Article(id=1149735803829535488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0131-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0621, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=1723910400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047976690, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047976690, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047976690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047976690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735804030862081, articleId=1149735803829535488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Risk assessment and safety prevention and control of key subsystems in shale oil gathering and transportation process, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In order to improve the safety of the shale oil gathering and transportation process,this paper took the shale oil gathering and transportation process under the in-situ transformation technology of superheated steam injection of oil shale as the evaluation object. In the process of shale oil gathering and transportation,the hazard were analyzed and the whole process was divided into three subsystems. The risk of each subsystem was analyzed qualitatively by using hazard and operability analysis(HAZOP) method. According to the results of the qualitative analysis,the probability of fire and explosion accidents and the risk grade of each subsystem were calculated by using layer of protection analysis(LOPA) and Dow fire and explosion index(F&EI) method. The nodes of shale oil gathering and transportation process were divided,and Bow-tie models for oil and gas leakage accidents containing hydrogen sulfide and oil and gas leakage accidents after purification were established respectively. Based on results of risk assessment,effective safety prevention and control measures were developed. The results show that the subsystems that may cause accidents in the oil and gas gathering and transportation process are: steam generation system,cooling separation system,ammonia desulfurization system and cooling separation system,in which the leakage of the steam generation system will not cause fire and explosion accidents,and the fire and explosion risk grades of the remaining subsystems are: ammonia desulfurization system,cooling separation system and gas extraction and desulfurization system in order from heavy to light.
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为提高页岩油集输过程的安全性,首先以过热蒸汽注入油页岩原位转化技术下的页岩油集输过程为评价对象,分析页岩油集输过程中的危险源,将整个集输过程分为3个子系统,利用危险性与可操作性分析(HAZOP)法定性分析各子系统的风险,并根据定性分析结果,利用保护层分析法(LOPA)和火灾爆炸指数法(F&EI)计算各子系统发生火灾爆炸事故的概率与危险等级;然后划分页岩油集输过程的节点,对含有硫化氢的油气泄漏事故与净化后的油气泄漏事故分别建立蝴蝶结模型,并依据风险评价结果,制定有效的安全防控措施和风险管理体系。结果表明:油气集输过程可能引发事故的子系统有蒸汽发生系统、冷却分离系统、氨法脱硫系统与冷却分离系统,其中,蒸汽发生系统泄漏不会造成火灾爆炸事故,其余子系统的火灾爆炸风险程度由重到轻依次为:氨法脱硫系统、冷却分离系统、提气脱硫系统。
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1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,China University of Petroleum (East China),Qingdao Shandong 266580,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167815774111540167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, authorId=1167815773994099652, language=CN, stringName=王超杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 中国石油大学(华东) 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266580, bio={"img":"BEWvn1JLFBRD/zN8pC2qMQ==","content":"
王超杰 (1992—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气安全开采及灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:superj_wang@163.com。
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王超杰 (1992—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气安全开采及灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:superj_wang@163.com。
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2 Emergency Management Bureau of Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County,Yuxi Yunnan 653499,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167815774702937046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, authorId=1167815774585496531, language=CN, stringName=邹卓辰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 中国石油大学(华东) 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266580, bio={"content":"
徐长航,教授
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2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167815776678454260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, awardId=2023YFC3009202, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009202), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167815773834716093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773843104702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773834716093, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,China University of Petroleum (East China),Qingdao Shandong 266580,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773851493311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773834716093, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 中国石油大学(华东) 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266580)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167815773918602176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773926990785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773918602176, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Emergency Management Bureau of Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County,Yuxi Yunnan 653499,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167815773935379394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, companyId=1167815773918602176, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 云南省玉溪市新平彝族傣族自治县应急管理局,云南 玉溪 653499)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167815775860564968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Bow-tie model for safety prevention and control of hydrogen sulfide oil and gas leakage accidents, figureFileSmall=RyziY/JuHJYl/GATKe/5/g==, figureFileBig=TW6+nfiHOf572Jgv+9deoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815775919285225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
含硫化氢油气泄漏事故的安全防控蝴蝶结模型, figureFileSmall=RyziY/JuHJYl/GATKe/5/g==, figureFileBig=TW6+nfiHOf572Jgv+9deoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815775973811178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Bow-tie model for satety prevention and control of oil and gas leakage, figureFileSmall=+gjvdh1uiSGQ251LOd180g==, figureFileBig=jsPEeSFLmiKtfuYK3ILF+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815776032531435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
油气泄漏事故的安全防控蝴蝶结模型, figureFileSmall=+gjvdh1uiSGQ251LOd180g==, figureFileBig=jsPEeSFLmiKtfuYK3ILF+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167815776082863084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary of deviation causes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统 | 压力 | 流量 | 温度 | 液位 | 组分 |
蒸汽发 生[18] | 下游用气设备故障停止用气; 压力表连通管堵塞冻结 或指示压力不正确; 安全阀故障; 超压报警器失效; 进塔管线压力报警; 控制气动阀门失效; 蒸汽发生塔内管线结垢; 蒸汽管道法兰泄漏 | 蒸汽流量表假高; 进塔管线气动 调节阀失效; 水泵故障; 给水自动调节 器故障; 给水管线堵塞; 进塔管线法 兰泄漏 | 冷水温度高; 给水温度 过低 | 操作人员操作失误过量给水; 蒸汽发生器液位计显示 仪表假低; 锅炉液位表显示模糊不清; 液位表堵塞、漏水; 运行人员未实时注意水位; 水泵故障; 锅炉排污阀误开; 低水位保护装置失灵 | 水处理 不当 |
分却分 离 | 自井口来的页岩油气压力高或低; 压力表报警系统假低; 气相管线阀门误关及气动 调节阀故障关闭; 管道堵塞; 安全阀故障起跳; 管道阀门误开; 管线腐蚀、泄漏 | 自井口来的页岩油 气流量高或低; 三级分离器液相 出口 流量计假低; 管线法兰泄漏; 物料回流至井内 | 自井口来 的页岩油 气温度高 或低; 各级换热 器物料出 口温度高; 环境温度低 | 各级分离器底部泥 沙沉积堵塞出口; 液位计显示假低; 自井口来的页岩油气液 相组分不足 | 上游来料 组分含有 杂质 |
氨法 脱硫 | 自上游的页岩气压力高或低; 压力报警远程控制器失效; 脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关; 管道、塔板堵塞; 管线腐蚀、泄漏 | 自上游来的 页岩气流量 高或低; 管线法兰泄漏 | 页岩油气 温度高; 各级换热 器物料出口 温度高; 环境温度低 或自上游来 的页岩油气 温度低 | 往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞; 液位计报警仪表假低 | 吸收液 pH过高 |
提气 除硫 | 自上游的页岩气压力高或低; 压力报警远程控制器失效; 脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关; 管道、塔板堵塞; 管线腐蚀、泄漏 | 自上游来的页 岩气流量高或低; 管线法兰泄漏 | 页岩油气 温度高; 各级换热器 物料出口温 度高; 环境温度低 或自上游来 的页岩油气 温度低 | 往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞; 液位计报警仪表假低 | 吸收液 pH过高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776170943469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
偏差原因汇总
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统 | 压力 | 流量 | 温度 | 液位 | 组分 |
蒸汽发 生[18] | 下游用气设备故障停止用气; 压力表连通管堵塞冻结 或指示压力不正确; 安全阀故障; 超压报警器失效; 进塔管线压力报警; 控制气动阀门失效; 蒸汽发生塔内管线结垢; 蒸汽管道法兰泄漏 | 蒸汽流量表假高; 进塔管线气动 调节阀失效; 水泵故障; 给水自动调节 器故障; 给水管线堵塞; 进塔管线法 兰泄漏 | 冷水温度高; 给水温度 过低 | 操作人员操作失误过量给水; 蒸汽发生器液位计显示 仪表假低; 锅炉液位表显示模糊不清; 液位表堵塞、漏水; 运行人员未实时注意水位; 水泵故障; 锅炉排污阀误开; 低水位保护装置失灵 | 水处理 不当 |
分却分 离 | 自井口来的页岩油气压力高或低; 压力表报警系统假低; 气相管线阀门误关及气动 调节阀故障关闭; 管道堵塞; 安全阀故障起跳; 管道阀门误开; 管线腐蚀、泄漏 | 自井口来的页岩油 气流量高或低; 三级分离器液相 出口 流量计假低; 管线法兰泄漏; 物料回流至井内 | 自井口来 的页岩油 气温度高 或低; 各级换热 器物料出 口温度高; 环境温度低 | 各级分离器底部泥 沙沉积堵塞出口; 液位计显示假低; 自井口来的页岩油气液 相组分不足 | 上游来料 组分含有 杂质 |
氨法 脱硫 | 自上游的页岩气压力高或低; 压力报警远程控制器失效; 脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关; 管道、塔板堵塞; 管线腐蚀、泄漏 | 自上游来的 页岩气流量 高或低; 管线法兰泄漏 | 页岩油气 温度高; 各级换热 器物料出口 温度高; 环境温度低 或自上游来 的页岩油气 温度低 | 往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞; 液位计报警仪表假低 | 吸收液 pH过高 |
提气 除硫 | 自上游的页岩气压力高或低; 压力报警远程控制器失效; 脱硫塔塔顶气相管线阀门误关; 管道、塔板堵塞; 管线腐蚀、泄漏 | 自上游来的页 岩气流量高或低; 管线法兰泄漏 | 页岩油气 温度高; 各级换热器 物料出口温 度高; 环境温度低 或自上游来 的页岩油气 温度低 | 往结晶槽出塔管线堵塞; 液位计报警仪表假低 | 吸收液 pH过高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776238052334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
LOPA analysis results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统 | 事故场景描述 | 后果修饰 | 独立保护层 | 平均事故发生概率(×10-5) |
| 事件 | 概率 | 描述 | 失效概率 | 无IPLS | 有IPLS |
冷却 分离 | 气液分离罐超压 泄漏,遇点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 安全阀; 调节阀; 报警响应 | 0.01 0.1 0.1 | 46.30 | 0.02 |
管线泄漏,遇点 火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 差压报警 | 0.04 | 784.40 | 31.38 |
氨法 脱硫 | 脱硫塔超压泄漏, 遇点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 安全阀; 调节阀; 报警响应 | 0.01 0.1 0.1 | 119.22 | 0.03 |
管线泄漏遇, 点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 差压报警 | 0.04 | 687.00 | 27.48 |
| 系统 | 事故场景描述 | 后果修饰 | 独立保护层 | 平均事故发生概率(×10-5) |
| 事件 | 概率 | 描述 | 失效概率 | 无IPLS | 有IPLS |
提气 除硫 | 提气脱硫塔超压泄漏, 遇点火源发生燃爆 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 安全阀; 调节阀; 报警响应 | 0.01 0.1 0.1 | 110.30 | 0.03 |
管线泄漏遇, 点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 差压报警 | 0.04 | 756.40 | 30.26 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776305161199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
LOPA计算结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统 | 事故场景描述 | 后果修饰 | 独立保护层 | 平均事故发生概率(×10-5) |
| 事件 | 概率 | 描述 | 失效概率 | 无IPLS | 有IPLS |
冷却 分离 | 气液分离罐超压 泄漏,遇点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 安全阀; 调节阀; 报警响应 | 0.01 0.1 0.1 | 46.30 | 0.02 |
管线泄漏,遇点 火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 差压报警 | 0.04 | 784.40 | 31.38 |
氨法 脱硫 | 脱硫塔超压泄漏, 遇点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 安全阀; 调节阀; 报警响应 | 0.01 0.1 0.1 | 119.22 | 0.03 |
管线泄漏遇, 点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 差压报警 | 0.04 | 687.00 | 27.48 |
| 系统 | 事故场景描述 | 后果修饰 | 独立保护层 | 平均事故发生概率(×10-5) |
| 事件 | 概率 | 描述 | 失效概率 | 无IPLS | 有IPLS |
提气 除硫 | 提气脱硫塔超压泄漏, 遇点火源发生燃爆 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 安全阀; 调节阀; 报警响应 | 0.01 0.1 0.1 | 110.30 | 0.03 |
管线泄漏遇, 点火源爆炸 | 人在影响区内; 点火源 | 0.4 0.5 | 差压报警 | 0.04 | 756.40 | 30.26 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776380658672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
F&EI analysis results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统 | 火灾、爆炸危险指数 | 危险等级 |
| 安全补偿前 | 安全补偿后 | 安全补偿前 | 安全补偿后 |
| 冷却分离 | 148.05 | 60.7005 | 4级(很大) | 1级(最小) |
| 氨法脱硫 | 168 | 68.8 | 5级(非常大) | 2级(较轻) |
| 提气除硫 | 157.185 | 64.45 | 4级(很大) | 2级(较轻) |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776435184625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
F&EI分析结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 系统 | 火灾、爆炸危险指数 | 危险等级 |
| 安全补偿前 | 安全补偿后 | 安全补偿前 | 安全补偿后 |
| 冷却分离 | 148.05 | 60.7005 | 4级(很大) | 1级(最小) |
| 氨法脱硫 | 168 | 68.8 | 5级(非常大) | 2级(较轻) |
| 提气除硫 | 157.185 | 64.45 | 4级(很大) | 2级(较轻) |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776498099186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Summary of analysis results of HAZOP,LOPA and F&EI
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| 关键子系统 | 后果 | 无保护措施的风险等级 | 添加保护措施的风险等级 |
| 概率 | S | L | R | 概率 | S' | L' | R' |
| 冷却分离系统 | 发生火灾、爆炸事故 | 8.3×10-3 | Ⅲ | 3 | 4 | 3.14×10-4 | Ⅰ | 2 | 1 |
| 氨法脱硫系统 | 发生火灾、爆炸事故 | 8.0×10-3 | Ⅳ | 3 | 5 | 2.8×10-4 | Ⅰ | 2 | 2 |
| 提气除硫系统 | 发生火灾、爆炸事故 | 8.7×10-3 | Ⅲ | 3 | 4 | 3.0×10-4 | Ⅰ | 2 | 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167815776556819443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803829535488, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
HAZOP、LOPA和F&EI集成分析结果汇总
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 关键子系统 | 后果 | 无保护措施的风险等级 | 添加保护措施的风险等级 |
| 概率 | S | L | R | 概率 | S' | L' | R' |
| 冷却分离系统 | 发生火灾、爆炸事故 | 8.3×10-3 | Ⅲ | 3 | 4 | 3.14×10-4 | Ⅰ | 2 | 1 |
| 氨法脱硫系统 | 发生火灾、爆炸事故 | 8.0×10-3 | Ⅳ | 3 | 5 | 2.8×10-4 | Ⅰ | 2 | 2 |
| 提气除硫系统 | 发生火灾、爆炸事故 | 8.7×10-3 | Ⅲ | 3 | 4 | 3.0×10-4 | Ⅰ | 2 | 2 |
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