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Article(id=1149735807021396627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0009-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1726329600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047977451, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047977451, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047977451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047977451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735807709262488, articleId=1149735807021396627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effects of vibration and time pressure on monitoring performance and workload of operators in DCS, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of vibration and time pressure on monitoring tasks in DCS and reduce human error，a monitoring experiment was designed to measure the monitoring performance and workload under vibration conditions (static，low and high) and time pressure conditions (no time pressure and time pressure). Statistical methods were used to explore the influence of vibration and time pressure on the monitoring performance and workload. The results show that the vibration (monitoring time and accuracy) has no significant effect on monitoring performance. Both the monitoring time and the workload show rising trends with the increase of the vibrating level. The time pressure has a significant impact on monitoring time and workload，but has no significant impact on accuracy. The monitoring time in the state confirmation task is significantly longer than that of data comparison，but the accuracy difference is not significant. The monitoring performance and workload of DCS operators in the vibrating condition are basically the same as that in the static condition. In the time-pressure condition，the DCS operators' workload is heavy，but the monitoring time is short.

, correspAuthors=Cannan YI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong HU, Jiang WU, Mian ZHANG, Chao SHEN, Cannan YI, Caijun ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735818954191801, articleId=1149735807021396627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=摇摆、时间压力对DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷的影响, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解摇摆、时间压力对数字化控制系统(DCS)操作员监视作业的影响，降低人因失误，设计监视试验获得摇摆(静止、低和高)和时间压力(无时间压力和有时间压力)条件下操作员监视绩效和工作负荷；运用统计学方法分析摇摆和时间压力对监视绩效和工作负荷的影响。结果表明：摇摆对监视绩效(监视时间和正确率)和工作负荷影响均不显著，但随着摇摆级别的增加，监视时间和工作负荷呈现上升趋势；时间压力显著影响监视时间和工作负荷，但对正确率影响不显著；监视任务中，状态确认任务用时显著多于数据比较任务，但正确率差异不显著。摇摆条件下DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷与静止条件基本一致；有时间压力条件下，DCS操作员监视工作负荷较大，但监视时间较短。

, correspAuthors=易灿南, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 易灿南(1981—)，女，湖南宁乡人，博士，教授，主要从事职业安全与健康以及人因工程方面的研究。E-mail：。
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胡鸿 (1979—)，男，湖南邵阳人，博士，教授，主要从事人因可靠性方面的研究。E-mail：。

武江，工程师

沈超，高级工程师

易灿南，教授

赵彩俊，讲师

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胡鸿 (1979—)，男，湖南邵阳人，博士，教授，主要从事人因可靠性方面的研究。E-mail：。

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胡鸿 (1979—)，男，湖南邵阳人，博士，教授，主要从事人因可靠性方面的研究。E-mail：。

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武江，工程师

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武江，工程师

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沈超，高级工程师

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沈超，高级工程师

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易灿南，教授

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易灿南，教授

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赵彩俊，讲师

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赵彩俊，讲师

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Research on the influence mechanism of vibration, visual fatigue and color scheme on visual search performance[D]. 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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Vibrating parameters

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自由
度		 静止 低摇摆 高摇摆
幅度/
mm		 周期/
s		 幅度/
mm		 周期/
s		 幅度/
mm		 周期/
s
横向 ±0 0 ±50 8 ±90 8
纵向 ±0 0 ±50 4 ±90 4
垂直 ±0 0 ±50 4 ±90 4
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396045583269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

摇摆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由
度		 静止 低摇摆 高摇摆
幅度/
mm		 周期/
s		 幅度/
mm		 周期/
s		 幅度/
mm		 周期/
s
横向 ±0 0 ±50 8 ±90 8
纵向 ±0 0 ±50 4 ±90 4
垂直 ±0 0 ±50 4 ±90 4
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396125275046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monitoring performance under conditions of vibrating，time pressure and task

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 级别 正确率/% 监视时间/ms
摇摆 静止 96.29±5.62 1 794.55±613.19
低摇摆 96.37±5.94 1 828.80±618.08
高摇摆 96.45±5.40 1 843.62±587.87
时间
压力		 无 96.90±5.48 1 915.40±661.86
有 95.83±5.77 1 729.25±528.39
任务
类型		 数据比较 96.51±5.95 1 540.80±479.10
状态确认 96.22±5.34 2 103.85±588.04
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396183995303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

摇摆、时间压力和任务类型下监视任务绩效

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 级别 正确率/% 监视时间/ms
摇摆 静止 96.29±5.62 1 794.55±613.19
低摇摆 96.37±5.94 1 828.80±618.08
高摇摆 96.45±5.40 1 843.62±587.87
时间
压力		 无 96.90±5.48 1 915.40±661.86
有 95.83±5.77 1 729.25±528.39
任务
类型		 数据比较 96.51±5.95 1 540.80±479.10
状态确认 96.22±5.34 2 103.85±588.04
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396242715560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Workload under different vibration and time pressure conditions

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因素 级别 心智需求 体力需求 时间需求 挫折程度 自我绩效 努力程度 NASA总分
摇摆
条件		 静止 5.78±3.39 4.16±2.60 5.47±4.11 4.72±3.16 6.66±4.74 4.05±2.98 30.83±16.24
低摇摆 6.06±3.27 5.64±3.84 5.97±3.49 4.75±3.07 7.23±4.81 4.30±3.06 33.95±16.34
高摇摆 6.75±3.63 5.92±4.07 6.44±3.94 4.45±2.85 7.25±3.89 4.70±3.44 35.52±16.45
时间
压力		 无 5.70±3.08 4.94±3.38 5.21±3.67 4.31±3.05 6.78±4.38 4.16±3.24 31.09±15.36
有 6.70±3.71 5.54±3.85 6.71±3.92 4.97±2.95 7.31±4.59 4.54±3.09 35.77±17.09
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396326601641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同摇摆和时间压力条件下工作负荷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 级别 心智需求 体力需求 时间需求 挫折程度 自我绩效 努力程度 NASA总分
摇摆
条件		 静止 5.78±3.39 4.16±2.60 5.47±4.11 4.72±3.16 6.66±4.74 4.05±2.98 30.83±16.24
低摇摆 6.06±3.27 5.64±3.84 5.97±3.49 4.75±3.07 7.23±4.81 4.30±3.06 33.95±16.34
高摇摆 6.75±3.63 5.92±4.07 6.44±3.94 4.45±2.85 7.25±3.89 4.70±3.44 35.52±16.45
时间
压力		 无 5.70±3.08 4.94±3.38 5.21±3.67 4.31±3.05 6.78±4.38 4.16±3.24 31.09±15.36
有 6.70±3.71 5.54±3.85 6.71±3.92 4.97±2.95 7.31±4.59 4.54±3.09 35.77±17.09
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396389516202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Visual search performance under vibrating conditions in literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 任务 级别 时间/s 正确率/% 备注
XUE
Hongjun
等[8]		 单目标 静止 2.30 99.2 影响
不显
著
轻微 2.21 98.9
中等 2.29 98.8
双目标 静止 3.80 97.5
轻微 3.84 97.8
中等 3.82 97.1
TAO Da
等[9]		 无目标 静止 4.40 85.0
纵摇 4.60 92.9
艏摇 4.50 96.4
单目标 静止 2.40 26.5
纵摇 2.40 28.3
艏摇 2.40 29.5
双目标 静止 4.00 17.4
纵摇 3.90 18.8
艏摇 4.00 20.4
三目标 静止 5.50 11.92
纵摇 5.30 13.1
艏摇 5.40 14.1
蔡剑[26] 单目标 静止 2.44 98.7
轻微 2.38 98.6
中等 2.45 98.8
双目标 静止 4.30 97.3
轻微 4.20 97.7
中等 4.24 97.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396465013675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

文献中摇摆条件下视觉搜索工作绩效

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 任务 级别 时间/s 正确率/% 备注
XUE
Hongjun
等[8]		 单目标 静止 2.30 99.2 影响
不显
著
轻微 2.21 98.9
中等 2.29 98.8
双目标 静止 3.80 97.5
轻微 3.84 97.8
中等 3.82 97.1
TAO Da
等[9]		 无目标 静止 4.40 85.0
纵摇 4.60 92.9
艏摇 4.50 96.4
单目标 静止 2.40 26.5
纵摇 2.40 28.3
艏摇 2.40 29.5
双目标 静止 4.00 17.4
纵摇 3.90 18.8
艏摇 4.00 20.4
三目标 静止 5.50 11.92
纵摇 5.30 13.1
艏摇 5.40 14.1
蔡剑[26] 单目标 静止 2.44 98.7
轻微 2.38 98.6
中等 2.45 98.8
双目标 静止 4.30 97.3
轻微 4.20 97.7
中等 4.24 97.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396544705452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of time pressure condition on work performance in Nuclear Power Plants

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文献 时间压力条件 时间/s 失误率/% 备注
董晓
璐[10]		 传统
界面		 高(25 s) 10.02 8.50 影响
显著
低(40 s) 12.36 1.00
生态
界面		 高(25 s) 10.46 4.40
低(40 s) 11.43 1.20
于航[17] 高(25 s) 6.26 5.60
低(40 s) 7.46 3.60
孙璐
等[18]		 有(12 min) 5.22 1.06 仅显著
影响任
务时间
无 9.03 0.96
甘文
娟[19]		 有(613 s) 7.61 0.16
无 9.71 0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396603425709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

陆基核电厂时间压力对工作绩效的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 时间压力条件 时间/s 失误率/% 备注
董晓
璐[10]		 传统
界面		 高(25 s) 10.02 8.50 影响
显著
低(40 s) 12.36 1.00
生态
界面		 高(25 s) 10.46 4.40
低(40 s) 11.43 1.20
于航[17] 高(25 s) 6.26 5.60
低(40 s) 7.46 3.60
孙璐
等[18]		 有(12 min) 5.22 1.06 仅显著
影响任
务时间
无 9.03 0.96
甘文
娟[19]		 有(613 s) 7.61 0.16
无 9.71 0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396662145966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

R value of workload under time pressure conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验 时间压力条件 R值 备注
文中 有(5 s)，无 1.15 摇摆
王庄[16] 高(系数0.8) 1.10 静止
较高(系数0.9) 0.88
中(系数1) 1.06
较低(系数1.2) 1.02
低(系数1.4) 1.00
于航[17] 高(25 s)，低(40 s) 1.2 静止
孙璐等[18] 有(12 min)，无 1.14 静止
), ArticleFig(id=1167827396725060527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735807021396627, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

时间压力条件下工作负荷R值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验 时间压力条件 R值 备注
文中 有(5 s)，无 1.15 摇摆
王庄[16] 高(系数0.8) 1.10 静止
较高(系数0.9) 0.88
中(系数1) 1.06
较低(系数1.2) 1.02
低(系数1.4) 1.00
于航[17] 高(25 s)，低(40 s) 1.2 静止
孙璐等[18] 有(12 min)，无 1.14 静止
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摇摆、时间压力对DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷的影响
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胡鸿 1 , 武江 2 , 张勉 3 , 沈超 2 , 易灿南 1, ** , 赵彩俊 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(11): 9-16
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(11): 9-16
摇摆、时间压力对DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷的影响
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胡鸿1 , 武江2, 张勉3, 沈超2, 易灿南1, ** , 赵彩俊1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南工学院 安全与管理工程学院，湖南 衡阳 421002
  • 2 中广核研究院有限公司，深圳 广东 518000
  • 3 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院，湖南 衡阳 421001

    • 胡鸿 (1979—)，男，湖南邵阳人，博士，教授，主要从事人因可靠性方面的研究。E-mail：。

    武江，工程师

    沈超，高级工程师

    易灿南，教授

    赵彩俊，讲师

通讯作者:

** 易灿南(1981—)，女，湖南宁乡人，博士，教授，主要从事职业安全与健康以及人因工程方面的研究。E-mail：。
Effects of vibration and time pressure on monitoring performance and workload of operators in DCS
Hong HU1 , Jiang WU2, Mian ZHANG3, Chao SHEN2, Cannan YI1, ** , Caijun ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety and Management Engineering，Hunan Institute of Engineering，Hengyang Hunan 421002，China
  • 2 China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Shenzhen Guangdong 518000，China
  • 3 School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering，University of South China，Hengyang Hunan 421001，China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0362
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摘要
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为了解摇摆、时间压力对数字化控制系统(DCS)操作员监视作业的影响，降低人因失误，设计监视试验获得摇摆(静止、低和高)和时间压力(无时间压力和有时间压力)条件下操作员监视绩效和工作负荷；运用统计学方法分析摇摆和时间压力对监视绩效和工作负荷的影响。结果表明：摇摆对监视绩效(监视时间和正确率)和工作负荷影响均不显著，但随着摇摆级别的增加，监视时间和工作负荷呈现上升趋势；时间压力显著影响监视时间和工作负荷，但对正确率影响不显著；监视任务中，状态确认任务用时显著多于数据比较任务，但正确率差异不显著。摇摆条件下DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷与静止条件基本一致；有时间压力条件下，DCS操作员监视工作负荷较大，但监视时间较短。

摇摆  /  时间压力  /  数字化控制系统(DCS)  /  操作员  /  监视绩效  /  工作负荷

To explore the effects of vibration and time pressure on monitoring tasks in DCS and reduce human error，a monitoring experiment was designed to measure the monitoring performance and workload under vibration conditions (static，low and high) and time pressure conditions (no time pressure and time pressure). Statistical methods were used to explore the influence of vibration and time pressure on the monitoring performance and workload. The results show that the vibration (monitoring time and accuracy) has no significant effect on monitoring performance. Both the monitoring time and the workload show rising trends with the increase of the vibrating level. The time pressure has a significant impact on monitoring time and workload，but has no significant impact on accuracy. The monitoring time in the state confirmation task is significantly longer than that of data comparison，but the accuracy difference is not significant. The monitoring performance and workload of DCS operators in the vibrating condition are basically the same as that in the static condition. In the time-pressure condition，the DCS operators' workload is heavy，but the monitoring time is short.

vibration  /  time pressure  /  digital control system (DCS)  /  operator  /  monitoring performance  /  workload
胡鸿, 武江, 张勉, 沈超, 易灿南, 赵彩俊. 摇摆、时间压力对DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 9 -16 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0362
Hong HU, Jiang WU, Mian ZHANG, Chao SHEN, Cannan YI, Caijun ZHAO. Effects of vibration and time pressure on monitoring performance and workload of operators in DCS[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 9 -16 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0362
正文
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0 引言
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近年来，随着计算机与通信技术的发展，核电[1]、船舶运输[2]、煤矿[3]以及轨道交通[4]等工业系统逐渐数字化，计算机工作站取代传统模拟控制界面。在这些数字化控制系统(Digital Control System，DCS)中，操作员通过监视重要仪器设备运行参数、图形变化趋势和仪表控制系统工作状态[5]，实现对系统的安全控制。因此，操作员监视作业是DCS人因可靠性研究重点关注的对象。
在一些DCS中(如海上浮动核电站、船舶等)，操作员在摇摆条件下维持身体平衡并监视系统运行，其工作环境晃动幅度较大、频率较低(频率<1 Hz)。因此，DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷可能受摇摆条件影响。文献检索发现，摇摆显著影响工作负荷，但对工作绩效的影响则与任务类型有关。针对指点作业，TAO Da[6]和LIN Joe Chiuhsiang[7]等开展点击相关试验，发现随着摇摆级别升高，任务时间增长，正确率降低，工作负荷增大。针对视觉搜索任务，XUE Hongjun[8]和TAO Da[9]等研究发现，摇摆虽然显著影响工作负荷，但对工作绩效影响并不显著。未检索到摇摆条件下DCS操作员监视相关文献。因此，摇摆条件对DCS操作员监视绩效和工作负荷的影响还有待探究。
在DCS中，特别是在大型复杂系统中(如核电站)，由于系统安全性、可靠性要求以及在紧急情况下应急措施处置要求，操作员时间压力较大[10]。现有研究表明：时间压力是诱发人因失误的主要原因之一[11]，与工作绩效存在线性关系(正面[12]或负面[13]影响)或非线性关系[14]。也有研究显示，时间压力对人因失误/可靠性影响不显著，但显著影响工作负荷和任务时间[15]。一些学者探究了核电DCS中时间压力与操作员绩效及工作负荷的关系。时间压力越大，任务完成时间越长，工作负荷越大。在正确率方面，则存在不同结果：董晓璐[10]、王庄[16]和于航[17]等的研究证明，时间压力显著影响正确率；孙璐[18]和甘文娟[19]等研究显示，时间压力对正确率影响并不显著。未检索到摇摆条件下时间压力对操作员监视绩效影响的相关研究。
鉴于此，笔者拟关注摇摆条件下DCS操作员监视作业，开展典型DCS操作员监视试验，探究摇摆、时间压力对监视绩效和工作负荷的影响，以期为此类环境下操作员人因可靠性研究提供理论支持。
1 DCS操作员监视试验
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1.1 被试
采用G*Power 3.1软件[20]预估试验所需被试量。在中等效应(效应量f = 0.25)和0.05的显著性水平下，招募24名被试可达0.9的统计检验力。在我国，执照操作员在完成电厂操作任务的同时，还需要进行大量学习和培训，时间紧张，无法招募大量操作员来实验室参与试验。另外，研究表明：经过充分培训的人员工作绩效基本等同于技能型人才，执行任务时失误率同专业人员没有显著差异[21]。因此，有偿招募32名大学男生参与试验，年龄(19.34±1.26)岁，右利手，视力正常或者矫正后正常，无色盲和色弱，无神经疾病，未有类似摇摆环境工作或试验经验。签署被试知情同意书后开始正式试验，试验前一晚保证睡眠质量，并且试验前24h禁止饮酒、喝茶或者咖啡以及其他可能刺激大脑的食品。
1.2 监视任务
在DCS中，操作员通过获取相关状态信息(如组件设备参数信息、警报信息、规程信息和运行趋势等)，监视系统运行并进行状态评估与控制[22]。根据信息呈现方式，可将操作员监视信息分为状态信息、数字信息、图形信息和语音信息等。状态信息指用特定颜色、符号描述系统或组件设备状态(如是否可用、导通、开闭、启停以及量的多少等)或工况(如是否危险、故障以及正常等)的信息，是判断系统运行状态的重要依据。数字信息是指以阿拉伯数字呈现的系统状态或组件设备参数的定量数值，例如核电厂温度、压力、流量、硼浓度和放射性水平等，属于系统运行安全相关重要参数。因此，主要关注DCS中操作员数字信息和状态信息监视作业：数字信息类任务主要判断系统相关参数是否与规程或者要求一致，简称数据比较任务；状态信息类任务主要确定设备状态是否符合规程或者要求，简称状态确认任务。
1.2.1 任务素材
核电属于典型复杂大型DCS，在核电厂运行各阶段，操作员需要监视大量信息，为状态评估、响应计划和响应执行奠定基础[22]。试验以某海上浮动核电站蒸汽发生器传热管道破裂事故情况下的操作员监视任务为对象，选取存在数字信息和状态信息监视的30个任务作为素材，数据比较任务如“A列蒸汽发生器总γ测量值是否≥6.0”，状态确认任务如“控制棒是否插到底”。任务素材呈现于图1所示平台。
1.2.2 因变量和自变量
监视任务绩效用监视任务用时(简称监视时间)及监视正确率(简称正确率)来表征；工作负荷则基于美国国家航天航空局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration，NASA)所开发的任务负荷指数量表(Task Load Index，TLX)，即NASA-TLX[23]收集。因此，因变量为监视时间、正确率和工作负荷。自变量为摇摆条件(静止，低和高)和时间压力(无，有)。参照文献[6，8-9，24]的经验，设置3种摇摆条件，见表1。张力等[25]研究发现，国内某DCS模拟机操作员监视作业中，正确识别目标反应时小于5 s。因此，将有时间压力条件设置为5 s。
1.2.3 试验流程
1) 试次试验顺序。监视任务在6种试验条件下进行(3 摇摆级别×2时间压力)，每种条件下完成30个试次(图2)：①指令，如确认控制棒棒位信息，被试阅读并理解指令，按空格键进入下一步。②注视点“+”，提示集中注意力，1 s后自动进入下一步。③任务界面，被试搜索目标信息并理解其状态或记住其参数，无时间压力条件下按空格键进入下一步，有时间压力条件下被试按空格键或5 s后自动进入下一步，停留时间记为监视时间。④问题回答界面，该界面上出现与指令相关监视信息判断，正确按j键，错误按f键，有时间压力条件下存在5 s限时，回答问题的正确率记为监视任务的正确率。⑤空白屏幕。
2) 试验步骤。①开始，介绍试验背景和基本要求，被试填写个人信息，签署知情同意书。②培训，进行蒸汽发生器传热管道破裂事故、规程和界面方面的培训，确保被试熟悉试验任务；同时，被试适应摇摆台。③训练，被试进行练习，主动报告已熟悉试验任务且正确率达到100%后方可进入正式试验。④正式试验，被试按照拉丁方所确定的顺序进行某种条件下的试验，完成后填写NASA-TLX量表。1种试验条件完成后，被试休息5 min以上，被试反应无疲劳，则进入下一条件下的试验，直至所有6种试验条件全部完成。⑤结束，被试报告无眩晕后，离开试验平台；主试整理试验数据。
1.3 数据处理及分析
试验共获得192组(32名被试 × 3摇摆级别 × 2时间压力条件)监视绩效数据与工作负荷数据。有时间压力条件下，若被试在5s内按键进入下一界面，则取实际时间为监视时间；若被试未按键，则取5s为监视任务用时，且视为监视失误。进行描述性统计以分析不同试验条件下监视任务绩效与工作负荷。采取多因素方差分析以比较摇摆条件和时间压力对监视任务绩效与工作负荷的影响。利用Duncan事后多重比较以探究不同条件下监视绩效和工作负荷的差异。利用Excel 2019汇总和整理数据，使用SPSS 19.0进行统计学分析，显著性水平α=0.05。
2 监视任务绩效与工作负荷
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2.1 监视绩效
不同摇摆、时间压力和任务类型下监视任务绩效见表2。摇摆对监视时间和正确率影响均不显著(p>0.05)，随着摇摆级别的增加，正确率差异不明显，但监视时间呈现上升趋势。时间压力显著影响监视时间(p<0.01)，且无时间压力下监视时间显著大于有时间压力。时间压力对正确率影响不显著(p>0.05)，但无时间压力下正确率稍高于有时间压力。任务类型对监视时间影响显著(p<0.000 1)，且状态确认任务下监视时间显著大于数据比较任务；任务类型对正确率影响不显著(p>0.05)。摇摆级别、时间压力和任务类型对监视绩效无二阶、三阶效应(p>0.05)。
将监视绩效数据按照任务类型分组，以探究不同监视信息下摇摆(图3)和时间压力(图4)对监视绩效的影响。数据比较任务中，摇摆对监视时间和正确率影响均不显著(p>0.05)，时间压力对正确率影响不显著，但显著影响监视时间(p<0.05);状态确认任务中，摇摆对监视时间和正确率影响均不显著(p>0.05)，时间压力显著影响监视时间和正确率(p<0.05)。
2.2 工作负荷
不同摇摆和时间压力条件下工作负荷见表3。摇摆仅显著影响体力需求(p<0.05)，且摇摆条件下大于静止条件，但是低摇摆和高摇摆条件下差异不显著。虽然摇摆对NASA-TLX量表其他5个维度以及NASA总分影响不显著(p>0.05)，但是摇摆条件下评分都大于静止条件(表3)。时间压力对心智需求、时间需求以及NASA总分影响显著(p<0.05)，且均为有时间压力下评分大于无时间压力。虽然时间压力对其他维度影响不显著(p>0.05)，但有时间压力条件下评分均高于无时间压力条件(表3)。摇摆和时间压力对工作负荷无二阶效应(p>0.05)。
3 讨论
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3.1 摇摆、时间压力对监视绩效的影响
摇摆对操作员监视时间和正确率影响均不显著(p>0.05)。由于未检索到摇摆条件下监视任务绩效相关文献，仅与类似环境下视觉搜索相关文献[8-9，26]对比，结果汇总见表4。摇摆对视觉搜索任务时间影响不显著(表4)，与试验结果基本一致(表2)。因此，得知：在摇摆程度不太剧烈的情况下，监视作业正确率与静止条件基本一致。但试验中摇摆条件下监视时间大于静止条件，且随着摇摆条件增加，监视时间呈现上升趋势(表2)。因此，若摇摆级别高于试验条件，监视时间可能进一步增加，从而造成差异显著，还需要进一步研究。
时间压力显著影响监视时间(p<0.01)，对正确率影响不显著(p>0.05)。由于未检索到类似环境下DCS监视绩效相关研究成果，在此仅与陆基核电厂相关研究[10，17⇓-19]对比，将这些研究中不同时间压力条件下的任务执行时间和失误率汇总见表5：①时间压力显著影响任务完成时间，与试验研究结果一致。②董晓璐[10]和于航[17]等研究中失误率受时间压力影响，这2篇文献均采用高、低2种时间压力条件，高时间压力下时间紧张但可以完成任务，低时间压力下时间足够但不宽裕，高压力条件下时间紧张可能就是造成失误率显著升高的原因。③孙璐[18]和甘文娟[19]等研究中时间压力仅显著影响任务完成时间，对失误率影响不显著，与试验结果完全一致；这2篇文献均采用有、无2种时间压力条件，在时间条件压力不高的情况下，监视失误率差异不大。得出在本试验条件下，5 s为较低时间压力条件，虽然显著影响监视任务完成时间，但是对失误率的影响并不显著。但若摇摆级别升高，失误率可能会显著升高，因此，还需要开展相关试验进行进一步研究。
数据比较任务监视时间显著短于状态确认任务(p<0.000 1)，但二者正确率差异不显著(p>0.05)。数据比较任务中，被试搜索任务目标并比较数据，由于无需计算或单位换算，用时较短。状态确认任务中，被试搜索任务目标并确认其状态，通常需要观察1个以上目标才能确定状态，从而导致监视时间增长。这种情况在DCS中普遍存在，例如：为确保信号准确性，常采用“≥2/3”冗余设计，即采用3个冗余信号进行表决，2个以上满足即认为条件满足。
3.2 摇摆、时间压力对工作负荷的影响
摇摆仅影响显著体力需求(p<0.05)，对其他5个维度以及NASA总分影响不显著(p>0.05)，但摇摆条件下工作负荷评分均高于静止条件(表3)。计算“K=摇摆条件下工作负荷/静止条件下工作负荷”，以探究摇摆条件对工作负荷的影响程度。试验中，低摇摆、高摇摆条件下K值分别为1.10和1.15。陶达等[22]在晃动条件下触摸屏操作试验中，轻微、中度晃动条件下K值分别约为1.13和1.33。文中K值低于陶达等[22]研究的数据，这可能与任务类型有关，文中为监视试验，而陶达等[22]中为触摸操作试验，被试需要根据指令在触摸屏上进行操作，被试可能需要付出更多的努力以完成触摸操作。
时间压力显著影响心智需求、时间需求以及NASA总分，且其他4个维度下，有时间压力下分值高于无时间压力。检索数字化核电厂领域时间压力相关且采用NASA-TLX量表分析工作负荷的文献[16⇓-18]，并计算“R=有时间压力下工作负荷/无(低)时间压力下工作负荷”以确定时间压力对工作负荷的影响程度，见表6。虽然任务类型、时间压力条件以及工作环境都不尽相同，但文中R值与于航[17]和孙璐等[18]等的研究结果具有较好一致性；王庄[16]研究中R值相对较低，但文中没有无压力条件这种情况，可能造成R值偏低。因此，文中5 s时间压力条件使得工作负荷约增加1.15倍。
4 结论
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1) 摇摆对DCS操作员监视任务绩效影响不显著。但随着摇摆级别的增加，监视时间呈现上升趋势。当摇摆级别进一步增大时，监视任务绩效可能存在显著差异。
2) 在摇摆条件下，5 s为较低时间压力条件，虽然显著影响监视任务完成时间，但是对失误率的影响并不显著，在该时间压力下，操作员能够较好地完成监视任务。
3) DCS监视任务中，状态类信息用时较多，数据类信息用时相对较少，但二者正确率差异不显著。在实际中，建议减少数据类信息的计算和单位换算，减少监视用时，降低监视作业工作负荷。
4) 摇摆对DCS操作员监视任务工作负荷影响不显著，但摇摆条件下体力负荷显著高于静止条件。随着摇摆级别的增加，工作负荷呈现上升趋势，低摇摆和高摇摆工作负荷分别约为静止条件的1.10和1.15倍。时间压力对DCS操作员监视任务工作负荷影响显著，5s时间压力下工作负荷约为静止条件的1.15倍。
基金
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  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ5122)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ4263)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202411528046)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202411528064)
文献
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0362
  • 接收时间：2024-07-10
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-10
  • 修回日期：2024-09-15
基金
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ5122)
湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ4263)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202411528046)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202411528064)
作者信息
    1 湖南工学院 安全与管理工程学院，湖南 衡阳 421002
    2 中广核研究院有限公司，深圳 广东 518000
    3 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院，湖南 衡阳 421001

通讯作者:

** 易灿南(1981—)，女，湖南宁乡人，博士，教授，主要从事职业安全与健康以及人因工程方面的研究。E-mail：。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0362
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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