Article(id=1149735805217850136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0043-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0437, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1729180800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047977021, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047977021, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047977021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047977021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735805482091291, articleId=1149735805217850136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Statistical analysis of major chemical work safety accidents in recent 20 years, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the number of accidents,casualties and enhance the ability to control the level of accident hazards,and to study the general characteristics and hidden patterns of heavy and large safety accidents in China's chemical production industry,this paper used statistical analysis to comprehensively analyze 41 heavy and large accidents that occurred from 2000 to 2023 in terms of time,region,production stage,type of accidents,causes of accidents and other elements. The results show that the number of accidents shows a fluctuating upward trend in 2007-2019,and July and August are the high incidence period of accident every year. The number of heavy chemical accidents in East China accounts for 52.2% of the whole country,of which 12 accidents occurred in Shandong Province,accounting for 57.1% of the total. The highest proportion of accidents occurred in the formal production stage of enterprises,accounting for 53.6% of the total. The main types of accidents is container explosion. The domino effect exists in accidents,with heavy domino accidents and large domino accidents accounting for 14.63% and 39.02% of the total accidents respectively. There are more accidents with domino effect in heavy and large accidents than those without domino effect,accounting for 53.65%,of which the casualties of accidents with large dominoes account for 40.1% of the total accidents and casualties. The most frequent cause of accident statistics is the illegal execution of production,accounting for 49.3% of the total,and the resulting accidents with domino effect account for 66.6% of the accidents. In response to the problems analyzed in the above accidents,this paper proposes some measures to improve the management system from three perspectives: the company,the equipment and the employees.

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为降低事故数、事故伤亡人数和增强控制事故危害等级能力,用统计分析法,从时间、地区、生产阶段、事故类型、事故原因等要素,综合分析2000—2023年发生的41起化工重特大安全生产事故。结果表明:事故数量在2007—2019年呈现波动上升趋势,每年7、8月是事故高发期;华东地区的重特大化工事故数占全国的52.2%,其中,山东省共12起事故,占总数的57.1%。企业正式生产阶段所发生的事故比例最高,占总数的53.6%,主要事故类型为容器爆炸事故。事故存在多米诺效应,特大多米诺事故和重大多米诺事故分别占全事故的14.63%和39.02%,重特大事故中存在多米诺效应的事故均多于不存在多米诺效应的事故,共占比53.65%,其中,特大多米诺的事故伤亡量占全事故伤亡量的40.1%。事故统计中最多的原因是违规生产,占总数的49.3%,所造成的事故存在多米诺效应的事故有66.6%。针对上事故分析反应问题,从企业、设备和员工3个角度提出以健全管理体系为主的建议措施。

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李敏 (1989—),男,湖南涟源人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防治、风险评估、作业安全方面的研究。E-mail:

施式亮,教授

鲁义,教授

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李敏 (1989—),男,湖南涟源人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防治、风险评估、作业安全方面的研究。E-mail:

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施式亮,教授

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施式亮,教授

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鲁义,教授

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鲁义,教授

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近20年重特大化工生产事故统计分析
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李敏 , 朱柏坚 , 谌庭苇 , 贺珊 , 施式亮 , 鲁义
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(11): 43-50
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(11): 43-50
近20年重特大化工生产事故统计分析
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李敏 , 朱柏坚, 谌庭苇, 贺珊, 施式亮, 鲁义
作者信息
  • 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 李敏 (1989—),男,湖南涟源人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防治、风险评估、作业安全方面的研究。E-mail:

    施式亮,教授

    鲁义,教授

Statistical analysis of major chemical work safety accidents in recent 20 years
Min LI , Baijian ZHU, Tingwei CHEN, Shan HE, Shiliang SHI, Yi LU
Affiliations
  • School of Resource,Environment and Safety Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0437
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为降低事故数、事故伤亡人数和增强控制事故危害等级能力,用统计分析法,从时间、地区、生产阶段、事故类型、事故原因等要素,综合分析2000—2023年发生的41起化工重特大安全生产事故。结果表明:事故数量在2007—2019年呈现波动上升趋势,每年7、8月是事故高发期;华东地区的重特大化工事故数占全国的52.2%,其中,山东省共12起事故,占总数的57.1%。企业正式生产阶段所发生的事故比例最高,占总数的53.6%,主要事故类型为容器爆炸事故。事故存在多米诺效应,特大多米诺事故和重大多米诺事故分别占全事故的14.63%和39.02%,重特大事故中存在多米诺效应的事故均多于不存在多米诺效应的事故,共占比53.65%,其中,特大多米诺的事故伤亡量占全事故伤亡量的40.1%。事故统计中最多的原因是违规生产,占总数的49.3%,所造成的事故存在多米诺效应的事故有66.6%。针对上事故分析反应问题,从企业、设备和员工3个角度提出以健全管理体系为主的建议措施。

化工事故  /  重特大事故  /  统计分析  /  多米诺效应  /  管理体系

In order to reduce the number of accidents,casualties and enhance the ability to control the level of accident hazards,and to study the general characteristics and hidden patterns of heavy and large safety accidents in China's chemical production industry,this paper used statistical analysis to comprehensively analyze 41 heavy and large accidents that occurred from 2000 to 2023 in terms of time,region,production stage,type of accidents,causes of accidents and other elements. The results show that the number of accidents shows a fluctuating upward trend in 2007-2019,and July and August are the high incidence period of accident every year. The number of heavy chemical accidents in East China accounts for 52.2% of the whole country,of which 12 accidents occurred in Shandong Province,accounting for 57.1% of the total. The highest proportion of accidents occurred in the formal production stage of enterprises,accounting for 53.6% of the total. The main types of accidents is container explosion. The domino effect exists in accidents,with heavy domino accidents and large domino accidents accounting for 14.63% and 39.02% of the total accidents respectively. There are more accidents with domino effect in heavy and large accidents than those without domino effect,accounting for 53.65%,of which the casualties of accidents with large dominoes account for 40.1% of the total accidents and casualties. The most frequent cause of accident statistics is the illegal execution of production,accounting for 49.3% of the total,and the resulting accidents with domino effect account for 66.6% of the accidents. In response to the problems analyzed in the above accidents,this paper proposes some measures to improve the management system from three perspectives: the company,the equipment and the employees.

chemical accidents  /  major work safety accidents  /  statistical analysis  /  domino effect  /  management system
李敏, 朱柏坚, 谌庭苇, 贺珊, 施式亮, 鲁义. 近20年重特大化工生产事故统计分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0437
Min LI, Baijian ZHU, Tingwei CHEN, Shan HE, Shiliang SHI, Yi LU. Statistical analysis of major chemical work safety accidents in recent 20 years[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0437
化学工业是当今国民经济的重要支柱产业,然而每年都有生产事故发生。为响应可持续发展政策,提高评估产业风险水平,改进安全管理体系,最终促进各大产业高效、安全生产,统计分析化工行业的重大、特大事故(简称重特大事故),以求找到化工企业的有效改进路线。
为更好地了解化工行业的安全生产情况,国内外多名学者先后开展了化工安全生产事故(简称化工事故)统计分析,如KOURNIOTIS等[1]从文献中检索国外化工事故,根据涉及的物质和是否存在多米诺效应进行统计分析;关文玲等[2]分析了我国2001—2006年化工企业发生事故的设备、事故介质的火灾爆炸事故,用定量、半定量化的方法深入研究事故原因;叶永峰等[3]采用数理统计方法,从事故发展趋势、事故类型、事故原因、季节性、工作日和时段6个方面分析化工事故特点,认为应加强火灾和中毒窒息事故的防控;刘宗勇等[4]通过事故发生年月、省份及作业类型等方面统计分析1981—2019年发生的246例较大危险化学品事故,认为6—8月是危险高发期,精细化工的死亡人数在各行业占比最大,需加强对中小化工的检查力度;牛毅等[5]基于数据挖掘,利用社会网络分析等方法分析某化工集团2010—2016年共1 578起事故,由分析聚类结果可得,人因和组织结构缺陷是导致大量事故发生的根本原因;孙峰[6]于2021年进行国内外化工反应事故统计分析工作,从总体情况、主要后果、涉及工业类型、发生部位、反应类型与事故原因等方面进行分析,得出事故涉及多种反应类型的5个事故特点,并针对现状提出6点建议;李敏等[7]统计分析我国煤矿近20年重特大火灾事故,人为管理不善是导致事故发生的主要原因;杨茹[8]收集整理2000—2020年国内外228起化工企业生产安全事故情况,从事故发生的区域、时间、原因、环节和阶段、类别、严重程度等方面分析事故特征,认为从根源上消除事故发生的可能性,或转移风险或降低发生率,可采取管理和技术2个层面的手段。上述研究主要以年月、省份、生产阶段、直接与间接原因等要素统计分析收集到的化工事故,很大程度上揭示化工事故的发生特点,而上述研究分别存在统计事故基数小、国内外事故共同统计、要素之间缺乏关联分析等问题。
鉴于此,笔者拟统计并筛选2000—2023年中国(包括港澳台地区)发生的重特大事故共41起(事故数据均由政府报告、事故新闻、资料文献[9]等综合统计得出),从多个要素出发,综合分析我国化工事故基本特点及规律[10-11],以期为降低事故数、事故伤亡人数,增强控制事故危害等级能力及高质量制定事故预防措施提供参考依据。
据2000—2023年事故调查报告等不完全统计,化工企业发生重特大事故共41起,如图1所示。统计发现,我国近20年的重大事故和特大事故分别占收集到的事故总数的73.2%和26.8%。由图1可知:重特大化工事故总数整体逐年反复增减波动,但每年事故总数整体呈现波浪形上升趋势,并在2019年到达顶峰,共6起,占事故总数的14.6%。其中,2014年的特大事故数最多,共4起,占该年事故数的80%。
各月重特大化工事故统计如图2所示。由图2可知:7—8月为我国重特大事故高发月份。其中,7月事故最多,且7月的特大事故占本月的事故总数比例相较于其他月份更大,达66.7%。
近20年各省、自治区和直辖市(简称地区)的事故统计如图3所示,由图3可知:我国华东地区的山东省发生事故最多,共12起,分别占华东地区和全国的比例为52.2%和29.3%。对比同为华东地区的江苏省与山东省的特大事故占比,山东共发生12起重特大事故,其中,特大事故5起,占总数的41.7%,而江苏省共发生5起重特大事故,其中,特大事故4起,占总数的80.0%,在抛除事故基数的情况下对比,笔者认为,江苏的潜在伤害量相较于山东更高。因此,将结合其他统计数据,进一步统一分析造成该情况的原因。
根据化工企业的实际生产情况,将企业的生产经营流程划分为试产、生产、检修和储运4个阶段,并统计经营阶段收集的事故,如图4所示。由图4可知:事故主要集中在生产和储运2个阶段,其中,生产阶段事故最多,共22起,占总数的53.6%,其次是储运阶段,共12起,占29.3%。但是储运阶段中的特大事故有6起,分别占该阶段与经营流程全阶段事故数的50.0%和54.5%,比生产阶段中的特大事故的相应占比分别高出31.9%和18.2%,储运阶段所造成的伤害也不容小视。
2000—2023年,我国发生的化工重特大事故按事故类型统计情况如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,事故类型主要为各种爆炸事故,共占比82.2%。因为存在一起事故同时出现不同类型的主要伤害,故按事故类型统计的事故总数共有45起。同时因爆炸事故为主要类型且占比过高,继而参照《企业职工伤亡事故分类》(GB6441—1986),综合考虑起因物、引起事故的诱导性原因、致害物、伤害方式等,将爆炸事故细分为其他爆炸、容器爆炸、火药爆炸和瓦斯爆炸。在4种爆炸类型中,其他爆炸和容器爆炸的占比居多,分别是特大事故和重大事故里最多的一种类型。其他爆炸事故合计共17起,占全事故的37.8%,容器爆炸事故合计共15起,占全事故的33.3%。
在事故收集过程中同时分类统计事故原因,如图6所示。各个事故的主要事故原因分别是违规生产、工艺技术缺陷、人为失误因素和设备老化故障4点[12]。由图6可知:违规生产是重特大事故发生的最多诱因,共18起,占总数的43.9%。而设备老化故障这一要因在特大事故中的占比为0,而在重大事故中则占比20%。
多米诺效应是一种涉及到连锁反应的现象[13]。在统计事故时,笔者着重留意事故的伤害量是否存在多米诺效应,多米诺事故统计如图7所示;多米诺事故伤害量统计如图8所示。
图7可知:特大多米诺事故的数量占特大事故的54.5%,占全事故的14.63%,重大多米诺事故的数量占重大事故的53.3%,占全事故的39.02%,重特大事故中存在多米诺效应的事故均多于不存在多米诺效应的事故,共占比53.65%。
图8可知:特大多米诺事故的伤亡量[14]远超其余分类,占全事故伤亡量的40.1%,该现象除去特大事故伤亡量大于重大事故的基本性质外,还与多米诺效应相关。事故伤害的多米诺效应叠加,使原本等级可能为重大的事故升级为特大级,特大事故在原伤害量上不断扩大,造成更大的伤害量。特大非多米诺事故伤亡量与特大非多米诺事故数量相比,占比下降,原因是特大多米诺事故伤亡量的巨大数据以及泄露事故的伤亡量造成的巨大数据所导致的基数占比下降。
观察图1,选取特大事故出现的2007—2019年为重要研究区间,重特大事故整体呈上升趋势。由图3可知:重特大事故在空间上的分布集中于我国华东地区,出现华东事故数占比超过一半的情况。
据我国化工发展史,20世纪90年代初期我国进行改革开放,2003年中国加入世界贸易组织,21世纪10年代推出“十二五”“十三五”规划等政策与形式的推动下,中国化工行业不断加快技术创新和结构调整的步伐,化工企业规模不断增大,数量不断增多。为追求产量,我国化工产业发展初期集中于东部沿海地区,借助地形、政策等优势,华东各省率先发展化工,其中,以山东、江苏作为代表。近年来,因为化工企业的结构优化调整,出现了化工产业集中园区化现象,在化工产业数量增长上起到促进作用。但是量的提升没有同时带动质的提高,安全生产的各项保障措施无法跟上生产需求,使得生产状况越加危险,各类事故频发。1990—2020年,我国化工行业经历了从起步阶段到快速发展、再到转型升级的历程。政府政策的引导、市场需求的变化以及技术创新的推动都对行业发展起到了重要作用。
而月份对生产的影响主要源于不同的气候条件。气候变化会导致员工的身体和心理发生波动,伴随工业设备噪声[15]等多方因素影响,诱发的不安全行为对化工企业的生产经营各阶段均有不同程度的影响。7、8月我国正值夏季,天气炎热,持续的高温会使作业人员感到头晕、心慌、无力、疲倦等不适感,严重时出现一系列生理功能的改变,对作业人员影响较大,故而事故发生较多。而春季处于人员务工高峰期和天气转暖期,天气转暖会使员工的注意力不集中,容易导致事故发生。11月我国进入冬季,天气寒冷干燥,使得作业人员感知、运动能力下降。
交叉综合分析事故“生产阶段、事故类型和直接原因”3个要素,分别得到“工段-直接原因”“类型-直接原因”“直接原因-工段”3个交叉分析,如图9所示。
图9a可知:在所有事故里,其他与容器2类占比最高的爆炸事故,主要发生在企业运营中的生产阶段,其次是危化品储运阶段。各类事故在各生产阶段的分布形势与图3的分布基本一致,瀑布图的顶角点(事故最大数)都集中在生产阶段,由此可进一步推证我国重特大事故的最主要危险阶段是生产阶段。
图9b可知:违规生产是除中毒与烫伤外的其余6类事故中的最大数诱因,而人为失误因素是导致中毒事故发生的最大数诱因。在各类事故的原因分布中,只有容器爆炸事故的原因分布是与图5中的重大事故的原因分布是一致的,其余各类事故的原因分布不一致。
图9c可知:各生产阶段中存在的事故原因分布形势各不相同。其中,生产阶段中的各项原因事故数均高于其他阶段,由违规生产引起的发生在生产阶段的重特大事故达到12起,占该阶段的52.2%,占事故总数的27.3%。试生产与检修阶段均没有因违规生产而出现重特大事故。从图9c可以看出,化工企业需要在生产与储运阶段加强管理体系的构建,降低事故发生。
为更进一步了解多米诺效应在事故中发生的一般特征,将统计所得数据,用多米诺效应与事故基础要素分别交叉分析,如图10所示。
图10a可知:在企业的4个经营阶段中,生产阶段的多米诺事故与非多米诺事故均为最多,前者有12起,仅比后者多1起,除去生产阶段事故基数大的本质原因,储运阶段在图中展示的图像同样值得注意。储运阶段中的多米诺事故有9起,比非多米诺事故多出7起,占该阶段事故的81.8%,占比率极高。
图10b可知:在各项事故类型中,烫伤、中毒、瓦斯爆炸均没有多米诺事故,其中,中毒类型的非多米诺事故有4起,而其他伤害类型中没有非多米诺事故。容器爆炸类型中2种事故数一样,为7起,其他爆炸类型中多米诺事故有11起,非多米诺事故有6起。
图10c可知:设备老化故障原因造成的多米诺与非多米诺事故都为3起,人为失误因素造成的2种事故分别为5起与4起,相差不大,而工艺技术缺陷造成的多米诺事故只有2起,比非多米诺事故少4起。这3种原因引发多米诺事故的概率分别为50%、55.6%、25%。由1.5小节可知:违规生产引发的事故有18起,由图10c可知:其中的多米诺事故共12起,占比为66.6%,均高于其他原因。
生产阶段的多米诺事故有12起,其中,由违规生产引发的事故有8起,占生产阶段多米诺事故的66.6%,比违规生产占生产阶段事故的52.2%有所提升。而由违规生产引起的储运阶段事故有6起,其中,这6起事故中有4起形成了多米诺事故,占该阶段由违规生产引发的事故的66.6%,占比与图10c分析中所得占比相同。
事故伤害量的多米诺效应本质是单一事故发生不断引起其他事故扩大的伤害量。前三者原因造成的事故大多为单点事故,而管理体系的缺陷会对企业多个生产点都造成影响,当其中一环发生事故时,因缺少合适防控措施,容易形成连环事故,出现多米诺效应,故而违规生产引发的多米诺事故占比较高。
针对统计分析得出的问题,在此提出针对性改进措施建议。
1) 健全管理体系。明确生产目标与经营规划,建立清晰的管理组织架构,制定与已确立的目标规划相匹配的作业流程与监管制度。
2) 强化本质安全。根据建立的管理体系,在设备选用阶段,优先选择符合标准的设备,确保其符合相关的安全规范和标准。按制度定期检修和保养设备,并实施预防性维护,确保设备在生产各阶段的正常运行。
3) 优化人员管理。鼓励员工积极参与企业定制的培训和教育,通过学习加强对安全知识和技能的掌握,提升应对突发事件的能力。保证员工在日常生产活动中,严格遵守操作规程,避免个人操作失误导致的安全事故发生。
4) 优化企业生产线管理模式。将单一完整的生产线按作业危险程度划分生产防护单元,以单元为点落实保护措施,实现发生事故时的及时单点防护作用,有效切断多米诺效应。
1) 针对我国近20年间发生的化工重特大安全生产事故,统计事故调查报告,整理分析发现部分明显特征,事故数量在2004—2019年呈现波动上升趋势,在2019年达到最高,之后有大幅度下降势态,但仍有重大事故发生,事态依旧不容小视。
2) 统计分析收集到的41起重特大事故,发现其在时间的分布集中在7、8月份,与气候对员工工作状态的影响相关;而事故的空间分布主要集中在我国华东地区,与化工企业的分布现状相关。
3) 事故主要集中在企业的正式生产阶段,储运阶段次之;爆炸是重特大化工事故的主要类型,其中,以其他爆炸和容器爆炸最为主要,分别占总数的37.8%和33.3%;而事故原因集中为违规生产,占总数的43.9%。
4) 存在事故伤害量多米诺效应的事故占总数的53.65%,特大多米诺事故占总数的14.63%,但伤亡量占总数的40.1%,其中,由违规生产引起的事故中多米诺事故的占比为66.6%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52104191)
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0437
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-18
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国家自然科学基金(52104191)
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    湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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