939±1.527*** 1.943±0.901*** 5.540 0.063
AR范围 12.388±10.465*** 9.763±17.250*** 3.788±2.599*** 6.900 0.032
ApEn 1.425±0.104*** 1.441±0.092*** 1.486±0.074*** 3.516 0.172
), ArticleFig(id=1167812206180705104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical analysis of KSS score for three chronotypes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
睡眠
类型		 主观嗜睡
自评		 x -±s 弗里德
曼检验		 线性回
归系数
夜晚型 KSS 4.77±4.25 126.834* 0.727*
中间型 KSS 5.13±4.83 338.972* 0.887*
早晨型 KSS 4.77±4.23 286.265* 0.820*
), ArticleFig(id=1167812206314922833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3种睡眠类型KSS分值统计分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
睡眠
类型		 主观嗜睡
自评		 x -±s 弗里德
曼检验		 线性回
归系数
夜晚型 KSS 4.77±4.25 126.834* 0.727*
中间型 KSS 5.13±4.83 338.972* 0.887*
早晨型 KSS 4.77±4.23 286.265* 0.820*
), ArticleFig(id=1167812206474306386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

CCA between KSS scores and HRV of three chronotypes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
睡眠
类型		 主观嗜睡
自评		 CCA
与RMSSD 与LF/HF 与ApEn
交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h
夜晚型 KSS 0.459* 0 0.312 2 -0.640* 2
中间型 KSS 0.960* 0 0.769* 1 -0.960* 0
早晨型 KSS 0.669* 0 0.736* -1 -0.894* 1
), ArticleFig(id=1167812206604329811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种睡眠类型KSS分值与HRV的CCA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
睡眠
类型		 主观嗜睡
自评		 CCA
与RMSSD 与LF/HF 与ApEn
交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h
夜晚型 KSS 0.459* 0 0.312 2 -0.640* 2
中间型 KSS 0.960* 0 0.769* 1 -0.960* 0
早晨型 KSS 0.669* 0 0.736* -1 -0.894* 1
), ArticleFig(id=1167812206679827284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

CCA between absolute value of SUA-TTS and HRV and KSS scores of three chronotypes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
睡眠
类型		 SUA-TTS
(绝对值)		 CCA
与RMSSD 与LF/HF 与ApEn 与KSS
交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h
夜晚型 反应时线性回归 0.424* -2 0.450* 0 -0.413* 0 0.847* -2
正确率线性回归 -0.278 3 -0.464* 0 0.389 3 -0.701* -1
睡眠
类型		 SUA-TTS
(绝对值)		 交叉相关分析
与RMSSD 与LF/HF 与ApEn 与KSS
交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h
中间型 反应时线性回归 0.688* -3 0.565* -3 -0.783* -3 0.668* -3
正确率线性回归 -0.727* -3 -0.758* -3 0.875* -3 -0.782* -3
早晨型 反应时线性回归 0.352 2 0.235 -1 -0.440* 3 0.543* 2
正确率线性回归 0.778* -1 0.741* -3 -0.915* 0 0.892* -1
), ArticleFig(id=1167812206755324757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735928572325995, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种睡眠类型SUA-TTS绝对值与HRV和KSS分值的CCA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
睡眠
类型		 SUA-TTS
(绝对值)		 CCA
与RMSSD 与LF/HF 与ApEn 与KSS
交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h
夜晚型 反应时线性回归 0.424* -2 0.450* 0 -0.413* 0 0.847* -2
正确率线性回归 -0.278 3 -0.464* 0 0.389 3 -0.701* -1
睡眠
类型		 SUA-TTS
(绝对值)		 交叉相关分析
与RMSSD 与LF/HF 与ApEn 与KSS
交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h 交叉相关性 Δφ/h
中间型 反应时线性回归 0.688* -3 0.565* -3 -0.783* -3 0.668* -3
正确率线性回归 -0.727* -3 -0.758* -3 0.875* -3 -0.782* -3
早晨型 反应时线性回归 0.352 2 0.235 -1 -0.440* 3 0.543* 2
正确率线性回归 0.778* -1 0.741* -3 -0.915* 0 0.892* -1
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睡眠剥夺下不同睡眠类型持续性注意及HRV节律研究
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李敬强 , 张雪萌 , 张焕晰 , 王庆福
中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2024,34(10): 238-246
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中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2024, 34(10): 238-246
睡眠剥夺下不同睡眠类型持续性注意及HRV节律研究
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李敬强 , 张雪萌, 张焕晰, 王庆福
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院，天津 300300

    • 李敬强 (1976—)，男，天津人，博士，教授，主要从事人为因素与飞行安全、安全风险管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

Investigation on impact of sleep deprivation on sustained attention and HRV rhythm across different chronotypes
Jingqiang LI , Xuemeng ZHANG, Huanxi ZHANG, Qingfu WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Safety Science and Engineering，Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1242
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摘要
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为明确睡眠类型差异对个体认知绩效的影响，利用睡眠类型互补性原则差异化、科学化设计早晚班、夜班团队成员的搭配，提升作业人员的安全效能。采用固定作息法对不同睡眠类型参与者进行30 h睡眠剥夺，测量其心率变异性(HRV)和持续性注意(SUA)水平。同时采用卡罗林斯卡嗜睡量表(KSS)、早晨型-夜晚型问卷(MEQ)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)，测量睡眠剥夺下不同睡眠类型的参与者疲劳程度。结果表明： 在30 h睡眠剥夺中，夜晚型HRV时域指标差异更为明显(RMSSD=38.301±17.056，P<0.001)，其波动和幅度更剧烈，周期性更显著。3种睡眠类型KSS分值整体呈上升趋势，中间型KSS分值与HRV频域指标交叉相关性最高(LF/HF=0.769，P<0.05)。早晨型较高SUA水平保持在11:00—17:00，正确率线性回归系数绝对值在1.5×10-4~1.7×10-4，中间型保持在07:00—12:00，夜晚型与前两者相比差异较大。

睡眠剥夺  /  睡眠类型  /  持续性注意(SUA)  /  心率变异性(HRV)  /  昼夜节律

In order to elucidate the impact of varying sleep patterns on cognitive performance，this study leveraged the principle of complementarity among different chronotypes. This approach guided the strategic pairing of personnel for morning，evening，and night shifts，with the goal of enhancing operational safety and efficiency. The research involved a regimen of fixed sleep schedules，subjecting individuals with distinct sleep preferences to 30 hours of sleep deprivation. During this period，participants' HRV and levels of sustained attention were closely monitored. Moreover，the study utilized several established tools to evaluate fatigue in sleep-deprived individuals: the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)，the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)，and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Findings revealed that，throughout the sleep deprivation period，individuals with a preference for evening activities exhibited significantly more pronounced variations in HRV time-domain indicators (RMSSD=38.301±17.056，P<0.001). These variations were characterized by greater fluctuation intensity and amplitude，as well as more evident periodicity. KSS scores across all chronotypes show a general upward trend，with those of intermediate chronotypes displaying the highest correlation with HRV frequency-domain indicators (LF/HF=0.769，P<0.05). Morning-oriented individuals demonstrated higher levels of sustained attention between 11:00 AM and 5:00 PM，with accuracy rate linear regression coefficients ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 (×10-4). In contrast，individuals with intermediate sleep patterns peaked in attention from 7:00 AM to 12:00 PM，while evening-oriented participants exhibited significantly different patterns compared to the other two groups.

chronotype  /  sleep deprivation  /  sustained attention(SUA)  /  heart rate variability (HRV)  /  circadian rhythm
李敬强, 张雪萌, 张焕晰, 王庆福. 睡眠剥夺下不同睡眠类型持续性注意及HRV节律研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 238 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1242
Jingqiang LI, Xuemeng ZHANG, Huanxi ZHANG, Qingfu WANG. Investigation on impact of sleep deprivation on sustained attention and HRV rhythm across different chronotypes[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 238 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1242
正文
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0 引言
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睡眠不足会影响人的健康和认知功能。人类自主运行的24h内源性周期被称为昼夜节律[1]。个体对睡眠-觉醒周期存在睡眠类型偏好[2]，分为早晨型、夜晚型和中间型。早晨型倾向早睡早起；夜晚型倾向晚睡晚起；中间型则介于两者之间[3-4]。不同睡眠类型个体代谢周期和维持内环境稳态在时间上存在相位差[5]，其认知能力也表现出节律性特征[6]。对具有全天候特点的生产和服务行业，根据睡眠类型差异进行科学轮班设计不仅可以提升工作绩效，也是保障岗位人员身心健康的重要手段。
持续性注意(Sustained Attention，SUA)是指长时间(几分钟到几小时)对环境作出有效反应的能力。目前，关于SUA的研究有很多，如TAILLARD等[7-8]指出，清醒时间和昼夜节律对SUA有一定节律性影响；AIDA等[9]研究发现，24h睡眠剥夺会降低SUA并抑制认知能力，认为前额叶和顶叶皮层更容易受到睡眠剥夺的影响。任务时间稳定性(Time on Task Stability，TTS)会随着清醒时间和睡眠剥夺而降低[10-11]，没有昼夜节律变化[12-13]。但目前大部分研究尚不能确定是否从任务开始就发生了TTS的变化。此外，睡眠剥夺下不同睡眠类型个体心率变异性(Heart Rate Variability，HRV)存在差异。SAMMITO等[14]指出，HRV在夜间增高，在白天降低。夜晚型个体任务绩效和HRV变化低于早晨型[15]。同时，HRV时域分析指标(误差方均根(Root Mean Square of Successive Differences between normal heartbeats，RMSSD))反映自主神经系统(Autonomic Nervous System，ANS)中副交感神经系统(Parasympathetic Nervous System，PNS)活跃程度，数值越低说明PNS活性越低[16-17]。频域分析指标—低频/高频成分(Low Frequency/High Frequency，LF/HF)比值是反映ANS—PNS张力平衡变化和相对交感活性[18-19]。LF/HF值较低时，副交感神经的活动占主导[20];其值较高时则交感神经的活动占主导。GLOS等[21]研究发现，在长达40h睡眠剥夺中，夜间LF/HF比白天有所增加，LF/HF随轮班工作时间的延长呈下降趋势[22]。当前针对SUA与HRV的研究仍存在以下局限性：首先，SUA是否具有昼夜节律特征尚不明确；其次，HRV是否由于睡眠类型差异在诸多研究中没有达成一致。此外，关于非线性分析指标近似熵(Approximation Entropy，ApEn)指标昼夜节律研究较少。
鉴于此，笔者拟进一步探讨不同睡眠类型个体在睡眠剥夺情况下SUA的节律差异及与HRV的关系，为不同睡眠类型人群科学化、差异性倒班、轮班设计提供参考，以减少与睡眠类型相关的职业健康问题和不安全事件。
1 睡眠剥夺试验
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1.1 睡眠剥夺试验平台
睡眠剥夺试验在中国民航大学航空心理测评实验室进行，试验期间保持恒定的环境条件，室内温度(24±1)℃，室内水平照度70~100 lx。试验于2021年4月30日—5月30日开展。
1.2 睡眠剥夺试验研究对象
被试共55名，其中，38名男性，17名女性，平均年龄为(20.82±1.71)岁，平均身高为(171.29±6.79)cm，平均体质量为(66.26±12.76)kg，健康状况良好，无睡眠障碍，身体质量指数(Body Mass Index，BMI)范围为16.22~33.20，平均 BMI = 22.40，标准差SD = 3.38。被试每组8人(1名被试未正确佩戴试验仪器被剔除)，均着轻薄衣物(T恤衫、棉麻衬衫及薄款卫衣，衣物热阻0.2~0.8clo)。被试在试验前24h内禁烟草、咖啡、酒精、药物或高热量的食物。排除月经在研究日期后3天内到期或在研究日期前超过3天的女性参与者。
1.3 睡眠剥夺试验调查工具
被试需填写：①基本信息表。姓名、性别、年龄、身高、体重以及试验当日早醒时间。②睡眠日志。记录试验前2个星期内起床时间、卧床时间、午休时间和其他信息。③试验信息记录表。④3个量表。卡罗林斯卡嗜睡量表(Karolinska Sleepiness Scale，KSS)[23-24]将警觉度分为9个等级，其中，奇数等级表示：1=极度警觉；3=警觉；5=既不警觉也不困；7=困乏，但是没有想保持清醒的感觉；9=非常困，极力想保持清醒，和困乏做斗争。偶数等级(2，4，6，8)代表介于前后2个等级之间的状态；早晨型-夜晚型问卷(Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire，MEQ)[25]包含19个条目，每个问题答案计0~6分，总分范围从16~86分。根据总分将被试分为3类：早晨型59~86分，中间型42~58分，夜晚型16~41分；匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，PSQI)[26]由19个自评和5个他评条目组成，其中，参与计分的18个自评条目可组成7个因子(睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、催眠药物应用和日闻功能)，每个条目按0、1、2、3分等级计分，累计7个因子得分为PSQI总分，范围为0~21分，得分越高表示睡眠质量越差。⑤知情同意书。
试验仪器：①笔记本电脑；②腕带手表，中央处理器速度： 120 MHz，内存： 0.64 MB，存储空间： 32MB;③心率传感器，中央处理器速度为120 MHz，心率测量范围为30 ~ 240次/min。
1.4 睡眠剥夺试验任务
测试由心理试验软件E-Prime 3.0在笔记本电脑上呈现，屏幕每次呈现3张图片作为一次刺激，如图1所示。
要求被试根据任务规则进行操作，首先判断符号A1与B1是否一致，若不一致，按键盘J键，若一致，则按F键；按F键之后判断下一次呈现的刺激中A1与B2是否一致，若一致，按空格键，不一致，按J键。每组测试共呈现128次不重复刺激，刺激以2~6 s随机显现，刺激间隔期间在屏幕正中呈现一个字号为30的红色+注视点，被试按键后刺激消失。
1.5 睡眠剥夺试验过程
利用MEQ将被试睡眠类型进行分类，采用固定作息法范式(Constant Routine Protocol，CRP)要求夜晚型、中间型和早晨型被试分别于早上8:00、7:00、6:00醒来，试验开始时间分别为10:00、9:00、8:00，分别于第2天下午14:00、13:00、12:00结束。为最大程度避免体力活动，试验期间被试除去卫生间外均以固定姿势坐在椅子上，持续清醒时间为30h。被试到达实验室开始佩戴腕带手表及心率传感器设备。心率传感器贴身佩戴在胸际线下侧紧靠胸肌线处，该设备每1min采集一次心率数据，并通过腕带手表导出。每1h采集一次主观嗜睡程度，被试填写KSS和注意绩效测试任务结果，测试次数共29次。试验期间被试每小时进食一份含有自身一天能量消耗的1/24食物量。
2 睡眠剥夺试验数据处理
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采用肖维勒准则剔除被试在注意绩效测试任务中的异常值[27]。KSS分值通过洛伦兹方程曲线拟合，得到主观嗜睡的洛伦兹表达式。
HRV数据通过Kubios HRV Premium预处理，对HRV信号进行RMSSD、LF/HF和ApEn分析。使用萨维茨基-戈雷(Savitzky-Golay，S-G)平滑滤波处理HRV、主观量表和注意绩效[28]。
针对3种睡眠类型个体，采用弗里德曼非参数检验评估其HRV、KSS分值及SUA-TTS的组内差异，采用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯非参数检验评估其KSS分值的组间差异。通过线性回归分析，计算3种睡眠类型KSS分值、SUA-TTS反应时、SUA-TTS正确率，得到线性回归系数Beta。运用交叉相关分析(Cross-Correlation Analysis，CCA)，计算KSS分值和HRV与SUA-TTS之间的交叉相关系性和相位差(Δφ/h)来确定其相位变化的趋势。
3 睡眠剥夺试验数据结果分析
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3.1 睡眠类型
由试验可知：55名被试中，夜晚型12人，平均年龄为(20.33±1.55)岁，平均身高为(174.58±7.58)cm，平均体质量为(70.76±15.21)kg;中间型24人，平均年龄为(21.54±1.26)岁，平均身高为(171.29±5.53)cm，平均体质量为(66.00±11.54)kg;早晨型19人，平均年龄为(20.21±1.94)岁，平均身高为(169.21±6.88)cm，平均体质量为(63.75±11.73)kg。MEQ平均得分51.71，SD=10.08，克朗巴哈系数α=0.835，凯撒-迈耶-奥利金(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin，KMO)为0.814，P小于0.05。
3.2 PSQI问卷
发放PSQI问卷55份，有效回收问卷54份，平均得分为4.56(SD=2.66)，睡眠质量较高，α=0.770，KMO=0.698，P<0.05。
3.3 HRV
3种睡眠类型被试HRV在长时间觉醒过程中均表现出明显昼夜节律特征，如图2所示。
由图2可知：3种睡眠类型RMSSD、LF /HF、ApEn指标因睡眠剥夺的影响在第2天清晨06:00 — 09:00皆出现较为明显的波峰或波谷，12:00后逐渐呈恢复趋势。
夜晚型被试上述3种指标差异较大，波动幅度剧烈，周期性明显。3种睡眠类型HRV统计分析结果见表1。RMSSD平均值最低(RMSSD=38.301±17.056，P<0.001)，表明其PNS活性降低，对睡眠剥夺可能更加敏感。早晨型的RMSSD在试验过程中，平均值最高(RMSSD=50.472±19.957，P<0.001)，PNS活性较高，这可能由于睡眠剥夺对早晨型影响时间较短，因此，其能在较短时间内恢复至原有水平，整体下降差异较小。在早晨型LF/HF指标中，出现同样现象，LF/HF数值越小，表明PNS兴奋性占据主导地位越明显，相反，数值越大，表明交感神经系统(Sympathetic Nervous System，SNS)兴奋占主导特征越明显[29]。夜晚型LF/HF数值最大，其PNS兴奋性低于SNS兴奋性，早晨型则呈现相反趋势，中间型处于二者之间。这与“早晨型和夜晚型运动后PNS昼夜节律活化不同，夜晚型在早晨PNS活化迟缓”的结论相似[30]。
在ApEn指标中，夜晚型波动较为明显，但其ApEn平均数最低(ApEn=1.425±0.104，P<0.001)，从图2可以看出，夜晚型更具有周期性的特征，而中间型和早晨型虽然整体平缓，但数值稍高，表明其更具随机状态，周期性与夜晚型相比特征相对较弱。
3.4 主观嗜睡自评
KSS作为主观嗜睡自评应用较为广泛的量表(Cronbach α=0.943，KMO=0.851，P<0.05)，3种睡眠类型个体的KSS分值均出现较为明显的波峰和周期性特征。
弗里德曼检验结果表明：3种睡眠类型KSS分值组内均有显著性差异。3种睡眠类型KSS分值曲线如图3所示。经洛伦兹方程曲线拟合后的KSS分值首先呈现随清醒时间延长而上升的趋势。早晨型在第2天05:00左右达到峰值，中间型和夜晚型则在07:00左右达到峰值。随后，3种睡眠类型被试主观嗜睡程度迅速下降。该趋势变化可能由于个体核心体温在生理节律低谷期间[31]，个体嗜睡感最强，之后个体嗜睡感减弱。由图3可知：3种睡眠类型嗜睡感最强时刻与其核心体温最低区间存在相位差。3种睡眠类型KSS分值统计分析结果见表2，夜晚型回归系数低于其他2种类型，嗜睡感出现时刻相对较晚。
因此，参考不同睡眠类型人群疲劳困倦周期及其波动特性，在制定职业事故预防方案中进一步细化安全生产过程管理措施，以最大化降低不安全事件发生的风险。例如：在持续作业值勤排班中，弹性设计早晨型团队成员值勤开始时间，或在加强早晚班团队成员搭配中体现睡眠类型的互补性原则，根据睡眠类型差异而导致的警觉度绩效相位差科学设计作业人员的工作顺序及工作时长，以达到最大化发挥团队成员的安全操作效能。
3.5 SUA
SUA-TTS以作业过程中反应时和正确率的线性回归系数来衡量，使用萨维茨基-戈雷平滑滤波对曲线进行降噪处理，3种睡眠类型反应时、正确率线性回归系数随清醒时间延长而变化的曲线如图4所示。
线性回归系数越趋近于0，表明其绩效越平稳，反之则越呈现波动特征。3种睡眠类型SUA-TTS具有明显昼夜节律特征。
为更直观地区分3种睡眠类型SUA-TTS的昼夜节律特征，处理3种睡眠类型反应时和正确率的线性回归的绝对值，以便明确SUA-TTS变化趋势。3种睡眠类型反应时线性回归绝对值平滑曲线水平如图5所示。在反应时线性回归绝对值曲线变化中，早晨型在试验第1天12:00前呈快速下降趋势，证明其工作绩效有明显提升，正确率线性回归绝对值在第1天11:00—17:00最低，为1.5~1.7(×10-4)，表明此阶段早晨型SUA水平较高。中间型正确率线性回归绝对值最低出现在第2天07:00—12:00，反应时线性回归绝对值出现多峰多谷，无明显规律可循，在管理方面需要加大监管力度，建议灵活性监督中间型成员并提醒，以保证工作绩效始终处于良好水平。夜晚型反应时线性回归绝对值始终处于较高水平，其稳定性最差，但是从第2天10:00左右曲线开始下降，稳定性逐步提升，14:00左右达到最优状态。这种快速下降的趋势表明：绩效水平快速提升，在管理方面建议开展团队心理健康教育、增强团队成员心理控制能力，提升工作绩效水平。
3.6 CCA
3种睡眠类型KSS分值与HRV的CCA见表3。3种睡眠类型KSS分值与HRV的RMSSD、LF/HF、ApEn分别呈现较强相关性，并存在不同程度相位差Δφ。在ApEn分析中，中间型Δφ为0，表明具有较高的同步性。3个指标中，中间型的频域交叉相关性最高(LF/HF=0.769，P<0.05)，其次是早晨型(LF/HF=0.736，P<0.05)，夜晚型最低。该差异的原因可能由于早晨型和夜晚型各自的作息习惯使得主观嗜睡程度发生偏差，导致与其HRV交叉相关性降低。
3种睡眠类型SUA-TTS绝对值与HRV和KSS分值的CCA见表4。由表4可知：夜晚型SUA-TTS与KSS有较强的交叉相关性，反应时与KSS呈较强正相关，存在2 h相位延迟；正确率与KSS呈较强负相关，且存在1 h相位延迟，说明夜晚型成员倾向于高估自身疲劳程度。而早晨型正确率与HRV和KSS都呈现较强的交叉相关性，其中，正确率与RMSSD及KSS存在1 h相位延迟，与LF/HF存在3 h相位延迟，同时与ApEn存在较强的负相关。此外，中间型SUA-TTS与HRV和KSS都存在较强的交叉相关性，建议中间型成员根据自身疲劳程度及时做出调整以保证工作绩效稳定。上述结果说明中间型SUA-TTS与HRV和KSS存在“较高的同步性”，其相位延迟可用来预测SUA-TTS变化趋势，为衡量工作绩效提供借鉴。
4 结论
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1) 3种睡眠类型SUA-TTS绩效在30h睡眠剥夺中表现出明显昼夜节律特征。早晨型在11:00 — 17:00的绩效处于相对稳定水平，夜晚型绩效稳定期则处于从第1天17:00到第2天07:00。3种睡眠类型HRV皆出现较明显的波峰波谷，夜晚型波动和幅度更剧烈，周期性更显著。
2) 文中样本年龄较为单一，未来研究可扩大不同年龄区间、性别的样本数量，同时研究褪黑激素和皮质醇等因素。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助(U1933122)
  • 民航安全能力建设项目(ASSA2023/20)
文献
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1242
  • 接收时间：2024-05-14
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-14
  • 修回日期：2024-08-17
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国家自然科学基金资助(U1933122)
民航安全能力建设项目(ASSA2023/20)
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    中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院，天津 300300
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