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In view of the difficulties in obtaining instability data of open-pit mine dump and the small amount of sample data,a discrimination model of slope stability state of open-pit mine dump based on migration learning algorithm was proposed. According to the actual geological conditions and rainfall conditions of the dump slope of F open-pit mine in Shaanxi Province,a similar simulation test scheme of slope with different soil-rock mixing ratio was designed under the condition of rainfall. The data of water content,earth pressure and pore water pressure of the slope model were collected and processed. Considering the influence of small sample data set on the classification accuracy of GBDT model,using the idea of transfer learning,the sample weight of source domain data set and target domain data set was iteratively updated by TrAdaBoost algorithm,and the GBDT model was used as the weak learner for data sample training. Finally,according to the classification result of the weak learner,the weighted majority voting method was used to generate a TrAdaBoost-GBDT dump slope stability discrimination model based on transfer learning to improve the discrimination accuracy of small sample data label categories. The results show that the proposed dump slope stability state discrimination model has a better performance in judging the stable state than other algorithm models,and the values of accuracy,precision,recall and area under curve(AUC) are 93.3%,87.5%,100% and 93.8%,respectively. Compared with other algorithm models,this model can improve the accuracy of slope stability discrimination of small sample data sets,and make up for the low accuracy of machine learning classification results of small sample data sets.

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针对露天矿排土场失稳数据获取困难,样本数据量少等问题,提出基于迁移学习算法的露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型;结合陕西省F露天矿排土场边坡的实际地质条件和降雨情况,设计降雨条件下排土场不同土石混合比边坡的相似模拟试验方案,并采集和处理试验中边坡模型的含水率、土压力和孔隙水压力数据;考虑到小样本数据集对梯度提升回归树(GBDT)模型分类精度的影响,运用迁移学习思想,利用迁移自适应增强算法(TrAdaBoost)对源域数据集和目标域数据集样本权重进行迭代更新,以GBDT模型作为数据样本训练的弱学习器,最终根据弱学习器的分类结果,通过加权多数表决法生成一种基于迁移学习的TrAdaBoost-GBDT排土场边坡稳定状性判别模型,以提高小样本数据标签类别的判别准确率。结果表明:相对其他算法模型,提出的排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型在稳定状态判别上有更好的表现,准确率、精准率、召回率和曲线下面积值(AUC)分别达到93.3%、87.5%、100%和93.8%,能够作为边坡稳定状态判别的分类器。该模型相对其他算法模型可以提高小样本数据集的边坡稳定状态判别的准确性,弥补机器学习对小样本数据集分类结果精度较低的不足。

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江松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

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江松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

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江松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Flow chart of GBDT algorithm, figureFileSmall=jaG8WEB6ORH9lQU6GVmBKg==, figureFileBig=9jDRE3HISZrP8GN8drgdmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816103855136800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=图7, caption=GBDT算法流程, figureFileSmall=jaG8WEB6ORH9lQU6GVmBKg==, figureFileBig=9jDRE3HISZrP8GN8drgdmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816103913857057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Flow framework diagram of TrAdaBoost-GBDT model, figureFileSmall=yUWdnxdvF9DPclGMijAgNQ==, figureFileBig=m1GliP2vhejEgT/3pwpl8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816103989354530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型流程框架, figureFileSmall=yUWdnxdvF9DPclGMijAgNQ==, figureFileBig=m1GliP2vhejEgT/3pwpl8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816104043880483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Visualization of confusion matrix of discriminant results of different models, figureFileSmall=JGnoyLkAfHR85xigVbCjBw==, figureFileBig=WLhUG13+UmcLLpQCSSWUZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816104119377956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同模型的判别结果混淆矩阵可视化图, figureFileSmall=JGnoyLkAfHR85xigVbCjBw==, figureFileBig=WLhUG13+UmcLLpQCSSWUZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816104178098213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Safety factor diagram of dump slope, figureFileSmall=NdBsqiqmBJ+I8+M2/ezfCQ==, figureFileBig=Y6hvzrsIU1vBT2Gfup03Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816104232624166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=图10, caption=排土场边坡的安全系数, figureFileSmall=NdBsqiqmBJ+I8+M2/ezfCQ==, figureFileBig=Y6hvzrsIU1vBT2Gfup03Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816104308121639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Similar simulation test schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验
编号
土石质
量比
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
降雨停止
时信号
工况1 9:1 49 坡体大范
围破坏
工况2 9:1 83
工况3 4:1 49
工况4 4:1 83
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104417173544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相似模拟试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验
编号
土石质
量比
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
降雨停止
时信号
工况1 9:1 49 坡体大范
围破坏
工况2 9:1 83
工况3 4:1 49
工况4 4:1 83
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104509448233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Meanings of tag variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签变量 含义 标签变量 含义
H1 坡底含水率 K3 坡顶孔隙水压力
H2 坡中含水率 T1 坡底土压力
H3 坡顶含水率 T2 坡中土压力
K1 坡底孔隙水压力 T3 坡顶土压力
K2 坡中孔隙水压力 Class 边坡稳定状态
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104568168490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标签变量含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签变量 含义 标签变量 含义
H1 坡底含水率 K3 坡顶孔隙水压力
H2 坡中含水率 T1 坡底土压力
H3 坡顶含水率 T2 坡中土压力
K1 坡底孔隙水压力 T3 坡顶土压力
K2 坡中孔隙水压力 Class 边坡稳定状态
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104647860267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Confusion matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真实情况 判别结果
稳定情况 失稳情况
稳定情况 TP FN
失稳情况 FP TN
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104710774828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混淆矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真实情况 判别结果
稳定情况 失稳情况
稳定情况 TP FN
失稳情况 FP TN
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104773689389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance evaluation indexes of different models

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判别模型 A P R AUC
TrAdaBoost-GBDT 0.933 0.875 1 0.938
GBDT 0.869 0.857 0.857 0.867
AdaBoost 0.802 0.838 0.717 0.796
SVM 0.773 0.754 0.747 0.723
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不同模型的性能评价指标

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判别模型 A P R AUC
TrAdaBoost-GBDT 0.933 0.875 1 0.938
GBDT 0.869 0.857 0.857 0.867
AdaBoost 0.802 0.838 0.717 0.796
SVM 0.773 0.754 0.747 0.723
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Discriminanting results of TrAdaBoost-GBDT model on test samples

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样本
序号
真实
类别
判别
结果
样本
序号
真实
类别
判别
结果
1 b b 9 b b
2 a a 10 a a
3 a a 11 b b
4 b b 12 a a
5 b a 13 a a
6 a a 14 b b
7 b b 15 a a
8 a a
), ArticleFig(id=1167816104983404592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807382106772, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型在测试样本上的判别结果

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样本
序号
真实
类别
判别
结果
样本
序号
真实
类别
判别
结果
1 b b 9 b b
2 a a 10 a a
3 a a 11 b b
4 b b 12 a a
5 b a 13 a a
6 a a 14 b b
7 b b 15 a a
8 a a
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基于TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的排土场边坡稳定状态判别
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江松 1, 2 , 李涛 1 , 李锦源 1 , 李研博 1 , 张存良 3 , 张立杰 4
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(11): 89-98
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(11): 89-98
基于TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的排土场边坡稳定状态判别
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江松1, 2 , 李涛1, 李锦源1, 李研博1, 张存良3, 张立杰4
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 7100552
  • 2 西安市智慧工业感知计算与决策重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3 内蒙古汇能煤电集团有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 017000
  • 4 唐山冀东水泥股份有限公司,河北 唐山 063000
  • 江松 (1990—),男,江西鄱阳人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、大数据灾害识别预警方面的研究。E-mail:

Discrimination of dump slope stability state based on TrAdaBoost-GBDT model
Song JIANG1, 2 , Tao LI1, Jinyuan LI1, Yanbo LI1, Cunliang ZHANG3, Lijie ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 Xi'an Key Laboratory of Perceptive Computing and Decision for Intelligent Industry,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 3 Inner Mongolia Huineng Coal and Electricity Group Co.,Ltd.,Ordos Inner Mongolia 017000,China
  • 4 Tangshan Jidong Cement Co.,Ltd.,Tangshan Hebei 063000,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0124
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针对露天矿排土场失稳数据获取困难,样本数据量少等问题,提出基于迁移学习算法的露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型;结合陕西省F露天矿排土场边坡的实际地质条件和降雨情况,设计降雨条件下排土场不同土石混合比边坡的相似模拟试验方案,并采集和处理试验中边坡模型的含水率、土压力和孔隙水压力数据;考虑到小样本数据集对梯度提升回归树(GBDT)模型分类精度的影响,运用迁移学习思想,利用迁移自适应增强算法(TrAdaBoost)对源域数据集和目标域数据集样本权重进行迭代更新,以GBDT模型作为数据样本训练的弱学习器,最终根据弱学习器的分类结果,通过加权多数表决法生成一种基于迁移学习的TrAdaBoost-GBDT排土场边坡稳定状性判别模型,以提高小样本数据标签类别的判别准确率。结果表明:相对其他算法模型,提出的排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型在稳定状态判别上有更好的表现,准确率、精准率、召回率和曲线下面积值(AUC)分别达到93.3%、87.5%、100%和93.8%,能够作为边坡稳定状态判别的分类器。该模型相对其他算法模型可以提高小样本数据集的边坡稳定状态判别的准确性,弥补机器学习对小样本数据集分类结果精度较低的不足。

排土场边坡  /  稳定状态判别  /  迁移自适应增强梯度提升回归树(TrAdaBoost-GBDT)  /  迁移学习  /  小样本

In view of the difficulties in obtaining instability data of open-pit mine dump and the small amount of sample data,a discrimination model of slope stability state of open-pit mine dump based on migration learning algorithm was proposed. According to the actual geological conditions and rainfall conditions of the dump slope of F open-pit mine in Shaanxi Province,a similar simulation test scheme of slope with different soil-rock mixing ratio was designed under the condition of rainfall. The data of water content,earth pressure and pore water pressure of the slope model were collected and processed. Considering the influence of small sample data set on the classification accuracy of GBDT model,using the idea of transfer learning,the sample weight of source domain data set and target domain data set was iteratively updated by TrAdaBoost algorithm,and the GBDT model was used as the weak learner for data sample training. Finally,according to the classification result of the weak learner,the weighted majority voting method was used to generate a TrAdaBoost-GBDT dump slope stability discrimination model based on transfer learning to improve the discrimination accuracy of small sample data label categories. The results show that the proposed dump slope stability state discrimination model has a better performance in judging the stable state than other algorithm models,and the values of accuracy,precision,recall and area under curve(AUC) are 93.3%,87.5%,100% and 93.8%,respectively. Compared with other algorithm models,this model can improve the accuracy of slope stability discrimination of small sample data sets,and make up for the low accuracy of machine learning classification results of small sample data sets.

dump slope  /  stability state discrimination  /  transfer adaptive boosting-gradient boosting decision tree (TrAdaBoost-GBDT)  /  transfer learning  /  small samples
江松, 李涛, 李锦源, 李研博, 张存良, 张立杰. 基于TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的排土场边坡稳定状态判别. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 89 -98 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0124
Song JIANG, Tao LI, Jinyuan LI, Yanbo LI, Cunliang ZHANG, Lijie ZHANG. Discrimination of dump slope stability state based on TrAdaBoost-GBDT model[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 89 -98 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0124
长期以来,露天矿排土场边坡稳定性分析问题一直是矿山地质和岩土工程中备受关注的焦点之一[1]。在我国,频发的露天矿排土场边坡失稳事件对人民的生命和财产安全构成严重威胁[2]。因此,判别露天矿排土场边坡的稳定状态成为非常重要的任务[3]。随着矿山开采规模的扩大,露天矿排土场边坡的稳定性和安全性要求日益增高[4]。对露天矿排土场边坡进行稳定性分析,构建可靠的判别模型[5],具有重要的实际和理论意义。
目前,边坡稳定性判别模型主要可以分为2大类:确定性模型和不确定性模型。其中,确定性模型采用极限平衡法和数值模拟分析法等,基于力学理论(如弹塑性理论或黏弹性理论等)分析和评价边坡的稳定性[6]。陶志刚等[7]研究了辽宁本溪南芬露天铁矿Ⅱ号排土场,通过相似物理模型模拟堆载和降雨,结果表明:排土场边坡在降雨影响下泥质胶结材料流失,减小了颗粒间接触力,形成潜在滑动面;堆载增加扩大滑动面,最终形成贯通滑动面。蔡跃等[8]利用通用离散元程序(Universal Distinct Element Code,UDEC),模拟边坡滑移过程,发现岩体边坡稳定性不仅受岩层力学参数影响,还与岩体厚度、倾角/走向及人工边坡倾角相关。但是,边坡变化过程复杂且不确定因素多,模拟所用的参数具有不完备性和时效限制,难以用数学模型精确模拟表达,而常用的模拟分析方法复杂、计算量大、软件操作复杂,在表达边坡系统受力、变化等特征上也具有局限性。因此,这类确定性模型预测方法难以取得让大众普遍接受的理想结果。鉴于以上原因,伴随着人工智能的快速兴起,各种理论、算法(突变理论、支持向量机、Stacking算法、机器学习等)被广泛应用到不确定性模型的分析方法中,并取得不错的效果[9]。鉴于以上原因,伴随着人工智能的快速兴起,各种理论、算法(突变理论、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、Stacking算法、机器学习等)被广泛应用到不确定性模型的分析方法中,并取得不错的效果[9]。如王振伟等[10]将突变理论和传统极限平衡法相结合,成功实现了对滑坡的预测。XU Mingyang等[11]基于SVM理论,提出一种改进的子集模型方法,构建了基于子集模型(Subset Simulation,SS)和反应调节法的地震协同可靠性评估框架,与蒙特卡罗模拟相比,评估框架计算量约为蒙特卡罗模拟的2%。在3D情况下,评估节省时间优势更为明显,研究表明:斜坡破坏概率和滑动面在2D与3D中不同。KARDANI等[12]采用Stacking算法,融合多个分类器,通过基学习器学习边坡因素与稳定性的映射,元学习器提升预测准确率,为边坡稳定性分析提供新方法。CHANG Zhilu等[13]将机器学习模型运用到倾斜单元上,建立斜坡随机森林模型(Slope Random Forest model,Slope-RF)和斜坡多层感知器模型(Slope Multi-Layer Perceptron model,Slope-MLP)等2种模型,并和传统的网格单元模型进行比较,发现新建模型能够更好地反应边坡的实际情况。综上所述,目前2种边坡稳定状态判别模型都取得了长足的发展,但是,目前基于人工智能算法的边坡稳定状态判别模型在小样本数据集场景下的研究较少。传统的机器学习模型,对处理复杂的非线性问题能力有限,所以它们对工程数据需量大,对数据的质量敏感[14]。需要保证足够多且有效的数据,才能构建出输入特征和输出特征之间的映射关系。但是,在露天矿排土场边坡失稳时,灾害发生往往持续时间较短、影响较大、波及范围较广,使得难以获取到大量、有效的边坡失稳样本数据。导致传统的机器学习模型,在样本数据较少的小样本数据集环境下,往往会出现误判识别,模型分类性能差,从而影响露天矿排土场边坡稳定性状态的判别精度[15]
鉴于此,笔者拟以梯度提升回归树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,GBDT)模型[16]作为数据样本训练的弱学习器,搭建不同土石混合比边坡相似模拟试验,得到试验监测的样本数据;运用迁移学习思想改进传统的GBDT边坡稳定状态判别模型,提出一种新的适用于小样本数据集环境下的迁移自适应增强(Transfer Adaptive Boosting,TrAdaBoost)-GBDT边坡稳定状态判别模型;通过实例分析,验证该模型是否能够准确地判别露天矿排土场边坡的稳定状态,以期为边坡的稳定状态判别提出新的解决办法,弥补小样本数据集分类结果精度较低的不足。
F露天矿排土场位于陕西省凤翔县县城东北方向,姚家沟镇西南方向,地处鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘的中低山和丘陵地区,矿区内主山脉呈近北向走向,地表黄土广泛分布,整体地势以靠近正北向的山梁为中心,中部地势较高,东西两侧地势较低。矿区的褶皱和断裂构造发育程度适中,未发生岩浆活动和变质作用。总占地面积23.01万m2,容积量297.97万m3。排土场底部标高850m,采用台阶式堆置方式,每个台阶高度15m,坡面角度34°,最终边坡角度23.3°。每个台阶边缘还设置宽度10m的安全平台。
F露天矿排土场年平均降水量为625mm,如图1所示。夏季的降水主要集中在7—9月这3个月,且多为强降雨,占全年降水量的约50%。根据陕西省凤翔县当地县志,历史上曾发生过短时强降雨达到49和83 mm/h的极端天气事件。
试验使用的样品来自F露天矿排土场的第一台阶和第三台阶的堆排料。对这些堆排料进行取样、筛分和称重。计算岩石在样本中的质量比,获得排土场不同台阶边坡的土石占比。其中,第一台阶的含石量为10%,第三台阶的含石量为20%,即土石混合质量比例分别为9:1和4:1。
考虑排土场所在地区历史上的极端降雨情况,选取降雨作为试验中的边坡失稳诱发因素。通过改变降雨喷头的规格,模拟降雨量。最终选择分别模拟降雨强度为49 和83 mm/h的排土场边坡降雨入渗试验。
根据对陕西省F露天矿排土场的实际调查,排土场台阶边坡的设计参数如下:坡高为15 m,台阶坡面角为34°。根据降雨条件,搭建的排土场边坡模型按照1:37.5相似比缩小。
降雨对排土场边坡稳定性的不利因素体现在:排土场土体吸收水分,含水率增加导致的土体重度增加,使得下滑力增大;增加土压力,降低土-岩散体的抗剪强度,导致排土场边坡稳定性降低;孔隙水压力的增大会降低边坡的抗剪强度,边坡呈现不同程度的侵蚀,增加边坡发生滑动和崩塌的风险。所以在进行监测试验时,选择坡顶、坡中和坡脚3个位置作为监测点并安装传感器,分别为含水率传感器(H)、土压力传感器(T)和孔隙水压力传感器(K)。图2为监测点的布设情况,其中,每个位置有3个传感器,共计9个传感器监测点。相似模拟试验共设计4种不同工况的模型试验,具体见表1
坡底、坡中和坡顶的含水率、土压力和孔隙水压力为特征属性,根据命名规则,1表示坡脚,2表示坡中,3表示坡顶,a代表边坡稳定,b代表边坡失稳,各标签变量含义见表2
监测数据来源于排土场边坡模型试验中的传感器响应,主要包括含水率、土压力和孔隙水压力监测数据。为了更好地观察实时监测值的变化,数据采集频率设为10 Hz/s,每秒采集10次。考虑到降雨对边坡稳定状态有滞后影响,监测范围为试验开始到降雨停止后20 min。在构建排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型之前,数据预处理至关重要。传感器将非电学量转换为电学量,数据采集系统将其转换为压应力值。然而,监测数据可能存在缺失、噪声、冗余和异常等问题。分析发现,监测值变化微小且冗余,因此决定取每分钟数据的平均值以提高准确性。图3图5为经过处理后的监测数据,其中,H、T、K后第一个下标为工况序号,第二个下标分别为坡脚、坡中和坡顶,如H1-2 表示工况1坡中含水率。虽然试验监测数据中缺失值较少,但由于坡体破坏导致某些传感器移动,使得监测值无效。针对这种情况,采用固定值填补缺失值的方法,根据最后一个正常工作时刻的监测值来填补失效的监测值。
图3可以看出,在降雨强度为49 和83 mm/h的条件下,试验结束后,20%含石量的排土场边坡模型在3个位置的含水率值均高于10%含石量的排土场边坡模型的含水率。由图4可知:在降雨入渗过程中,含水率增加导致边坡的整体重力增加,2组试验各位置的土压力呈现上升趋势。20%含石量的排土场边坡模型由于含石量较多,其整体土压力值较大。在49 mm/h降雨强度下,20%含石量的排土场边坡模型的土压力趋于稳定平衡较早。由图5可知:在相同的降雨强度下,20%含石量的排土场边坡模型各位置的孔隙水压力最早呈现较稳定状态。坡体整体较为稳定,且土颗粒间的孔隙水压力会在后期缓慢释放,出现一定程度的降低。预处理后的监测数据可以从含水率、土压力和孔隙水压力三者变化的角度对排土场边坡模型进行观察,同时为第2节构建排土场边坡稳定状态判模型提供数据来源。
基于TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态判别具体流程如图6所示。
GBDT是一种集成学习算法,用于解决分类和回归问题,如图7所示。它通过在每一轮迭代中训练一个新的决策树来逐步优化模型,以最小化损失函数或优化目标函数[17]。与传统的分类与回归树(Classification and Regression Trees,CART)模型不同,GBDT采用增量训练的方式,每次迭代学习一个新的决策树,强调修正先前模型的残差。GBDT分类算法的具体步骤如下。
1) 初始化弱学习器。
f 0 ( x ) = a r g m i n i = 1 N L ( y i c )
式中: f 0 ( x )为决策树拟合函数; L ( y i c )为损失函数,其中, y i为样本类别,i为第i个样本,c为常数。
2) 构建m个弱学习器。对于每一个样本( x i y i),i=1,2,…,n,计算第m次迭代第 i 个样本的损失函数的负梯度值:
r m i = - L ( y f ( x i ) ) f ( x i ) f ( x ) = f m - 1 ( x )
式中: f m - 1为截止到第m-1个独立决策树的累计预估结果; x i为第i个样本的特征向量。
利用负梯度训练弱学习器,最终迭代构造m个独立决策树 f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f m ( x ) m = 1,2 M 假设第m棵回归树的叶子结点数为 j ( j = 1,2 J ) 叶子结点将每棵树输入空间划分为 j个独立的子区域 R m 1 R m 2 R m j,计算区域 R m j的最佳拟合值 C m j
C m j = a r g m i n x i R m j L ( y i f m - 1 ( x i ) + c )
3) 更新弱学习器 f m ( x )
f m ( x ) = f m - 1 ( x ) + j = 1 J C m j I ( x R m j )
I ( x R m j ) = 1   i f   x R m j 0   i f   x R m j
式中 f m为截止到第m个独立决策树的累计预估结果。
4) 经过M轮迭代,最终的GBDT表达式为:
F ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + m = 1 M j = 1 J C m j I ( x R m j )
式中 F ( x )为最终GBDT。
样本迁移原理是指利用某个领域或任务中已有的样本信息,通过迁移学习的方法将其应用到其他领域或任务中,以提升学习性能的一种方法。根据源域标记样本所占的权重,可以通过映射将源领域的知识迁移到目标领域。具体而言,通过将源领域的样本和标签信息作为先验知识,辅助目标领域的学习过程,可以提升目标领域的学习性能[18]
TrAdaBoost算法是一种迁移学习方法,旨在应对数据不平衡和领域不匹配的问题。在迭代的过程中,通过增加源域中对目标域有帮助的训练样本的权重,强调这个样本[19]。增加分类正确的样本权重并降低错误分类样本的权重。通过多次迭代的方式逐步调整样本权重,使源领域和目标领域之间的分类器更好地适应目标领域的特性,进而提升目标任务弱学习器的精确度和稳定性。
首先,根据1.3节试验所收集监测数据的标签数量和样本量的不同,将10%含石量的排土场边坡稳定性数据作为源域,20%含石量的排土场边坡稳定性部分数据作为目标域。源域数据集用于训练GBDT模型的初始数据集,而目标域数据集是需要进行迁移学习的数据集。在样本迭代训练的过程中,通过TrAdaBoost算法对2个领域中样本的权重进行迭代更新[20]。TrAdaBoost算法根据GBDT模型在目标领域上的分类性能,进行反复迭代训练,不断调整源域和目标域样本的权重,以便更好地适应目标领域的特性。在工况4中,由于20%含石量排土场边坡失稳的数据样本较少,如果仅仅使用机器学习模型进行建模,易导致模型的判别性能较差,无法准确判别排土场边坡的稳定状态。为提高模型在小样本数据下的判别性能,因此,在GBDT模型中源域和目标域数据集的划分基础上,将10%含石量排土场边坡稳定性数据集和工况3中的20%含石量排土场边坡稳定性数据作为源域数据集,同时将工况4中的20%含石量排土场边坡稳定性数据作为目标域数据集。其中,目标域数据集中的28个数据样本作为测试集,用于验证模型对边坡稳定状态的判别性能。将剩余的目标域数据样本与源域数据一同纳入训练集中,以最大程度地利用源域中的有效数据样本,帮助小样本目标域实现数据标签快速精准判别。运用GBDT模型作为数据样本训练的弱学习器。通过对源域和目标域数据集进行训练,提高目标任务弱学习器的精准度和稳定性,即提高目标域中分类错误样本的权重,降低分类正确样本的权重,以便在下次迭代训练时,弱学习器可以对分类错误的样本有更高的关注,更好地获取分类错误样本中的关键信息并更新权重,权重大小与分类效果好坏呈正比例关系,进而得到一系列基分类器。最后,采取加权多数表决法,通过加大误差率小的弱分类器的权值,使其在表决中起更大的作用,另一方面,减小分类误差率大的弱分类器的权值,使其在表决中起较小的作用,将基分类器的分类结果进行集成,生成最终的基于迁移学习思想的TrAdaBoost-GBDTF排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型[21]。TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型流程框架如图8所示。
评价指标可体现模型的学习能力、判别结果和泛化能力的好坏,为了解模型的性能、选择最佳模型、优化超参数,并评估模型的风险,评价GBDT和TrAdaBoost算法模型。针对露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态判别,使用准确率A、精确率P、召回率R和曲线下面积值(Area Under the Curve,AUC)作为评价指标,认衡量模型的性能[22]。以上4项指标可通过计算混淆矩阵的结果得出,其中,AUC值越接近1,表示模型的分类性能越好。
混淆矩阵是用于评估分类模型性能的一种表格形式,记录了模型的判别结果和真实标签之间的对应关系。一个二分类问题的混淆矩阵会有4个格子:真正例TP、假正例FP、真反例TN和假反例FN。其中,边坡稳定被视为正例,边坡失稳被视为负例[23]。这4个类别所包含的样本数等于所选取的样本总数。混淆矩阵见表3
基于混淆矩阵,使用准确率A、精确率P、召回率R来评价所建模型。其表达式如下:
A = T P + T N T P + F N + F P + T N
P = T P T P + F P
R = T P T P + F N
由于排土场实际工程中滑坡失稳监测数据量较少且采集困难。因此,根据排土场剖面中第一级台阶边坡的工程尺度和降雨因素,使用数值模拟计算来获取边坡稳定性数据,并将其作为数据集的源域。在排土场剖面中的第三级台阶边坡中,根据材料参数和边界条件使用数值计算获取边坡数据集,并将其作为数据集的目标域。从目标域中选择了15组数据作为测试集,剩余数据与源域数据一起构成了模型的训练集。
基于Python平台,使用TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型训练排土场边坡稳定状态的训练集,并测试样本,确定其稳定状态。为评估TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型对排土场边坡稳定状态的判别有效性,对比分析GBDT、AdaBoost和SVM模型,并以准确率A、精确率P、召回率R和AUC值作为评估指标来衡量模型性能。这4种模型都使用10折交叉验证的方法训练数据集,并测试样本,取10次运行的平均结果为测试结果(表4)。
在TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型中,样本权重的阈值大小对迁移样本的质量有着重要影响,因此,针对阈值Threshold设置为0.91,迭代次数设定为120,学习率设定为0.11。
表4可知:TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型在准确率A指标上表现最好,达到0.933,意味着模型对样本正确分类的比例较高。其次,TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型在精确率P指标上达到0.875,说明模型在判别正例(失稳状态)时较为准确。同时,TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的召回率R指标达到1,表示模型对真实正例的识别率为100%,即没有将正例误判为负例。最后,AUC值为0.938,表明模型的分类性能较好,能够很好地区分边坡的稳定状态。TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型在排土场边坡稳定状态判别中表现最佳,在处理实际工程中小样本露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态数据集时,展现出卓越的分类性能和很强的稳健性。图9为模型的判别结果混淆矩阵可视化图。
通过图9,可以直观地展示4种模型在测试样本上的边坡稳定状态判别结果,以及其判别正确和错误的样本数量。下面是各模型在测试样本上的表现:对于边坡稳定样本,TrAdaBoost-GBDT、GBDT和AdaBoost模型均有1个样本被错误地判别为失稳状态,而SVM模型则有2个样本被错误地判别为失稳状态。在边坡失稳样本上,TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的判别准确率达到了100%。GBDT模型只有一个失稳样本被错误地判别为稳定状态。然而,AdaBoost和SVM模型则将2个失稳样本错误地判别为稳定状态。
上述结果表明:在小样本露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态数据集上,TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型相比于集成学习模型(GBDT和AdaBoost)和单一分类模型(SVM),具有更强的稳定状态判别能力。TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型能够快速且准确地对小样本数据集环境下的露天矿排土场边坡监测数据和滑坡失稳样本进行判别。
为验证模型的有效性,使用数值模拟软件计算排土场边坡的安全系数,并对比判别模型和数值模拟的计算结果。由于篇幅限制,仅展示表5中的样本5和样本10的判别结果。
利用Geo-Studio软件中的Morgenstern-Price方法进行分析,其中图10分别展示了样本5和样本10在降雨作用下边坡的安全系数。根据数值模拟结果,由图10可知:样本5的边坡安全系数为1.087,样本10的边坡安全系数为1.22。依据《非煤露天矿边坡工程技术规范》[24],排土场边坡安全系数小于1.10被认定为失稳状态,结合表5的判别结果,除了样本5的边坡稳定状态被错误判别为稳定外,其余样本的判别结果全部正确。
1) 通过对比不同算法模型对露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态数据集的判别性能,提出基于TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型的露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态判别模型,该模型能够弥补传统的机器学习模型在处理小样本数据集边坡稳定状态判别结果精度较低的不足。
2) 工程尺度下,TrAdaBoost-GBDT模型对小样本数据集中稳定状态状态判别精度最高,达到0.933;数值模拟计算结果证明,该模型在露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态识别中具有一定的可行性和有效性。
3) 由于露天矿排土场实际条件的限制,获取边坡失稳数据困难。未来可以收集其他露天矿排土场边坡失稳数据,进一步验证本文提出的模型在判定其他露天矿排土场边坡稳定状态方面的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51974223)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52104146)
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0124
  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
  • 修回日期:2024-08-26
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51974223)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52104146)
作者信息
    1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 7100552
    2 西安市智慧工业感知计算与决策重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3 内蒙古汇能煤电集团有限公司,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 017000
    4 唐山冀东水泥股份有限公司,河北 唐山 063000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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