Article(id=1149735803829535488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0131-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0621, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=1723910400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047976690, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047976690, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047976690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047976690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735804030862081, articleId=1149735803829535488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Risk assessment and safety prevention and control of key subsystems in shale oil gathering and transportation process, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the safety of the shale oil gathering and transportation process,this paper took the shale oil gathering and transportation process under the in-situ transformation technology of superheated steam injection of oil shale as the evaluation object. In the process of shale oil gathering and transportation,the hazard were analyzed and the whole process was divided into three subsystems. The risk of each subsystem was analyzed qualitatively by using hazard and operability analysis(HAZOP) method. According to the results of the qualitative analysis,the probability of fire and explosion accidents and the risk grade of each subsystem were calculated by using layer of protection analysis(LOPA) and Dow fire and explosion index(F&EI) method. The nodes of shale oil gathering and transportation process were divided,and Bow-tie models for oil and gas leakage accidents containing hydrogen sulfide and oil and gas leakage accidents after purification were established respectively. Based on results of risk assessment,effective safety prevention and control measures were developed. The results show that the subsystems that may cause accidents in the oil and gas gathering and transportation process are: steam generation system,cooling separation system,ammonia desulfurization system and cooling separation system,in which the leakage of the steam generation system will not cause fire and explosion accidents,and the fire and explosion risk grades of the remaining subsystems are: ammonia desulfurization system,cooling separation system and gas extraction and desulfurization system in order from heavy to light.

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为提高页岩油集输过程的安全性,首先以过热蒸汽注入油页岩原位转化技术下的页岩油集输过程为评价对象,分析页岩油集输过程中的危险源,将整个集输过程分为3个子系统,利用危险性与可操作性分析(HAZOP)法定性分析各子系统的风险,并根据定性分析结果,利用保护层分析法(LOPA)和火灾爆炸指数法(F&EI)计算各子系统发生火灾爆炸事故的概率与危险等级;然后划分页岩油集输过程的节点,对含有硫化氢的油气泄漏事故与净化后的油气泄漏事故分别建立蝴蝶结模型,并依据风险评价结果,制定有效的安全防控措施和风险管理体系。结果表明:油气集输过程可能引发事故的子系统有蒸汽发生系统、冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统与冷却分离系统,其中,蒸汽发生系统泄漏不会造成火灾爆炸事故,其余子系统的火灾爆炸风险程度由重到轻依次为:氨法脱硫系统、冷却分离系统、提气脱硫系统。

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王超杰 (1992—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气安全开采及灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:

徐长航,教授

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王超杰 (1992—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气安全开采及灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王超杰 (1992—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气安全开采及灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:

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徐长航,教授

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徐长航,教授

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Structural design and research of oil shale in-situ mining shaft[D]. Beijing: China University of Petroleum(Beijing), 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167815776678454260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, awardId=2023YFC3009202, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009202), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167815773834716093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773843104702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773834716093, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,China University of Petroleum (East China),Qingdao Shandong 266580,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773851493311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773834716093, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国石油大学(华东) 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266580)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167815773918602176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773926990785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773918602176, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Emergency Management Bureau of Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County,Yuxi Yunnan 653499,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773935379394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773918602176, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县应急管理局,云南 玉溪 653499)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167815775860564968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Bow-tie model for safety prevention and control of hydrogen sulfide oil and gas leakage accidents, figureFileSmall=RyziY/JuHJYl/GATKe/5/g==, figureFileBig=TW6+nfiHOf572Jgv+9deoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815775919285225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=图1, caption=含硫化氢油气泄漏事故的安全防控蝴蝶结模型, figureFileSmall=RyziY/JuHJYl/GATKe/5/g==, figureFileBig=TW6+nfiHOf572Jgv+9deoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815775973811178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Bow-tie model for satety prevention and control of oil and gas leakage, figureFileSmall=+gjvdh1uiSGQ251LOd180g==, figureFileBig=jsPEeSFLmiKtfuYK3ILF+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815776032531435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=图2, caption=油气泄漏事故的安全防控蝴蝶结模型, figureFileSmall=+gjvdh1uiSGQ251LOd180g==, figureFileBig=jsPEeSFLmiKtfuYK3ILF+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815776082863084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of deviation causes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 压力 流量 温度 液位 组分
蒸汽发
[18]
下游用气设备故障停止用气;
压力表连通管堵塞冻结
或指示压力不正确;
安全阀故障;
超压报警器失效;
进塔管线压力报警;
控制气动阀门失效;
蒸汽发生塔内管线结垢;
蒸汽管道法兰泄漏
蒸汽流量表假高;
进塔管线气动
调节阀失效;
水泵故障;
给水自动调节
器故障;
给水管线堵塞;
进塔管线法
兰泄漏
冷水温度高;
给水温度
过低
操作人员操作失误过量给水;
蒸汽发生器液位计显示
仪表假低;
锅炉液位表显示模糊不清;
液位表堵塞、漏水;
运行人员未实时注意水位;
水泵故障;
锅炉排污阀误开;
低水位保护装置失灵
水处理
不当
分却分
自井口来的页岩油气压力高或低;
压力表报警系统假低;
气相管线阀门误关及气动
调节阀故障关闭;
管道堵塞;
安全阀故障起跳;
管道阀门误开;
管线腐蚀、泄漏
自井口来的页岩油
气流量高或低;
三级分离器液相
出口
流量计假低;
管线法兰泄漏;
物料回流至井内
自井口来
的页岩油
气温度高
或低;
各级换热
器物料出
口温度高;
环境温度低
各级分离器底部泥
沙沉积堵塞出口;
液位计显示假低;
自井口来的页岩油气液
相组分不足
上游来料
组分含有
杂质
氨法
脱硫
自上游的页岩气压力高或低;
压力报警远程控制器失效;
脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关;
管道、塔板堵塞;
管线腐蚀、泄漏
自上游来的
页岩气流量
高或低;
管线法兰泄漏
页岩油气
温度高;
各级换热
器物料出口
温度高;
环境温度低
或自上游来
的页岩油气
温度低
往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞;
液位计报警仪表假低
吸收液
pH过高
提气
除硫
自上游的页岩气压力高或低;
压力报警远程控制器失效;
脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关;
管道、塔板堵塞;
管线腐蚀、泄漏
自上游来的页
岩气流量高或低;
管线法兰泄漏
页岩油气
温度高;
各级换热器
物料出口温
度高;
环境温度低
或自上游来
的页岩油气
温度低
往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞;
液位计报警仪表假低
吸收液
pH过高
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776170943469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

偏差原因汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 压力 流量 温度 液位 组分
蒸汽发
[18]
下游用气设备故障停止用气;
压力表连通管堵塞冻结
或指示压力不正确;
安全阀故障;
超压报警器失效;
进塔管线压力报警;
控制气动阀门失效;
蒸汽发生塔内管线结垢;
蒸汽管道法兰泄漏
蒸汽流量表假高;
进塔管线气动
调节阀失效;
水泵故障;
给水自动调节
器故障;
给水管线堵塞;
进塔管线法
兰泄漏
冷水温度高;
给水温度
过低
操作人员操作失误过量给水;
蒸汽发生器液位计显示
仪表假低;
锅炉液位表显示模糊不清;
液位表堵塞、漏水;
运行人员未实时注意水位;
水泵故障;
锅炉排污阀误开;
低水位保护装置失灵
水处理
不当
分却分
自井口来的页岩油气压力高或低;
压力表报警系统假低;
气相管线阀门误关及气动
调节阀故障关闭;
管道堵塞;
安全阀故障起跳;
管道阀门误开;
管线腐蚀、泄漏
自井口来的页岩油
气流量高或低;
三级分离器液相
出口
流量计假低;
管线法兰泄漏;
物料回流至井内
自井口来
的页岩油
气温度高
或低;
各级换热
器物料出
口温度高;
环境温度低
各级分离器底部泥
沙沉积堵塞出口;
液位计显示假低;
自井口来的页岩油气液
相组分不足
上游来料
组分含有
杂质
氨法
脱硫
自上游的页岩气压力高或低;
压力报警远程控制器失效;
脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关;
管道、塔板堵塞;
管线腐蚀、泄漏
自上游来的
页岩气流量
高或低;
管线法兰泄漏
页岩油气
温度高;
各级换热
器物料出口
温度高;
环境温度低
或自上游来
的页岩油气
温度低
往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞;
液位计报警仪表假低
吸收液
pH过高
提气
除硫
自上游的页岩气压力高或低;
压力报警远程控制器失效;
脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关;
管道、塔板堵塞;
管线腐蚀、泄漏
自上游来的页
岩气流量高或低;
管线法兰泄漏
页岩油气
温度高;
各级换热器
物料出口温
度高;
环境温度低
或自上游来
的页岩油气
温度低
往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞;
液位计报警仪表假低
吸收液
pH过高
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776238052334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

LOPA analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 事故场景描述 后果修饰 独立保护层 平均事故发生概率(×10-5)
事件 概率 描述 失效概率 无IPLS 有IPLS
冷却
分离
气液分离罐超压
泄漏,遇点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
安全阀;
调节阀;
报警响应
0.01
0.1
0.1
46.30 0.02
管线泄漏,遇点
火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
差压报警 0.04 784.40 31.38
氨法
脱硫
脱硫塔超压泄漏,
遇点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
安全阀;
调节阀;
报警响应
0.01
0.1
0.1
119.22 0.03
管线泄漏遇,
点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
差压报警 0.04 687.00 27.48
系统 事故场景描述 后果修饰 独立保护层 平均事故发生概率(×10-5)
事件 概率 描述 失效概率 无IPLS 有IPLS
提气
除硫
提气脱硫塔超压泄漏,
遇点火源发生燃爆
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
安全阀;
调节阀;
报警响应
0.01
0.1
0.1
110.30 0.03
管线泄漏遇,
点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
差压报警 0.04 756.40 30.26
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776305161199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LOPA计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 事故场景描述 后果修饰 独立保护层 平均事故发生概率(×10-5)
事件 概率 描述 失效概率 无IPLS 有IPLS
冷却
分离
气液分离罐超压
泄漏,遇点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
安全阀;
调节阀;
报警响应
0.01
0.1
0.1
46.30 0.02
管线泄漏,遇点
火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
差压报警 0.04 784.40 31.38
氨法
脱硫
脱硫塔超压泄漏,
遇点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
安全阀;
调节阀;
报警响应
0.01
0.1
0.1
119.22 0.03
管线泄漏遇,
点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
差压报警 0.04 687.00 27.48
系统 事故场景描述 后果修饰 独立保护层 平均事故发生概率(×10-5)
事件 概率 描述 失效概率 无IPLS 有IPLS
提气
除硫
提气脱硫塔超压泄漏,
遇点火源发生燃爆
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
安全阀;
调节阀;
报警响应
0.01
0.1
0.1
110.30 0.03
管线泄漏遇,
点火源爆炸
人在影响区内;
点火源
0.4
0.5
差压报警 0.04 756.40 30.26
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776380658672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

F&EI analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 火灾、爆炸危险指数 危险等级
安全补偿前 安全补偿后 安全补偿前 安全补偿后
冷却分离 148.05 60.7005 4级(很大) 1级(最小)
氨法脱硫 168 68.8 5级(非常大) 2级(较轻)
提气除硫 157.185 64.45 4级(很大) 2级(较轻)
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776435184625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

F&EI分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 火灾、爆炸危险指数 危险等级
安全补偿前 安全补偿后 安全补偿前 安全补偿后
冷却分离 148.05 60.7005 4级(很大) 1级(最小)
氨法脱硫 168 68.8 5级(非常大) 2级(较轻)
提气除硫 157.185 64.45 4级(很大) 2级(较轻)
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776498099186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Summary of analysis results of HAZOP,LOPA and F&EI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键子系统 后果 无保护措施的风险等级 添加保护措施的风险等级
概率 S L R 概率 S' L' R'
冷却分离系统 发生火灾、爆炸事故 8.3×10-3 3 4 3.14×10-4 2 1
氨法脱硫系统 发生火灾、爆炸事故 8.0×10-3 3 5 2.8×10-4 2 2
提气除硫系统 发生火灾、爆炸事故 8.7×10-3 3 4 3.0×10-4 2 2
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776556819443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

HAZOP、LOPA和F&EI集成分析结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键子系统 后果 无保护措施的风险等级 添加保护措施的风险等级
概率 S L R 概率 S' L' R'
冷却分离系统 发生火灾、爆炸事故 8.3×10-3 3 4 3.14×10-4 2 1
氨法脱硫系统 发生火灾、爆炸事故 8.0×10-3 3 5 2.8×10-4 2 2
提气除硫系统 发生火灾、爆炸事故 8.7×10-3 3 4 3.0×10-4 2 2
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页岩油集输过程关键子系统风险评价及安全防控
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王超杰 1 , 刘宛欣 1 , 李凯 1 , 邹卓辰 2 , 徐长航 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(11): 131-139
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(11): 131-139
页岩油集输过程关键子系统风险评价及安全防控
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王超杰1 , 刘宛欣1, 李凯1, 邹卓辰2, 徐长航1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(华东) 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266580
  • 2 云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县应急管理局,云南 玉溪 653499
  • 王超杰 (1992—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气安全开采及灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:

    徐长航,教授

Risk assessment and safety prevention and control of key subsystems in shale oil gathering and transportation process
Chaojie WANG1 , Wanxin LIU1, Kai LI1, Zhuochen ZOU2, Changhang XU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,China University of Petroleum (East China),Qingdao Shandong 266580,China
  • 2 Emergency Management Bureau of Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County,Yuxi Yunnan 653499,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0621
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为提高页岩油集输过程的安全性,首先以过热蒸汽注入油页岩原位转化技术下的页岩油集输过程为评价对象,分析页岩油集输过程中的危险源,将整个集输过程分为3个子系统,利用危险性与可操作性分析(HAZOP)法定性分析各子系统的风险,并根据定性分析结果,利用保护层分析法(LOPA)和火灾爆炸指数法(F&EI)计算各子系统发生火灾爆炸事故的概率与危险等级;然后划分页岩油集输过程的节点,对含有硫化氢的油气泄漏事故与净化后的油气泄漏事故分别建立蝴蝶结模型,并依据风险评价结果,制定有效的安全防控措施和风险管理体系。结果表明:油气集输过程可能引发事故的子系统有蒸汽发生系统、冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统与冷却分离系统,其中,蒸汽发生系统泄漏不会造成火灾爆炸事故,其余子系统的火灾爆炸风险程度由重到轻依次为:氨法脱硫系统、冷却分离系统、提气脱硫系统。

页岩油  /  油气集输过程  /  关键子系统  /  风险评价  /  安全防控  /  原位转化技术

In order to improve the safety of the shale oil gathering and transportation process,this paper took the shale oil gathering and transportation process under the in-situ transformation technology of superheated steam injection of oil shale as the evaluation object. In the process of shale oil gathering and transportation,the hazard were analyzed and the whole process was divided into three subsystems. The risk of each subsystem was analyzed qualitatively by using hazard and operability analysis(HAZOP) method. According to the results of the qualitative analysis,the probability of fire and explosion accidents and the risk grade of each subsystem were calculated by using layer of protection analysis(LOPA) and Dow fire and explosion index(F&EI) method. The nodes of shale oil gathering and transportation process were divided,and Bow-tie models for oil and gas leakage accidents containing hydrogen sulfide and oil and gas leakage accidents after purification were established respectively. Based on results of risk assessment,effective safety prevention and control measures were developed. The results show that the subsystems that may cause accidents in the oil and gas gathering and transportation process are: steam generation system,cooling separation system,ammonia desulfurization system and cooling separation system,in which the leakage of the steam generation system will not cause fire and explosion accidents,and the fire and explosion risk grades of the remaining subsystems are: ammonia desulfurization system,cooling separation system and gas extraction and desulfurization system in order from heavy to light.

shale oil  /  oil and gas gathering and transportation  /  critical subsystem  /  risk assessment  /  safety prevention  /  in-situ conversion technology
王超杰, 刘宛欣, 李凯, 邹卓辰, 徐长航. 页岩油集输过程关键子系统风险评价及安全防控. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0621
Chaojie WANG, Wanxin LIU, Kai LI, Zhuochen ZOU, Changhang XU. Risk assessment and safety prevention and control of key subsystems in shale oil gathering and transportation process[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0621
改革开放以来,我国石油天然气需求不断增大,大部分石油需要从俄罗斯、中东地区进口。根据《中国能源大数据报告(2022)》发布的数据,2021年,我国石油表观消费量约7.15亿t,进口原油约5.1亿t,这一趋势在未来还将继续加剧,预计到2030年,我国的石油天然气进口量将占到总消费量的70%以上。过度依赖进口为我国的能源安全、经济发展带来极大的隐患。页岩油作为一种潜在的非常规石油资源,已经越来越受到世界各国的重视,我国页岩油资源丰富,储量排名世界第二,主要集中在松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、西部盆地。我国油页岩资源量为476亿t,可采资源量为160亿t,折算为页岩油约有120亿t,如能大规模开采,可极大缓解我国能源安全现状[1]
页岩油地下原位转化油气集输过程与传统油田集输过程不同,地面干馏加工技术也与传统油气不同。目前页岩油的开采技术主要分为地上干馏技术和地下原位转化技术2种,对于成熟度较低,深度大于400m的油页岩以及中低成熟度的油页岩,需要采用地下原位转化技术开采[2]。壳牌公司最早研究页岩油的开采技术,通过向地下缓慢加入氢气,使未成熟的页岩油产生氢化反应进而产生油气[3];埃克森美孚Electrofrac技术和雪佛龙CRUSH技术则是通过对油页岩的加热使干酪根受热分解形成油气[4],对干酪根加热的原位转化技术成为主流,壳牌公司研发的电加热技术发展迅速,技术成熟度超过90%;国内吉林大学、太原理工大学等单位也针对中国油页岩特性分别研发了不同的原位转化技术,具有代表的有局部化学反应法、近临界水法、原位注蒸汽法[5-6]。现今因为国内的原位转化技术不成熟、安全性不高,页岩油的开采仍处在初期阶段。
鉴于此,笔者拟辨识页油岩原位转化油气集输过程的风险,分析转化集输过程中的物质危险性,管道和装置的硫腐蚀作用以及管道冲蚀的机制,定性定量地分析汇总火灾、爆炸、中毒危害的风险因素,并提出有针对性的优化措施和风险防控管理体系建议,降低事故发生的概率,以期为页岩油地下原位转化油气集输过程提供一定的安全建议。
选取过热蒸汽注入油页岩原位转化技术进行分析,其工艺流程为向油页岩地层注入过热蒸汽,使干酪根热解产生油气携带至生产井,各生产井采出的油气进行集中,进行初步处理和输送的过程。与传统油田油气集输不同的是,井口油气温度较高(300℃以上),压力较高(1MPa),油气中含有较多的硫化物[7-8]。为减轻对下游管道、设备的腐蚀,需要对其进行初步脱硫。根据页岩油原位转换工艺流程,将整个工艺过程分为蒸汽发生系统、地下原位转化系统、冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统、提气脱硫系统5个子系统。
危险性与可操作性分析(Hazard and Operability Aralysis,HAZOP)是一种定性的系统安全分析方法,通过分析系统生产过程中工艺参数产生异常偏差的原因及可能产生的后果,从而找出系统中潜在的危险因素和不安全状况[911]。保护层分析(Layer of Protection Analysis,LOPA)是一种半定量的工艺危害分析方法,在定性风险分析的基础上,评估保护层的有效性,通过定量计算危害发生的概率,确定保护层是否将风险降至可接受的标准之下,并由此推算出需要保护措施的等级。道化学火灾、爆炸指数评价法(Dow Fire and Explosion Index,F&EI)是一种在化工领域广泛运用的指数评价法,根据以往事故统计资料及物质潜在能量等数据,综合工艺条件、物料性质、物料量、安全措施等因素定量描述生产设备或系统潜在火灾、爆炸危险性,从而确定潜在的危险等级。HAZOP作为定性风险分析方法,逐条列出系统的危险因素,直观有效概括系统发生危险事故的类型;通过LOPA法进行半定量分析,可直接评价系统安全保护层的有效性与系统在安全措施下的事故发生率;F&EI火灾爆炸法评价将系统发生火灾爆炸事故的危险性用具体数值表示,明确系统发生该类事故的可能性和后果严重度。这3类风险评价方法从不同角度评价系统,评价重点各不相同,评价结果展现方式也不一样。运用HAZOP集成LOPA和F&EI的方法可实现量化描述工艺流程的事故发生概率和事故后果的严重程度。风险评价指数矩阵法根据危险的发生概率与危险严重程度评价事故的危险性,风险矩阵以事故频率为横轴,事故后果为纵轴,将风险划分为若干等级[12-13]。在进行LOPA分析之前需要编制风险矩阵,LOPA计算得到的事故发生概率可直接使用到风险矩阵中。进行F&EI评价时,补偿系数大小与已有的安全保护措施相关,补偿后F&EI值代表的危险等级在风险矩阵中与事故后果严重度相对应。LOPA得到的事故概率与F&EI得到的事故严重程度可应用到风险矩阵,进一步丰富HAZOP的分析内容,得到定量风险评价结果。
评价页岩油集输过程中的关键子系统的风险,重点评价针对生产井采出油气混合物之后的工艺流程,由此可将集输过分为冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统、提气脱硫系统3个关键子系统。由于地下原位转化系统所存在的风险主要在于地面设施部分,故将其地面设施与集输过程的关键子系统一并分析。
蒸汽发生系统主要功能为通过蒸汽锅炉产生温度650℃以上,压力10MPa以上的过热蒸汽,并通过生产井注入地层,由于设备的高温、高压属性,是风险较高系统,主要事故类型为锅炉超压爆炸、蒸汽泄漏人员烫伤2种。
冷却分离系统由三级降温分离器组成,入口设计压力为1.3MPa,油气经过一级水冷换热器(300℃降至154℃)分离轻油,再经二级水冷换热器(154℃降至80℃)分离游离水,最后经三级冷媒制冷器(80℃降至5℃)回收轻油。该子系统的主要危险物质有页岩油、天然气、氢气、硫化氢。主要事故后果为压力容器超压泄漏或燃烧爆炸[15-16]、管道阀门等组件泄漏导致人员中毒。
氨法脱硫系统集成浓缩、吸收、净化水洗、强制氧化几个阶段,操作温度50~60℃,操作压力2MPa,净化后的纯净气通过除雾操作去除氨水,之后部分输往燃气锅炉,另一部分作为纯净气进入提气脱硫系统[17],脱硫塔和管道主要含有天然气、液氨或氨气、硫化氢、氢气、硫酸等危险物质。该阶段可能发生的事故为可燃物质泄漏、燃烧、爆炸、有毒物质泄漏导致人员中毒。
原油自塔顶进入塔底流出2级提气除硫系统,与氨法脱硫来的纯净气在塔内逆向接触,塔内压力0.6MPa,塔底温度95℃,提气除硫系统含有的主要危险物质为原油、天然气、硫化氢、氢气。主要风险为可燃物质泄漏燃烧爆炸、有毒物质泄漏导致人员中毒。
HAZOP分析4个关键子系统,分析41个偏差,识别偏差原因85个,推断事故后果166个,现有安全措施149条,提出初步建议措施182条。将关键子系统的偏差原因汇总,见表1
针对各子系统组分特点,推断各子系统发生的事故后果可总结为高温蒸汽泄漏、反应釜超温超压、油气泄漏、有毒气体泄漏等事故;蒸汽发生系统中不含有油气,主要事故后果为高温蒸汽泄漏,也可发生反应釜超温超压事故;冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统与提气除硫系统内部均含有页岩油气,因此,这三者的事故后果涉及油气泄漏和有毒气体泄漏。
以HAZOP分析得到的节点偏差信息为基础,选择合适的节点偏差,构成事故场景从而量化事故发生的概率。将火灾爆炸事故定义为事故场景,筛选HAZOP分析中可能导致火灾爆炸的子系统偏差,确定独立保护层以及初始事件相关联的中间事件和后果修饰,根据有关文献确定各事件的发生概率和独立保护层(Independent Protection Layer and System,IPLS)的失效概率,从而计算事故后果概率。
泄漏事故后果涉及火灾爆炸的子系统有冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统、提气除硫系统。根据LOPA分析指南[19],确定后果修饰与保护层失效概率,其中,人在影响区域内和点火概率的发生概率分别为0.4、0.5;安全阀失效概率为0.01,差压报警失效概率0.04,调节阀和报警响应的失效概率均为0.1。且在该分析方法中,人们认可能接受事故发生概率的数量级为10-5。以HAZOP分析中各系统的偏差原因作为初始事件,以HAZOP分析中结果为条件事件,带入后果修饰与各事件的独立保护层,得到LOPA方法下计算的各系统不同初始事件下发生事故的概率,结果见表2
表2可以看出,在独立保护层的作用下,各系统的反应罐发生火灾爆炸事故的概率均在允许值之内;对于各系统的管线,发生火灾爆炸事故的概率超出允许的数量级,除去现有的管道泄漏后的差压报警,还需添加独立保护措施使事故发生概率降低。相比反应罐,管道发生泄漏时,会有更大的可能引起火灾爆炸事故,在日常安全工作中,需要花费更多精力预防管道泄漏。
根据F&EI分析流程分析冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统和提气除硫系统的火灾、爆炸危险指数判定危险等级之后,考虑各系统的安全补偿系数,得到安全补偿后的火灾爆炸危险指数与危险等级,结果见表3
同一系统中2个事故场景相互独立,初始事件也并未互相关联,所以将LOPA分析结果中各系统不同事故的平均概率相加,得到各系统发生火灾爆炸事故的总概率。得到无保护措施的事故后果等级R、概率等级L和有保护措施的事故后果等级R'、概率等级L',对照的风险矩阵判断无保护措施的风险等级S与添加保护措施的风险等级S',得到HAZOP-LOAP-F&EI集成分析结果,见表4
表3表4可知:
1) 未增加保护措施时,最危险的系统为氨法脱硫系统,其后果事件发生概率达到3级,事故后果严重程度达到5级,综合量化风险评价达到Ⅳ级的最高等级。其余2个系统场景后果事件发生概率为3级,事故后果严重程度均为4级,综合量化风险评价均处于Ⅲ级。
2) 增加保护措施后,各系统综合量化风险评价都处于Ⅰ级,均属于可接受水平。其中,冷却分离系统的事故发生概率最大,为3.14×10-4,氨法脱硫系统与提气除硫系统事故发生概率均为2级,但概率略低于冷却分离系统。氨法脱硫系统减轻后的F&EI系数为68.8,事故后果严重程度在3个系统中最大。
根据分析结果,得出导致事故发生的风险影响因素、相应的已有防控措施以及事故的类型等信息和风险、原因、后果、措施之间的因果关系,运用蝴蝶结模型将分析结果进行图形化描述,以便相关人员快速直观地了解风险和现有安全防控措施。
蝴蝶结模型主要应用在风险管理中用于风险原因和风险后果的分析,并分析风险预控措施,以便分派到不同的组织执行。目前在国外风险管理的应用已较普遍。蝴蝶结模型主要由危险源、事故发生前的预防措施、顶级事件、事故后的应急措施及事故后果5个部分组成。具体建立模型步骤如下:分析系统,选择一项具体的风险事件作为顶级事件;左侧罗列导致顶级事件发生的原因,右侧展示顶级事件可能导致的后果,预防措施和缓解措施加在2边的连线上。
对于安全防控措施的效果应依次从左到右,按照本质安全思维进行考虑,按照消除、隔离、限制、预警、遏制、防护的优先顺序,顶级事件左侧为危险事件未发生之前的预防措施,顶级事件右侧为危险事件发生之后进行补救和降低后果的措施。顶级事件应选取原因、后果复杂,风险性较大的,在确定顶级事件之后,便可推导事故后果,也可倒推产生危险的原因,分析安全生产的管控流程,从而在原因、危险点、后果间插入各项安全措施,降低后果发生的可能性和严重程度。
将事故原因、后果与风险防控措施按照顺序整理,得到含硫化氢油气泄漏事故的安全防控蝴蝶结模型,如图1所示。同理,得到净化后的油气泄漏事故安全防控蝴蝶结模型,如图2所示。
含硫化氢油气和净化油气泄漏事故安全防控蝴蝶结模型主要从关键装置故障和人员操作失误出发,梳理分析得出的安全屏障,及运用传统油气集输过程管理措施,对页岩油原位转化油气集输过程中各关键装置的风险因素进行总结和可视化,方便后续提出相关的优化措施和针对风险防控管理体系20的建议。
为保障生产安全,提高页岩油原位转化生产效益,增强生产过程中的安全性,现综合危险物料的危险特性以及HAZOP分析中对于每一项偏差所提出的初步建议措施,根据定量风险评价得出的工艺流程中的各个环节的风险大小及事故机制,对整个工艺装置提出如下防控措施:
1) 蒸汽加热锅炉防止超温超压措施。①燃气锅炉加装紧急停机装置,分汽缸设置安全阀。②加装蒸汽温度、压力在线监测装置,当出现温度异常、压力过高时自动报警。③在严寒地区的后端低温管线加装伴热系统,防止管道因为热应力弯曲。④加强日常巡查和员工培训,操作时规定双人在岗,操作员佩戴防烫伤防护措施。
2) 泄漏及硫化氢中毒防护措施21。①厂区内各区域设置可燃气体、硫化氢泄漏自动报警装置和连锁关断装置。②设置区域防硫喷雾。在检测到硫化氢泄漏后,喷雾系统自动启动,向硫化氢泄漏区域喷射水雾或化学剂,降低空气中硫化氢的浓度并阻止其扩散。③各管道采取不同涂装。④设置检修管道盲板。
3) 管道及装置硫腐蚀控制措施22。①选用防腐材质:对于高温、高含硫段,如井口集输管道和冷却分离系统段采用镍基合金钢,对于低温、含硫段,如冷却分离液相管段至提气除硫系统、冷却分离气相管段至氨法脱硫系统,采用316L不锈钢,后续管段采用普通L245碳钢,对于流速大、硫化物浓度极高的部位,还可采用增加厚度的方法,加大腐蚀余量,减缓因腐蚀导致的泄漏。②处理设备内表面:如超疏水性二氧化硅/环氧树脂涂层、防腐涂层、镀层、加装内衬等。③加装电化学保护设备。④添加缓蚀剂。⑤适当调整工艺参数。⑥在腐蚀严重部位设置在线硫腐蚀监测系统。
4) 硫化亚铁自燃防护措施。①严格控制温度。②防止氧与硫化亚铁接触。③加入钝化剂。
5) 管道冲蚀防护措施。①采用渐扩试弯管。通过扩张管径的方式,降低流体通过时的速度和湍流动能。②管壁采用防护涂层。③在集输管道中加装节流孔板,防止因采出油气流速波动加剧冲蚀。
6) 其他防控措施。①人员误操作防护措施:管道阀门挂牌锁定管理。②事故减轻控制措施:生产井采出管道设置事故焚烧装置。③冷却分离工艺来料段设置缓冲罐。④采用内壁有无机涂料的耐腐蚀法兰。⑤泵机设置并联备用泵。在设计井筒水泥浆和水泥环力学状态的过程中考虑水泥环内外壁的温度不一致的情况[23]
1) 高温蒸汽发生系统的风险因素为高温蒸汽,若发生泄漏易造成烫伤事故。当蒸汽加热锅炉出现温度压力长时间失控时,会出现锅炉超压物理爆炸事故,具有较大的危险性。因此,生产过程中要加强蒸汽锅炉的维护与控制,防止锅炉干烧开裂与超温超压泄漏,降低人员烫伤事故的发生概率。
2) 通过HAZOP集成LOPA、F&EI分析各个子系统,得出冷却分离、氨法脱硫、提气除硫3个关键子系统节点发生火灾爆炸事故后果发生的概率、定量描述事故后果严重程度。在未施加保护措施时氨法脱硫系统危险等级最大,在实际页岩油集输过程中,应重点关注氨法脱硫系统的保护装置,防止保护装置失效造成严重的事故后果。
3) 运用蝴蝶结模型,将原位转化油气集输过程中关键装置的风险因素可视化展示,根据危险物料的特性从6个方面提出安全防控措施25条。
4) 我国页岩油开采仍处在萌芽阶段,在页岩油原位转化开采过程中,各系统的故障发生率很难从事故统计中获得,只能参考相似设备和系统已有的故障发生概率。在定量风险评价火灾爆炸事故的危害性时,采用道化学火灾爆炸指数法,没有考虑页岩油气中有毒气体的影响,评价结果在有毒物质的安全性方面有所局限,在以后的类似评价中,将会考虑使用蒙德法进行火灾爆炸与毒性的风险性评价。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009202)
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0621
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
  • 修回日期:2024-08-18
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009202)
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    1 中国石油大学(华东) 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266580
    2 云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县应急管理局,云南 玉溪 653499
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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