Article(id=1149735804223800069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0108-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0682, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=1724860800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047976785, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047976785, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047976784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047976784, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735804521595662, articleId=1149735804223800069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Evolution of overburden structure and stability of coal pillars in isolated island working face, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the evolution of overburden structure and the stability of district coal pillars during the mining of shallow-buried coal seam island faces,a study was conducted with the 50104 working face of Taihua coal mine as the engineering background. The research employed a combination of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and on-site measurement to analyze the load-bearing capacity of the district coal pillars and the characteristics of overburden structure evolution on both sides. The FLAC3D numerical software was utilized to simulate the distribution of plastic zones and the evolution of mining-induced stress. The results indicate that during the advancement of the 50104 working face,the plastic destruction of the district coal pillars on both sides lagged behind the progress of the working face. The district coal pillars located in the goaf area behind the working face were in a state of plastic destruction,while those in front of the working face coal wall maintained a stable elastic zone,overall remaining stable. Throughout the working face advancement,the stress distribution of the district coal pillars on both sides exhibited the same characteristics,with two 11 m coal pillars showing symmetric high-stress concentration areas,both located behind the working face. The development speed of the high-stress destruction area of the district coal pillars lagged behind the advancement speed of the working face. The average stress value in the central area of the district coal pillars in front of the working face increased from 3.35 MPa to 3.54 MPa,but it never exceeded the coal pillar bearing capacity value calculated theoretically. Analysis of the mine pressure monitoring data from the 50104 working face revealed that the average initial support force was 3 932.4 kN,accounting for 55% of the rated initial support force of hydraulic support. The average maximum working resistance was 5 812.3 kN,representing 61.2% of the rated working resistance. The weighted average resistance was 4 836.6 kN per support,which is 50.9% of the rated working resistance. The maximum pressure was 6 013 kN,with a support stress of about 2.35 MPa,proving the stability of 11 m coal pillars and indicating that the overall stability of the district coal pillars in front of the working face coal wall is relatively good.

, correspAuthors=Peng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongyu WANG, Zhiheng CHENG, Peng WANG, Liang CHEN, Xiaoming QU, Kai GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735824826221149, articleId=1149735804223800069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究浅埋煤层孤岛工作面开采时覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性,以泰华煤矿50104工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场实测相结合的研究手段,分析其两侧区段煤柱承载能力及区段煤柱覆岩结构演化特征;并利用FLAC3D数值软件,模拟塑性区分布情况以及采动应力演化特征。结果表明:50104工作面推进过程中,东西两侧区段煤柱塑性破坏滞后于工作面推进过程,位于工作面后方采空区处的区段煤柱处于塑性破坏状态,而位于工作面煤壁前方的煤柱存在稳定的弹性区,整体保持稳定,且两侧区段煤柱应力分布呈现相同特征,2条11 m煤柱高应力集中区域保持对称,均位于工作面后方;工作面区段煤柱高应力破坏区域发展速度滞后于工作面推进速度,工作面前方区段煤柱中心区域平均应力值从3.35 MPa增加至3.54 MPa,但始终未超过理论计算得到的煤柱承载强度值;通过分析50104工作面的矿压监测数据,得出实测初撑力均值为 3932.4 kN,占液压支架额定初撑力的55%;平均最大工作阻力5 812.3kN,占额定工作阻力的61.2%;加权平均阻力均值为4 836.6kN/架,占额定工作阻力的50.9%;最大来压6 013 kN,支架应力约2.35 MPa,证明11 m煤柱稳定,位于工作面煤壁前方区段煤柱的整体稳定性较好。

, correspAuthors=王朋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 王朋(1998—),男,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生,主要方向为煤矿灾害防控。E-mail:
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王虹玉 (1982—),女,江西婺源人,博士研究生,副教授,主要研究方向为安全管理与技术、安全生产法等。E-mail:

程志恒,副研究员

陈亮,副研究员

曲晓明,高级工程师

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王虹玉 (1982—),女,江西婺源人,博士研究生,副教授,主要研究方向为安全管理与技术、安全生产法等。E-mail:

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程志恒,副研究员

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程志恒,副研究员

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陈亮,副研究员

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陈亮,副研究员

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曲晓明,高级工程师

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注:Ⅰ为破裂区;Ⅱ为塑性区;Ⅲ为弹性应力增加区;K为应力集中系数;γ为上覆岩层平均容重,kN/m3;H为煤层埋深,m;B为区段煤柱宽度,m。

, figureFileSmall=Bz3cH/Ha9lbX6jMojxyP8A==, figureFileBig=8j60KdCrwNoST84Z6UBA8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816055910051881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735804223800069, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Section coal pillar load estimation model, figureFileSmall=OO5YCvAcXimhHZ8gcZfbxg==, figureFileBig=K/Z0BHJA7x0DkXeAaVqgjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816055998132268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735804223800069, language=CN, label=图7, caption=区段煤柱载荷估算模型

注:D为50104工作面采空区宽度,m;δ为50104工作面采空区上覆岩层垮落角,(°)。

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Physical and mechanical parameters of coal and rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 岩石名称 层厚/m 密度/(kg·m-3) 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa
1 黄土 12.00 1 700 18 0.1 0.2 1.2
2 黏土 22.00 1 800 22 0.15 0.5 1.4
3 粉砂岩 4.00 2 350 25 2.75 1.51 19.5
5 砂质泥岩 9.00 2 280 36 2.16 0.75 5.42
6 粉砂岩 10.00 2 350 25 2.75 1.51 19.5
7 细粒砂岩 6.00 2 870 42 3.42 1.29 33.1
8 中粒砂岩 19.28 2 550 37 4.0 1.20 5.99
9 5-1 4.72 1 450 34 1.25 0.19 5.3
10 粉砂岩 3.00 2 350 25 2.75 1.51 19.5
), ArticleFig(id=1167816057021542471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735804223800069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 岩石名称 层厚/m 密度/(kg·m-3) 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa
1 黄土 12.00 1 700 18 0.1 0.2 1.2
2 黏土 22.00 1 800 22 0.15 0.5 1.4
3 粉砂岩 4.00 2 350 25 2.75 1.51 19.5
5 砂质泥岩 9.00 2 280 36 2.16 0.75 5.42
6 粉砂岩 10.00 2 350 25 2.75 1.51 19.5
7 细粒砂岩 6.00 2 870 42 3.42 1.29 33.1
8 中粒砂岩 19.28 2 550 37 4.0 1.20 5.99
9 5-1 4.72 1 450 34 1.25 0.19 5.3
10 粉砂岩 3.00 2 350 25 2.75 1.51 19.5
), ArticleFig(id=1167816057097039944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735804223800069, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

50104 working face pressure criterion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 支架 初撑力/kN 最大工作阻力/kN 加权平均工作阻力/kN
平均值
P - 0
均方差
Spo
判据
p'0= P - 0+Sp0
平均值
P - m
均方差
S p m
判据
p'm= P - m+ S p m
平均值
P - t
均方差
S p t
判据
p't= P - t+ S p t
上部
测站
31号 4 594.7 872 5 466.7 5 920.8 423 6 343.8 5 275.8 589 5 864.8
35号 3 611.5 729.5 4 341 5 870.1 748 6 618.1 4 941.1 939.7 5 880.8
中部
测站
18号 4 718.1 716.7 5 434.8 5 808.9 436 6 244.9 4 888.9 765 5 653.8
24号 3 824.7 1 166.2 4 990.9 5 409 1 046.3 6 455.3 4 027.3 1 173.5 5 200.8
下部
测站
5号 3 468.9 628.1 4 097 5 851.7 750.5 6 602.2 4 795.6 789.2 5 584.8
11号 3 376.5 703.8 4 080.3 6 013 496.2 6 509.2 5 090.8 930.8 6 021.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167816057185120329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735804223800069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

50104工作面基本顶来压判据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 支架 初撑力/kN 最大工作阻力/kN 加权平均工作阻力/kN
平均值
P - 0
均方差
Spo
判据
p'0= P - 0+Sp0
平均值
P - m
均方差
S p m
判据
p'm= P - m+ S p m
平均值
P - t
均方差
S p t
判据
p't= P - t+ S p t
上部
测站
31号 4 594.7 872 5 466.7 5 920.8 423 6 343.8 5 275.8 589 5 864.8
35号 3 611.5 729.5 4 341 5 870.1 748 6 618.1 4 941.1 939.7 5 880.8
中部
测站
18号 4 718.1 716.7 5 434.8 5 808.9 436 6 244.9 4 888.9 765 5 653.8
24号 3 824.7 1 166.2 4 990.9 5 409 1 046.3 6 455.3 4 027.3 1 173.5 5 200.8
下部
测站
5号 3 468.9 628.1 4 097 5 851.7 750.5 6 602.2 4 795.6 789.2 5 584.8
11号 3 376.5 703.8 4 080.3 6 013 496.2 6 509.2 5 090.8 930.8 6 021.6
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孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性
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王虹玉 1, 2 , 程志恒 3 , 王朋 3, ** , 陈亮 3 , 曲晓明 4 , 郭凯 5
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(11): 108-118
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(11): 108-118
孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性
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王虹玉1, 2 , 程志恒3, 王朋3, ** , 陈亮3, 曲晓明4, 郭凯5
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2 华北科技学院 文法学院,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 3 华北科技学院 矿山安全学院,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 4 中煤科工集团沈阳研究院有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 113122
  • 5 北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
  • 王虹玉 (1982—),女,江西婺源人,博士研究生,副教授,主要研究方向为安全管理与技术、安全生产法等。E-mail:

    程志恒,副研究员

    陈亮,副研究员

    曲晓明,高级工程师

通讯作者:

** 王朋(1998—),男,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生,主要方向为煤矿灾害防控。E-mail:
Evolution of overburden structure and stability of coal pillars in isolated island working face
Hongyu WANG1, 2 , Zhiheng CHENG3, Peng WANG3, ** , Liang CHEN3, Xiaoming QU4, Kai GUO5
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing),Beijing 100083,China
  • 2 School of Grammar and Law,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
  • 3 School of Mine Safety,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
  • 4 China Coal Science and Technology Group Shenyang Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Shenyang Liaoning 113122,China
  • 5 School of Civil and Resources Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0682
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为探究浅埋煤层孤岛工作面开采时覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性,以泰华煤矿50104工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场实测相结合的研究手段,分析其两侧区段煤柱承载能力及区段煤柱覆岩结构演化特征;并利用FLAC3D数值软件,模拟塑性区分布情况以及采动应力演化特征。结果表明:50104工作面推进过程中,东西两侧区段煤柱塑性破坏滞后于工作面推进过程,位于工作面后方采空区处的区段煤柱处于塑性破坏状态,而位于工作面煤壁前方的煤柱存在稳定的弹性区,整体保持稳定,且两侧区段煤柱应力分布呈现相同特征,2条11 m煤柱高应力集中区域保持对称,均位于工作面后方;工作面区段煤柱高应力破坏区域发展速度滞后于工作面推进速度,工作面前方区段煤柱中心区域平均应力值从3.35 MPa增加至3.54 MPa,但始终未超过理论计算得到的煤柱承载强度值;通过分析50104工作面的矿压监测数据,得出实测初撑力均值为 3932.4 kN,占液压支架额定初撑力的55%;平均最大工作阻力5 812.3kN,占额定工作阻力的61.2%;加权平均阻力均值为4 836.6kN/架,占额定工作阻力的50.9%;最大来压6 013 kN,支架应力约2.35 MPa,证明11 m煤柱稳定,位于工作面煤壁前方区段煤柱的整体稳定性较好。

孤岛工作面  /  覆岩结构  /  区段煤柱  /  浅埋煤层  /  煤柱稳定性  /  数值模拟

To investigate the evolution of overburden structure and the stability of district coal pillars during the mining of shallow-buried coal seam island faces,a study was conducted with the 50104 working face of Taihua coal mine as the engineering background. The research employed a combination of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and on-site measurement to analyze the load-bearing capacity of the district coal pillars and the characteristics of overburden structure evolution on both sides. The FLAC3D numerical software was utilized to simulate the distribution of plastic zones and the evolution of mining-induced stress. The results indicate that during the advancement of the 50104 working face,the plastic destruction of the district coal pillars on both sides lagged behind the progress of the working face. The district coal pillars located in the goaf area behind the working face were in a state of plastic destruction,while those in front of the working face coal wall maintained a stable elastic zone,overall remaining stable. Throughout the working face advancement,the stress distribution of the district coal pillars on both sides exhibited the same characteristics,with two 11 m coal pillars showing symmetric high-stress concentration areas,both located behind the working face. The development speed of the high-stress destruction area of the district coal pillars lagged behind the advancement speed of the working face. The average stress value in the central area of the district coal pillars in front of the working face increased from 3.35 MPa to 3.54 MPa,but it never exceeded the coal pillar bearing capacity value calculated theoretically. Analysis of the mine pressure monitoring data from the 50104 working face revealed that the average initial support force was 3 932.4 kN,accounting for 55% of the rated initial support force of hydraulic support. The average maximum working resistance was 5 812.3 kN,representing 61.2% of the rated working resistance. The weighted average resistance was 4 836.6 kN per support,which is 50.9% of the rated working resistance. The maximum pressure was 6 013 kN,with a support stress of about 2.35 MPa,proving the stability of 11 m coal pillars and indicating that the overall stability of the district coal pillars in front of the working face coal wall is relatively good.

island working face  /  overlying rock structure  /  section coal pillar  /  pillar stability  /  shallow coal seam  /  numerical simulation
王虹玉, 程志恒, 王朋, 陈亮, 曲晓明, 郭凯. 孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化及区段煤柱稳定性. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 108 -118 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0682
Hongyu WANG, Zhiheng CHENG, Peng WANG, Liang CHEN, Xiaoming QU, Kai GUO. Evolution of overburden structure and stability of coal pillars in isolated island working face[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 108 -118 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0682
煤层开采过程受地质条件、煤层赋存条件、采掘衔接以及生产布局等不合理因素影响,在工作面布置上,常使用间隔式采矿方式,形成孤岛工作面[1]。孤岛工作面通常表现出顶板破碎度较高,来压步距较短,来压强度较大,煤壁前方支承应力明显增加[2],且易受到冲击,存在较强的冲击倾向性。因此,现代化矿井亟须解决孤岛工作面的安全和高效开采,以实现对煤炭资源的有效回收[3]
诸多学者开展了孤岛工作面开采稳定性研究,并针对巷道围岩变形破碎严重、孤岛工作面瓦斯灾害防治,提出相应的措施,如邢世坤等[4]为解决深部孤岛充填工作面沿空掘巷围岩控制难题,提出“高强度锚杆+大直径高延伸率锚索”协同支护方案;郭欢欢等[5]分析了突出煤层孤岛工作面多场演化特征及瓦斯灾害防治;陈晓祥等[6]研究了孤岛工作面动压回采巷道平移变形力学机制及控制技术,提出“携顶底,控两帮”的支护思路;杨光宇等[7]基于冲击地压发生的强度、能量及冲击倾向性理论,研究了煤矿冲击地压危险性的工程判据,提出针对中硬及以上煤体的冲击危险性的工程判别方法;谢广祥等[8]应用弹塑性极限平衡理论,分析了孤岛工作面基本顶变形特征及破断距;葛海军等[9]得出浅埋深孤岛工作面下行开采过上覆遗留煤柱强矿压特征及防治技术;朱广安等[10]研究了临断层孤岛面冲击危险与断层滑移;程利兴[11]、范志忠[12]等开展了深部孤岛工作面巷道围岩、覆岩垮落结构特征研究;周贤等[13]提出“锚网索+钢带+金属网+注浆”联合支护技术加固巷道;董文卓等[14]针对上覆不规则煤柱孤岛工作面冲击地压问题,提出制造弱结构调控方法;李润芝[15]采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场验证,确定非对称支护参数,实现“卸-支平衡”协同控制;朱斯陶等[16]将我国整体失稳型冲击地压分为孤岛工作面、大巷煤柱及底煤整体滑移3类。建立各类型力学模型,提出评估方法与防治对策,揭示其发生机制。
综上,上述研究多为孤岛工作面开采扰动导致围岩大变形失稳以及上覆岩层矿压显现特征,并针对巷道围岩变形破碎严重,提出相应的措施,但对于浅埋煤层孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化特征及稳定性研究却鲜有提及。鉴于此,笔者拟以陕西神木泰华煤业有限公司煤矿(简称泰华煤矿)为工程背景,将结合采场覆岩结构、区段煤柱稳定性及数值模拟仿真试验展开相关探索,着重分析浅埋煤层开采孤岛工作面覆岩结构演化特征及区段煤柱稳定性,为浅埋煤层合理控制采场矿压及巷道维护,确保孤岛工作面安全开采,提供一定的理论依据。
泰华煤矿50104工作面开采5-1煤层,煤层平均厚度为4.72m,工作面长度114m,平均埋深90m。西与50105工作面采空区保护煤柱相邻,南与501盘区回风大巷相邻,东侧东北端80m范围为榆家梁井田扩大区,东侧其余部分与已采的50103工作面采空区保护煤柱相邻,其中,50103工作面及50105工作面已开采,50104工作面处于孤岛状态。工作面采用倾斜长壁后退式采煤法,全部垮落法管理顶板。5-1煤层综合柱状如图1所示。
为保证孤岛工作面安全开采,研究其覆岩结构,在整个采掘过程中,区段煤柱上方围岩结构的变形主要经历巷道掘进期、上区段开采期和本区段开采期3个阶段。
根据工作面上覆岩体结构的特点,在巷道掘进阶段,由于掘进活动远离大结构,巷道外部应力和围岩未发生明显变化,主要变形由掘进后围岩应力重新分布引起,影响上覆岩体结构的稳定性,尤其是在开采扰动的作用下,围岩的应力状态发生显著变化。因此,支护小结构和煤柱设计在应对应力和载荷变化中能够有效缓解巷道围岩的变形风险,确保巷道的安全性与稳定性。巷道掘进期间区段煤柱与上覆岩体结构如图2所示。
上区段开采初期,基本顶回转下沉较小,围岩的应力分布相对均匀。随着工作面推进,在回转力矩mm1的共同作用下,岩块1逐渐发生回转下沉,且运动的幅度和频率也随之加大。这种动态变化加剧了围岩的应力重新分布,煤柱承受来自顶板和悬臂部分岩块施加的载荷,导致其应力状态呈现出单侧“单峰”分布特征,其结构如图3所示[17]
由于基本顶岩块在采空区发生断裂,煤柱及其后方的开采巷道承受来自顶板和悬臂部分的静态载荷,以及基本顶断裂所产生的动态载荷。当基本顶岩层断裂后,长边断裂线直接与原有关键块衔接,岩块1在回转力矩mm1的共同作用下,向本区段产生较大程度的回转下沉。煤柱的垂直应力受到周围工作面变动影响,导致支承应力的叠加,使煤柱的应力分布呈现出明显的“双峰”特征,如图4所示。
上述3个阶段中,掘进和开采阶段中巷道围岩应力的来源有所不同。掘进阶段应力集中相对较小,主要受到局部地质条件影响。开采阶段,随着上覆岩层的断裂和外部力学环境的变化,围岩应力的集中程度明显提高,影响巷道的稳定性。尽管岩块的支承条件保持不变,岩块间的受力情况却会因应力重新分布发生变化。因此,合理设计煤柱和支护参数确保巷道浅部围岩形成稳定的结构,避免在采掘活动中遭受损伤,确保采掘活动不会受到破坏。
区段煤柱的稳定性变化主要受工作面一二次开采扰动以及岩体本身流变性影响[18]。煤柱从初期稳定到最终破坏的过程中,其内部的应力分布始终处于不断变化的状态,变化过程主要体现在以下4个发展阶段:
第1阶段为原始地应力分布阶段。煤柱内部的应力状态主要受原始地应力的影响,持续时间相对较短。
第2阶段为一侧开采应力分布阶段。煤柱受到工作面一侧开采的应力影响,形成一侧开采应力分布。持续时间相对较长,且随着开采的进行,应力分布逐渐向煤柱内部转移。
第3阶段为两侧开采应力分布阶段。煤柱受到来自工作面两侧开采的应力影响,形成两侧开采应力分布。该阶段的持续时间相对较短,但应力分布迅速向煤柱内部转移,导致煤柱内部的应力状态迅速升高。
第4阶段为煤柱屈服应力分布阶段。煤柱内部的应力状态达到屈服应力,导致煤柱发生屈服变形。该阶段的持续时间相对较长,且随着开采的进行,煤柱的屈服变形逐渐加剧。
受开采扰动影响,区段煤柱内部的应力分布由原始地应力(均布载荷)阶段变化到开采后的(马鞍形)应力分布阶段,煤柱应力变化特征如图5所示,内部应力分布特征如图6所示。
随着煤柱的宽度逐渐缩减,其内部的弹性区域范围也在不断收缩。当煤柱的设定宽度变得小于其两侧塑性区的总宽度时,即当煤柱的宽度B小于或等于两侧塑性区宽度的2倍(即B≤2x0)时,煤柱中将不再有弹性区域存在。此时,整个煤柱会完全陷入塑性不稳定状态。
研究表明:煤柱上承受的载荷主要来源于2个方面[19],①煤柱上覆岩层的重量,②采空区悬挂在煤柱一侧或两侧的岩层部分重量,如图7所示。
代入相关参数可得50104孤岛工作面区段煤柱的载荷值为21.17MPa。
煤柱的强度承载能力受到多种因素的影响,包括煤块的强度、煤柱的尺寸、承载载荷以及随时间的演化等[20]。为解决煤体参数尺度效应的问题,消除尺度效应的影响。采用Hustrulid的方法,将实验室煤样的强度转化为现场临界立方体试件的单轴抗压强度。
通过实验室测得5-1煤层煤样的单轴抗压强度为25.4MPa,试件形状为圆柱形,直径为0.05m,高度为0.1m。根据Hustrulid的方法,将实验室测得的煤样强度转换为现场煤体临界立方体单轴抗压强度,计算结果为 σ m=18.03MPa。
得到现场煤柱临界单轴抗压强度后,采用Obert.Dwvall/Wang公式计算煤柱的承载强度:
σ q = σ m 0.778 + 0.222 B h
取50104工作面运输巷与回风巷侧的区段煤柱的高度均为3.8m,代入式(1)可得 σ q=25.62MPa。
为提高煤炭资源的开采率与保护煤柱不受破坏以防止上覆岩层失稳,需引入煤柱稳定性系数作为评估煤柱从稳定到破坏状态的指标,即煤柱承受的平均应力与通过现场取煤样计算得出的煤柱抗压强度的比值。代入得50104区段煤柱的稳定性系数为1.21。
煤柱高度在2 m<h≤4m时,煤柱稳定性判别指标为:①当k<1.0时,煤柱处于失稳和残余变形状态;②当1.0<k<1.5时,煤柱处于亚稳定状态;③当k=1.5时,煤柱处于极限平衡状态;④当1.5<k≤2时,煤柱处于安全稳定状态;⑤当k≥2.5时,煤柱处于绝对安全稳定状态。
根据上述分析50104工作面区段煤柱的高度在2 m<h≤4m,区段煤柱的稳定性系数为1.21,判定50104工作面开采后采空区的煤柱处于亚稳定状态,因此,为准确评估50104工作面推进过程中,煤壁前方区段煤柱的稳定性,有必要通过数值模拟进一步研究推进过程煤壁前方区段煤柱的塑性区分布与应力状态。
为研究50104工作面推进过程中,位于煤壁前方区段煤柱的稳定性,采用FLAC3D值模拟软件对其进行数值模拟分析。根据泰华煤矿50104工作面5-1煤层的矿井地质资料建立长408m、宽660m、高100m的走向模型,边界处留设100m的保护煤柱。50104工作面西侧与50105工作面采空区保护煤柱相邻,东侧与50103工作面采空区保护煤柱相邻,且数值模型在开挖50104工作面之前50103、50105工作面均已开采完毕,50103工作面、50105工作面开挖尺寸与50104工作面一致,即边界处留设100m的保护煤柱,立体模型如图8所示。
将模型中物理性质相似的岩层划分为单一岩层,对于模型的边界条件,进行适当的约束设置。模型的上边界被定义为自由边界,底部边界被设定为固定边界,而左右边界以及前后边界则被限定为单约束边界。岩体本构关系采用Mohr-Coulomb准则,其煤岩物理力学参数主要来自现场数据收集及实验室试验,物理力学参数见表1
按简化边界,突出模拟重点区域的原则,设计数 值模拟方案。根据盘区规划,数值模拟区域划分为50104接续综采面,50105和50103综采面采空区。其中,50104工作面西侧和东侧分别与采空区区段煤柱相邻,区段煤柱各宽11m。重点模拟50104孤岛工作面推进至南侧终采线过程中,东西两侧区段煤柱的稳定性。平面模拟模型如图9所示。
为清晰呈现50104综合采区两侧煤柱内部塑性区随工作面推进时的变化特征,提取模型在垂直于Z轴方向的剖面。泰华煤矿50104综采工作面推进过程中两侧11m区段煤柱塑性区的演化情况如图10所示。
图10a表示50104工作面推进30m时,区段煤柱塑性区分布情况,受相邻工作面50105和50103采空区的影响,造成11m区段煤柱段外侧1~2m范围内的连续塑性破坏,但这种破坏并没有影响到煤柱整体结构的稳定性,外部塑性破坏局部而煤柱整体仍保持稳定。
图10b中,当推进110m时,50104工作面后方东西两侧11m区段煤柱发生失稳,剪切塑性破坏贯穿后方区段煤柱,两侧破坏范围呈对称状态,采动影响开始显现。
图10c中,当推进至190m时,采动影响进一步加剧。50104工作面后方东西两侧11m区段煤柱破坏长度沿推进方向持续发展,累计160m。区段煤柱塑性破坏呈“H”型,即煤壁侧塑性破坏多,煤柱内部塑性破坏较少,端部仍保留部分稳定煤体,但由于塑性区已贯穿后方区段煤柱,后方整体煤柱已发生失稳。
图10d图11e为50104工作面推进330~530m时区段煤柱塑性的破坏分布情况,对比分析发现,随着推进距离的增加,区段煤柱破坏特征基本一致,均呈现“H”型贯穿破坏。区段煤柱破坏范围始终处于工作面后方,破坏长度沿推进方向共计470m。
图10f中,当推进结束时,工作面后方煤柱已全部失稳,区段煤柱沿工作面推进方向失稳长度560m,仅存在30m左右稳定区域。
50104工作面推进过程中50103以及50105采空区两侧11m区段煤柱应力云图分布演化情况如图11所示。
图11a表明:两侧区段煤柱中心垂向应力值为2.5~4.19MPa,宽度11m的煤柱内部应力稳定,仅靠近采空区侧部分煤壁发生应力集中现象,煤柱整体稳定无破坏。
图11b表明:50104工作面后方区段煤柱靠近采空区侧应力增加,从未开采时平均3.35MPa上升至3.54MPa,该区域已处于失稳的临界应力状态,区段煤柱应力集中区域沿工作面推进长度累计30m。
图11c对比上述塑性破坏分布可以看出,当区段煤柱上的应力平均值超过3.61MPa时,煤柱处于失稳状态,失稳煤柱最高处应力值可达4.87MPa,反映出推进距离越远,工作面后方区段煤柱已发生失稳。但工作面前方区段煤柱中心区域应力值平均3.5MPa,未达到破坏极限,仍然处于稳定状态。
图11d图11f中,当50104工作面由230m推进至530m时,区段煤柱应力特征整个过程保持一致,2条区段煤柱高应力集中区域保持对称,均位于工作面后方。而工作面前方两侧区段煤柱在整个推进过程中,除了煤柱外侧受两侧采空区的影响产生高应力,中心区域始终未出现超过3.61MPa的现象,说明工作面前方东西两侧的区段煤柱在整个模拟开采的过程中始终处于稳定的应力状态。当推进至停采线时,宽度11m的2条区段煤柱沿工作面推进方向全部达到破坏极限。
50104工作面液压支柱选用ZY9500/2.55/55两柱掩护式支架,为分析50104孤岛工作面推进过程中,区段煤柱宽度矿压显现情况。50104工作面总长908m,煤层平均厚度为4.72m,支架移架步距800mm,初撑力24MPa,支护强度1.02~1.06MPa。
50104工作面支架工作阻力(工况)监测采用在线自动监测方式,工作面共安装支架37架。在工作面长度方向上共设置6条测线,分别沿工作面上、中、下3个测站位置布置。其中,上部测站设置2个测点,分别为31号架和35号架;中部测站设置2个测点,分别为18号架和24号架;下部测站设置2个测点,分别为5号架和11号架。观测时间为3个月,现场矿压观测测站和测线的布置情况如图12所示。
为分析观测期间来压状况,现场观测上部测站31号架、35号架;中部测站18号架、24号架;下部测站5号架、11号架并整理数据。以工作面实测工作阻力平均值 P - 0加其一倍均方差 S p 0为基本顶来压的判据p'0,算得各测站的来压判据。通过在工作面实测工作阻力的分布总图上标出判据线,以大于 p '   m的数据或峰值为主,参考大于 p '   0 p '   t的数据或峰值,确定基本顶来压的性质、位置和顺序见表2
50104工作面自2020年6月30日—9月27日共推进294.5m,观测期间工作面实测工作阻力如图13所示。分析图13相关监测数据可知:工作面上部、中部、下部测站周期来压步距均值分别为21.5、20.6、23.2m,工作面周期来压步距均值为21.8m。
通过分析50104工作面的矿压监测数据,得出整个50104工作面实测初撑力均值为3 932.4 kN,此值相当于ZY9500/2.55/55液压支架额定初撑力7 144 kN的55%,工作面平均最大工作阻力为5 812.3 kN,相当于液压支架额定工作阻力9 500 kN的61.2%;整个工作面实测加权平均阻力为4 836.6 kN/架,此值相当于液压支架额定工作阻力的50.9%。50104工作面选用的ZY9500/2.55/55液压支架的额定工作阻力富余量接近40%。由矿压监测分析得出50104工作面来压最大为6 013 kN,根据ZY9500/2.55/55液压支架的宽度1 660~1 860mm,由此可推断出支架承受的应力约为2.35MPa,进一步验证了11m煤柱宽度在开采期间,矿压显现始终未超过3.61MPa,区段煤柱处于稳定状态。
1) 采掘过程中,区段煤柱上方围岩变形分3阶段,即掘进期、上区段开采期、本区段开采期。掘进期,扰动不影响大结构稳定,围岩变形源于应力重分布。巷内支护和煤柱形成新支护结构。上区段开采期,侧向岩层受采空区影响,煤柱承受直接顶及悬臂岩块载荷,垂直应力单侧“单峰”分布。本区段开采期,基本顶断裂,煤柱需承载多源载荷,垂直应力受两侧开采影响,支承应力叠加,呈“双峰”分布。
2) 采用FLAC3D数值模拟得出:50104工作面推进过程中,东西两侧区段煤柱塑性破坏滞后于工作面推进过程,位于工作面后方采空区处的区段煤柱处于塑性破坏状态,而位于工作面煤壁前方的煤柱存在稳定的弹性区,整体保持稳定。工作面推进过程中,两侧区段煤柱应力分布呈现相同特征,2条11m煤柱高应力集中区域保持对称,均位于工作面后方。50104工作面区段煤柱高应力破坏区域发展速度滞后于工作面推进速度,工作面前方区段煤柱中心区域平均应力值从3.35MPa增加至3.54MPa,但始终未超过理论计算得到的煤柱承载强度值。
3) 通过分析50104工作面的矿压监测数据,得出实测初撑力均值3 932.4 kN,占ZY9500/2.55/55液压支架额定初撑力的55%。平均最大工作阻力5 812.3 kN,占额定工作阻力的61.2%。加权平均阻力均值4 836.6 kN/架,占额定工作阻力的50.9%。选用的ZY9500/2.55/55液压支架富余量近40%。最大来压6 013 kN,支架应力约2.35MPa,证明11m煤柱稳定,位于工作面煤壁前方区段煤柱的整体稳定性较好。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074120)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(52204133)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(52104131)
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0682
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
  • 修回日期:2024-08-29
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074120)
国家自然科学基金青年基金(52204133)
国家自然科学基金青年基金(52104131)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
    2 华北科技学院 文法学院,河北 廊坊 065201
    3 华北科技学院 矿山安全学院,河北 廊坊 065201
    4 中煤科工集团沈阳研究院有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 113122
    5 北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083

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** 王朋(1998—),男,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生,主要方向为煤矿灾害防控。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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