Article(id=1149735928031260761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)10-0152-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=1724083200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048006303, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048006303, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048006303, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048006303, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735925967663173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048005811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361993174, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830100474082271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830100478276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735925967663173, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735928203227235, articleId=1149735928031260761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Experimental study on pressure distribution in full-scale compressed air foam transport pipeline, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively enhance the transportation capacity of compressed air foam and better address the fire hazards in converter stations,experimental research was conducted on pressure distribution using full-scale compressed air foam transport pipelines of 699,406 and 261 m as examples. Furthermore,the equivalent resistance length method was proposed to consider static pressure loss and local pressure loss,and a comprehensive equivalent resistance coefficient was introduced. An empirical pressure loss relationship suitable for engineering applications was developed. The results indicate that during the compressed air foam transport phase,the pipeline inlet and outlet pressures rapidly increase with time before stabilizing. The time required to reach a steady state is proportional to the length and complexity of the pipeline. After foam transport ceases,the pressure within the pipeline drops sharply. The complexity of the pipeline configuration leads to a nonlinear decrease in local pressure with increasing transport distance. Finally,an empirical relationship between the pressure loss and the equivalent resistance length has been obtained,which can be used to predict pressure drop variations for pipe diameters ranging from DN50 to DN200 and pipeline lengths up to 1 000 m.

, correspAuthors=Yangjin SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tiantian TAN, Jiaqing ZHANG, Yangjin SHI, Bo LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735940752585160, articleId=1149735928031260761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效提升压缩空气泡沫输运能力,更好地应对换流站火灾,开展699、406、261 m全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验研究;分析组合管道复杂程度和管道长度对压缩空气泡沫输运管道内压力的影响;采用当量阻力长度等效静压损失和局部压力损失的影响,并引入综合当量阻力系数,构建适用于工程应用的压力损失经验关系式。结果表明: 在压缩空气泡沫输运阶段,管道进出口压力随时间增加先迅速升高,后趋于稳定,达到稳定状态所用时间与管长和管道复杂程度成正比,在压缩空气泡沫停止输运后,管道内压力骤降;组合管道的复杂程度不同,导致压缩空气泡沫管道内局部压力随输送距离增加,呈现非线性减小的变化趋势;得到压力损失与当量阻力长度的经验关系式,该式可用于预测管径DN50~DN200、管长1 000 m范围内的压降变化。

, correspAuthors=石杨锦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 石杨锦(2000—),女,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生,研究方向为火灾动力学。E-mail:
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谭甜甜 (1994—),女,安徽阜阳人,博士,工程师,主要从事固定式压缩空气泡沫灭火技术及综合管廊电力舱火灾防护方面的研究。E-mail:

张佳庆,正高级工程师

李博,副教授

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全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验
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谭甜甜 1 , 张佳庆 1 , 石杨锦 2, ** , 李博 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 152-157
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 152-157
全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验
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谭甜甜1 , 张佳庆1, 石杨锦2, ** , 李博2
作者信息
  • 1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 安徽省新型电力系统火灾安全与应急技术重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2 中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 谭甜甜 (1994—),女,安徽阜阳人,博士,工程师,主要从事固定式压缩空气泡沫灭火技术及综合管廊电力舱火灾防护方面的研究。E-mail:

    张佳庆,正高级工程师

    李博,副教授

通讯作者:

** 石杨锦(2000—),女,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生,研究方向为火灾动力学。E-mail:
Experimental study on pressure distribution in full-scale compressed air foam transport pipeline
Tiantian TAN1 , Jiaqing ZHANG1, Yangjin SHI2, ** , Bo LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of New Type Power Systems Fire Safety and Emergency Technology,State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute,Hefei Anhui 230601,China
  • 2 Faculty of Engineering,China University of Geosciences (Wuhan),Wuhan Hubei 430074,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0060
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为有效提升压缩空气泡沫输运能力,更好地应对换流站火灾,开展699、406、261 m全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验研究;分析组合管道复杂程度和管道长度对压缩空气泡沫输运管道内压力的影响;采用当量阻力长度等效静压损失和局部压力损失的影响,并引入综合当量阻力系数,构建适用于工程应用的压力损失经验关系式。结果表明: 在压缩空气泡沫输运阶段,管道进出口压力随时间增加先迅速升高,后趋于稳定,达到稳定状态所用时间与管长和管道复杂程度成正比,在压缩空气泡沫停止输运后,管道内压力骤降;组合管道的复杂程度不同,导致压缩空气泡沫管道内局部压力随输送距离增加,呈现非线性减小的变化趋势;得到压力损失与当量阻力长度的经验关系式,该式可用于预测管径DN50~DN200、管长1 000 m范围内的压降变化。

压缩空气泡沫  /  输运管道  /  压力损失  /  全尺度  /  阻力系数

To effectively enhance the transportation capacity of compressed air foam and better address the fire hazards in converter stations,experimental research was conducted on pressure distribution using full-scale compressed air foam transport pipelines of 699,406 and 261 m as examples. Furthermore,the equivalent resistance length method was proposed to consider static pressure loss and local pressure loss,and a comprehensive equivalent resistance coefficient was introduced. An empirical pressure loss relationship suitable for engineering applications was developed. The results indicate that during the compressed air foam transport phase,the pipeline inlet and outlet pressures rapidly increase with time before stabilizing. The time required to reach a steady state is proportional to the length and complexity of the pipeline. After foam transport ceases,the pressure within the pipeline drops sharply. The complexity of the pipeline configuration leads to a nonlinear decrease in local pressure with increasing transport distance. Finally,an empirical relationship between the pressure loss and the equivalent resistance length has been obtained,which can be used to predict pressure drop variations for pipe diameters ranging from DN50 to DN200 and pipeline lengths up to 1 000 m.

compressed air foam  /  transport pipeline  /  pressure loss  /  full-scale  /  resistance coefficient
谭甜甜, 张佳庆, 石杨锦, 李博. 全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 152 -157 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0060
Tiantian TAN, Jiaqing ZHANG, Yangjin SHI, Bo LI. Experimental study on pressure distribution in full-scale compressed air foam transport pipeline[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 152 -157 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0060
特高压换流站作为输电工程中的重要枢纽,在西电东送、跨区域输电中起到重要作用。变压器作为换流站核心设备之一,具有油量大、结构复杂等特点[1],一旦发生火灾爆炸事故,容易引起连锁反应,扩大事故范围,导致扑救难度增大。因此,寻求高效的消防灭火方式极为重要[2]。压缩空气泡沫是将一定比例的压缩空气注入泡沫溶液中,具有泡沫稳定性强、气泡均匀、气泡小、气泡压力高等优点[3],可显著提升消防灭火效率,被广泛应用于换流站变压器火灾扑救。
压缩空气泡沫一般以管道为媒介进行长距离输运,国内外学者针对压缩空气泡沫的输运特性已有大量研究。DESHPANDE等[4]分析垂直管内泡沫流动特性,给出预测泡沫流动过程中摩擦因数的显性关系式,运用双参数幂律模型描述了泡沫流变性。CHEN Yang等[5]分析了压缩空气泡沫在直管和弯管中的压降特性,发现直管和弯管压降与泡沫流量呈正相关关系。林全生等[6]利用Spalart-Allmaras模型模拟了压缩空气泡沫在直管内的流动,分析了压缩空气A类泡沫在水平管道内的阻力损失,得到沿程阻力系数的显性表达式。OKUNROUNMU等[7]研究了气压对泡沫膨胀率的影响,证明压力与泡沫动量之间的关系,发现压力增加会导致覆盖范围增加。王勇凯等[8]开展试验,研究了水平管路压降,结果表明:泡沫内部压力随着压缩体积的增加呈指数型增长。陈胤昌等[9]采用数值模拟方法,分析了气液比、管径和供液流量对压缩空气A类泡沫垂直管网输运压力衰减的影响特性。
然而,以上研究主要集中于单一水平或垂直缩尺度管段内压力及相关特性变化,鲜有关于全尺度压缩空气泡沫复杂管道压力的研究。在实际工程应用中,压缩空气泡沫输运管道尺寸较大,且包括水平管、垂直管和弯管多种类型,需要综合考虑管长和不同类型管道对泡沫输运过程中压力的影响。鉴于此,笔者拟搭建全尺度输运管道,从组合管段复杂程度和管长2个方面,研究压缩空气泡沫管道内压力变化规律,建立管道内压降的相关预测模型,以期更全面地掌握压缩空气泡沫管道内压力分布情况。
试验以699、406、261m(图1)3种全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道为研究对象,管道的公称直径(Diameter Nominal,DN)为200 mm,记为DN200,由90°弯头和卡箍连接件按照往返并排布置的方式串联,图中箭头方向为泡沫流出方向,A6—A19表示测点。需要说明的是,699和406 m全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道布置图可在文献[10]中找到。在管道中设置数字型压力表,该压力表的测量准确度在其满量程(Full Scale,FS)基础上保证±0.5%的误差范围(FS±0.5%),用以准确记录压力和流量变化。泡沫混合液流量在4 000 L/min左右,气液比为 7:1~10:1,泡沫液混合比为1%。试验流程为:首先,启动数据采集系统并校准时间,检查压缩空气泡沫喷淋系统各个管道位置压力,确保数字型压力表正常工作;然后,启动固定式压缩空气泡沫产生装置并开始计时,按照预定的泡沫混合液流量、混合比、气液比开始供给压缩空气泡沫;最后,待固定式压缩空气泡沫产生装置稳定出泡,并至少保持稳定喷射泡沫 90s 后,切换阀门,使泡沫连通至喷淋系统,试验结束。
图2为261、406和699m等3种长度压缩空气泡沫输运管道进出口压力随时间变化曲线。其中,实线表示管道进口处压力随时间变化情况,虚线表示管道出口处压力随时间变化情况。可以看到,当压缩空气泡沫产生装置启动,管道进口处压力率先升高,随着压缩空气泡沫的输送,出口处压力也出现升高现象;一段时间后,各测试点压力均逐渐趋于稳定状态,各测点达到稳定状态所用时间与管长和管道复杂程度成正比;压缩空气泡沫产生装置停止工作后,各测试点压力迅速下降。总体来看,管道进口处压力始终大于出口处压力,说明压缩空气泡沫在输送过程中存在压力损失。徐学军[11]开展了1 000m超长距离水平管网压缩空气泡沫输运试验研究并沿管长布设压力设备检测局部压力变化(图3)。研究证明了管道出口出泡时间(即压力上升时间)与管长呈正相关关系。张猛[12]分别数值模拟了泡沫流体在水平管道和弯管内的流动,发现泡沫在弯管内流动时,流动方向和状态迅速发生改变,泡沫达到稳定状态所用时间更长。可以推断,泡沫输运达到稳定状态所用时间与管道复杂程度(弯管数量)正相关。
进一步地,研究压缩空气泡沫输送过程中压力损失情况,图4为261、406和699 m等3种长度压缩空气泡沫管网稳定喷射阶段不同测点压力变化曲线。可以看出,随着输送距离增加,测点压力整体呈现逐渐减小的趋势;在压缩空气泡沫输送一段距离后,3种长度管网的测点压力先后出现大幅度下降的现象,这是由于距离压缩空气泡沫产生装置较远,且管道存在较多弯头,局部阻力损失较大导致了压力显著下降。需要指出的是,699m管网有2段垂直管道,压缩空气泡沫在输送过程中也会受到重力的影响。
图5为261、406、699m等3种长度压缩空气泡沫输运管道内压力P随输送距离x之间的关系模型,横坐标0点表示压缩空气泡沫产生装置泡沫出口处。该模型对3种长度管道预测结果总体较好,其一般预测公式为:
P = - α x + P 0
式中: α为管道的当量沿程阻力系数; P 0为初始压力,kPa,即压缩空气泡沫产生装置出口处压力。得到3种长度管道的预测关系如下:
P = - 0.49 x + 286 ( 261   m ) P = - 0.51 x + 354 ( 406   m ) P = - 0.62 x + 682 ( 699   m )
管道阻力与压缩空气泡沫的流动状态有关,因此,在计算阻力损失前需要先判断出泡沫流体的流态。流体流态可分为层流和湍流,一般用雷诺数 R e来判别, R e表达式为:
R e = ρ u l μ
式中: ρ为压缩空气泡沫密度,kg/m3; u为流速,m/s;l为特征长度,m; μ为动力黏度,Pa·s。以工况流速最小处计算压缩空气泡沫雷诺数为85 000,因此,压缩空气泡沫流动状态为湍流。
261、406、699m等3种长度管道阻力系数 λ R e的关系模型如图6所示。可以看到,该预测关系式效果较好,其一般表达式为:
λ = λ 0 + 0.22 R e - 0.25
式中 λ 0为与管网系统布局方式相关的参数,结合试验测量数据,得到3种长度管道阻力系数计算公式如下:
λ = 0.108 + 0.22 R e - 0.25 261   m ) λ = 0.119 + 0.22 R e - 0.25 406   m ) λ = 0.095 + 0.22 R e - 0.25 699   m )
根据压缩空气泡沫在水平、垂直以及弯头管段压力损失分析,可以发现,局部阻力主要由管壁摩擦、重力、弯头等造成,得出总压力损失 Δ P表达式如下:
Δ P = Δ P f + Δ P g + Δ P ε
式中: Δ P f为沿程摩擦压降, Δ P f = β ρ u 2 L / 2 D,kPa; β为沿程摩擦阻力因数;L为管路长度,m;D为管径,m; Δ P g为静压降, Δ P g = ( 1 - ε ) ρ g,kPa; ε为气相体积分数; Δ P ε为形阻压降,表达式为: Δ P ε = ξ ρ u 2 / 2,kPa; ξ为局部阻力系数。式(6)可变换为:
Δ P = β ρ u 2 2 D L + ( 1 - ε ) ρ g H + N ξ ρ u 2 2
式中:H为等效垂直上升高度,即流向上管段高度减去流向下管段高度;N为弯头数量。
进一步地,分析3种长度管道的全尺度泡沫输送试验测量数据,发现 u变化并不明显,因此,式(7)简化为:
Δ P = A L + B H + C N
式中:A为单位长度上的压力损失;B为单位高度上的静压损失;C为弯头导致的局部压力损失。等式右边局部压力损失、静压损失均可视为当量沿程长度,下式采用当量阻力长度来等效静压损失和局部压力损失的影响:
Δ P = A L + B * L + N C * L = ( A + B * + N C * ) L
式中B*C*分别为等效单位长度的静压损失和局部压力损失。
图7为3种长度压缩空气泡沫管道压力损失与当量阻力长度的关系。为验证模型的可靠性和工程适用性,将其与徐学军[11]的试验数据对比。徐学军[11]开展1 000m超长距离水平管网压缩空气泡沫试验,分析了3种典型管径下(DN50、DN65和DN80)管道内压力衰减变化特性。通过数据拟合,得出管段综合当量阻力系数为0.54,拟合精度较高,对应的预测关系为:
Δ P = 0.54 L
文中模型预测结果与文献[11]中试验结果一致,验证了该预测模型可靠性和工程适用性。需要说明的是,文中模型可适用于1 000m长距离管道管径DN50~DN200范围内的压降预测。
1) 在压缩空气泡沫输运阶段,管道进出口处压力随时间快速上升,并逐渐趋于稳定,其达到稳定状态所用时间与管道复杂程度和管长成正相关关系,在压缩空气泡沫停止输运阶段,管道进出口处压力骤降。
2) 在压缩空气泡沫稳定喷射阶段,由于管长和管道复杂程度存在差异,各测点压力随着输送距离增加而减小,并且流经弯头部分时压力衰减更加明显。
3) 得到基于管长和当量阻力系数的压力损失线性评估模型,其表达式为ΔP=0.54L,可用于预测管长1 000m、管径DN50~DN200范围内的压降变化。
  • 国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目(B3120523000U)
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0060
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2024-08-20
基金
国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目(B3120523000U)
作者信息
    1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 安徽省新型电力系统火灾安全与应急技术重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601
    2 中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

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** 石杨锦(2000—),女,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生,研究方向为火灾动力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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