Article(id=1149735803615621747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0058-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1725379200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047976639, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047976639, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047976639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047976639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735803980526197, articleId=1149735803615621747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Simulation analysis of evacuees competitive behavior based on system dynamics, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to quantify the psychological changes of crowds and the impact of competitive factors on the behaviors of evacuees in emergency evacuation situations,a dynamic model was constructed that closely links the state of personnel psychological state with competitive influencing factors. In this model,the crowd was divided into three categories based on individual behavioral characteristics: independent evacuees,cooperative evacuees,and competitive evacuees. Three major factors influencing individual decision-making during the evacuation process were analyzed in depth: personal characteristics,social guidance mechanisms,and environmental factors. Specific parameter values were set,and SD were employed to simulate and study the behavioral characteristics of pedestrians during emergency evacuation. The research results indicate that as environmental visibility decreases and panic spreads,the proportion of competitive evacuees significantly increases. Conversely,when there are positive guiding behaviors and acts of helping others in the environment,these positive factors can effectively alleviate the crowd's anxiety and reduce competitive behaviors. Particularly noteworthy is that when multiple factors are coupled,the greater the competitive intensity,the more significant the positive effect of helping behaviors becomes. This shows that in highly stressful evacuation environments,positive social guidance and mutual assistance behaviors play a non-negligible role in relieving competitive pressure and improving evacuation efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Jinghong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juan LIU, Ran YE, Jinghong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735823232381194, articleId=1149735803615621747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于系统动力学的疏散人员竞争行为仿真分析, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为量化在紧急疏散情境下人群心理变化以及竞争因素对疏散人群行为的影响,构建一个能够将人员疏散状态与竞争影响因素紧密结合的动态模型,该模型依据个体的行为特征,将人群划分为独立疏散人员、合作疏散人员和竞争疏散人员3类;深入分析疏散过程中影响个体决策的人员自身特性、社会引导机制以及环境作用因素这3大因素,并设定具体的参数值,采用系统动力学(SD)模型研究行人应急疏散行为特性。结果表明:随着环境能见度的降低和恐慌情绪的扩散,竞争疏散人群的比例显著上升;相反,当环境中存在积极的引导行为和帮助他人的行为时,这些正面因素能够有效减轻人群的紧张情绪,减少竞争行为。特别值得注意的是,当多因素耦合作用时,竞争强度越大,帮助行为的正面效应就越为显著。这说明在高度紧张的疏散环境中,积极的社会引导和互助行为对缓解竞争压力、提高疏散效率具有不可忽视的作用。

, correspAuthors=王静虹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 王静虹(1986—),女,江苏苏州人,博士,教授,主要从事人群疏散与管控机制等方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘娟 (1998—),女,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生,研究方向为大规模人群疏散。E-mail:

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刘娟 (1998—),女,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生,研究方向为大规模人群疏散。E-mail:

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label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between degree of limited visibility and variation of the number of evacuees, figureFileSmall=pW1RD67twckyWiJcr/NpoQ==, figureFileBig=CPNmejxBoWAShaY2pmXKSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816082401276146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=图3, caption=视野受限程度与疏散人数变化关系, figureFileSmall=pW1RD67twckyWiJcr/NpoQ==, figureFileBig=CPNmejxBoWAShaY2pmXKSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816082447413492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between competition intensity and the number of evacuees, figureFileSmall=EZhwxj14rSH+7zI7ke+C6Q==, figureFileBig=p1bLXG0V+Svn+WPT7S8HpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816082522910966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=图4, caption=竞争强度与疏散人数变化关系, 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ArticleFig(id=1167816083294662919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同领导者比例下视野受限程度对竞争疏散人数的影响, figureFileSmall=ua14o1nOYAY8z2eicsqxnA==, figureFileBig=8HNMHp8BduBGsB/XLt2whA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167816083382743305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Secondary index of influencing factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 二级指标
环境 疏散场所的复杂程度、逃生路线、疏散指示标识、疏散紧急程度、烟气扩散率、环境能见度等
社会 场所中人群密度、疏散速度、人流量、人群之间的社会关系、引导作用、帮助行为、人群情绪等
自身 人员的年龄、心理状态、生理状态、认知、社会关系、环境熟悉度以及疏散经历等
), ArticleFig(id=1167816083449852171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

影响因素二级指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 二级指标
环境 疏散场所的复杂程度、逃生路线、疏散指示标识、疏散紧急程度、烟气扩散率、环境能见度等
社会 场所中人群密度、疏散速度、人流量、人群之间的社会关系、引导作用、帮助行为、人群情绪等
自身 人员的年龄、心理状态、生理状态、认知、社会关系、环境熟悉度以及疏散经历等
), ArticleFig(id=1167816083516961037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variables and meanings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 含义 变量 含义
G 引导作用 P2 烟气扩散率
H1 帮助行为 E1 竞争疏散人员
D 竞争强度 E2 独立疏散人员
U 紧急程度 E3 合作疏散人员
S 信息传播范围 C1 竞争发生率1
L 领导者 C2 竞争发生率2
A 接受程度 C3 竞争发生率3
H2 帮助概率 F1 冷静率Flow
Y 年轻人占比 F2 冷静率Flow1
V 能见度 F3 冷静率Flow2
P1 恐慌
), ArticleFig(id=1167816083592458511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量和含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 含义 变量 含义
G 引导作用 P2 烟气扩散率
H1 帮助行为 E1 竞争疏散人员
D 竞争强度 E2 独立疏散人员
U 紧急程度 E3 合作疏散人员
S 信息传播范围 C1 竞争发生率1
L 领导者 C2 竞争发生率2
A 接受程度 C3 竞争发生率3
H2 帮助概率 F1 冷静率Flow
Y 年轻人占比 F2 冷静率Flow1
V 能见度 F3 冷静率Flow2
P1 恐慌
), ArticleFig(id=1167816083663761681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Model parameters table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
总人数 800
烟气扩散率 0
视野受限程度 0.3
恐慌 0
接受程度 0.2
领导者 0.2
信息传播范围 2
同情心 0.2
年轻人占比 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1167816085639278867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
总人数 800
烟气扩散率 0
视野受限程度 0.3
恐慌 0
接受程度 0.2
领导者 0.2
信息传播范围 2
同情心 0.2
年轻人占比 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1167816085752525078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ANOVA results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 平方和 均方 F
A 72 446.80 36 223.40 25.78
B 96 507.33 24 126.83 17.17
交互作用 11 243.87 28 159.02 20.04
), ArticleFig(id=1167816085924491544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803615621747, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ANOVA结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 平方和 均方 F
A 72 446.80 36 223.40 25.78
B 96 507.33 24 126.83 17.17
交互作用 11 243.87 28 159.02 20.04
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基于系统动力学的疏散人员竞争行为仿真分析
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刘娟 , 叶然 , 王静虹 **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(11): 58-65
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(11): 58-65
基于系统动力学的疏散人员竞争行为仿真分析
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刘娟 , 叶然, 王静虹**
作者信息
  • 南京工业大学 安全科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 211816
  • 刘娟 (1998—),女,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生,研究方向为大规模人群疏散。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 王静虹(1986—),女,江苏苏州人,博士,教授,主要从事人群疏散与管控机制等方面的研究。E-mail:
Simulation analysis of evacuees competitive behavior based on system dynamics
Juan LIU , Ran YE, Jinghong WANG**
Affiliations
  • College of Safety Science and Engineering,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing Jiangsu 211816,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0182
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为量化在紧急疏散情境下人群心理变化以及竞争因素对疏散人群行为的影响,构建一个能够将人员疏散状态与竞争影响因素紧密结合的动态模型,该模型依据个体的行为特征,将人群划分为独立疏散人员、合作疏散人员和竞争疏散人员3类;深入分析疏散过程中影响个体决策的人员自身特性、社会引导机制以及环境作用因素这3大因素,并设定具体的参数值,采用系统动力学(SD)模型研究行人应急疏散行为特性。结果表明:随着环境能见度的降低和恐慌情绪的扩散,竞争疏散人群的比例显著上升;相反,当环境中存在积极的引导行为和帮助他人的行为时,这些正面因素能够有效减轻人群的紧张情绪,减少竞争行为。特别值得注意的是,当多因素耦合作用时,竞争强度越大,帮助行为的正面效应就越为显著。这说明在高度紧张的疏散环境中,积极的社会引导和互助行为对缓解竞争压力、提高疏散效率具有不可忽视的作用。

系统动力学(SD)  /  疏散人员  /  竞争行为  /  疏散状态  /  影响因素

In order to quantify the psychological changes of crowds and the impact of competitive factors on the behaviors of evacuees in emergency evacuation situations,a dynamic model was constructed that closely links the state of personnel psychological state with competitive influencing factors. In this model,the crowd was divided into three categories based on individual behavioral characteristics: independent evacuees,cooperative evacuees,and competitive evacuees. Three major factors influencing individual decision-making during the evacuation process were analyzed in depth: personal characteristics,social guidance mechanisms,and environmental factors. Specific parameter values were set,and SD were employed to simulate and study the behavioral characteristics of pedestrians during emergency evacuation. The research results indicate that as environmental visibility decreases and panic spreads,the proportion of competitive evacuees significantly increases. Conversely,when there are positive guiding behaviors and acts of helping others in the environment,these positive factors can effectively alleviate the crowd's anxiety and reduce competitive behaviors. Particularly noteworthy is that when multiple factors are coupled,the greater the competitive intensity,the more significant the positive effect of helping behaviors becomes. This shows that in highly stressful evacuation environments,positive social guidance and mutual assistance behaviors play a non-negligible role in relieving competitive pressure and improving evacuation efficiency.

system dynamics(SD)  /  evacuees  /  competitive behavior  /  evacuation state  /  influencing factors
刘娟, 叶然, 王静虹. 基于系统动力学的疏散人员竞争行为仿真分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 58 -65 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0182
Juan LIU, Ran YE, Jinghong WANG. Simulation analysis of evacuees competitive behavior based on system dynamics[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 58 -65 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0182
疏散作为应对突发事件的重要环节,是减少人员生命财产损失的关键。应急疏散时,人员行为决定了人群的时空分布特征,是研究疏散动力学的关键。一般认为,行人的运动行为非常复杂,疏散的有效性与疏散人员的身心能力以及对此类事件的应变能力密切相关[1]
关于突发情况下人员疏散行为的影响因素,国内外学者已经开展了广泛研究,如XUE Shuqi[2]、CAO Shuchao[3]等开展相关试验,探讨了人员在能见度条件下的疏散差异,发现在能见度有限的情况下,行人需要更多的时间撤离;XIE Wei[4]、陶政广[5]、王世玲[6]等开展疏散试验和仿真模拟,探究了紧急疏散条件下的人类行为,发现领导者、人员的引导作用、人群的服从水平、教育程度、行李携带情况、结伴行为情况及安全意识对疏散行为有显著差异性;叶成豪等[7]建立了基于火灾产物影响条件下的人员疏散速度模型,分析了排烟速率对人员疏散速度系数的影响;谢启苗等[8]分析了初始人员密度、环境熟悉度、行为策略比例等对恐慌人员疏散特征的影响。此外,针对疏散过程中心理问题的研究关注度也较高,其中,行人间的恐慌心理和竞争是对疏散状态的反映。大量研究表明:人们在应对突发事件时,心理会受突如其来的灾难影响,产生恐惧感,恐惧感又会滋生出许多负面情绪和负面行为,运用模糊逻辑可探究心理和行为之间的数学关系,将虚幻的心理具体化为某种特定的行为[9]。游磊[10]、王立晓[11]、马玲[12]等通过构建模型,研究了恐慌、安全意识、从众心理等不同心理潜变量对疏散行为及疏散效率的影响,发现干预行人心理和行为具有积极作用;TIAN Huanhuan [13]、ZHANG Yuchun[14]等采用数值模拟方法,研究了行人间的竞争,发现竞争的激烈程度对行人的疏散行为有显著差异;CHENG Yuan等[15]研究了紧急疏散中合作行为的出现情况,以及疏散过程中逃生意愿与合作频率的关系。综上,现有文献大多通过开展小尺度试验或仿真模拟研究行人疏散特征,而研究人群和环境的相互作用对疏散的影响的文献还较为鲜见。
系统动力学(System Dynamic,SD)能够有效模拟系统结构、功能和行为之间的动态变化关系[16]。邹德龙[17]利用SD模型建立了车站的客流系统模型,仿真了常态下站台层的客流演变过程,根据仿真结果可调控瓶颈环节,保证站台运营的安全;宋亮亮[18]利用SD模型研究了地铁系统的运行脆弱性,得到了相应的控制地铁运行脆弱性的方法和策略;殷杰[19]借助SD模型动态评估和预警了高聚集游客群系统运行状态,阐明了高聚集游客群的基本特征及其高危性,同时模拟了不同情形下管理策略的管理效果,优化了管理策略。因此,可借助SD探究各种因素之间相互作用的一般规律和状态。
鉴于此,笔者拟采用SD模型仿真模拟环境影响下的行人应急疏散行为特性,考虑疏散环境紧急情况、外界引导作用、帮助行为等因素对疏散系统的影响,分析比较各因素之间的相互联系、相互作用及在疏散过程中不同疏散行为的人员数量随时间演变特征,以期为紧急情况下人群疏散应急响应的科学决策提供一些参考。
紧急情况下,行人疏散过程中行为特性受到诸多因素的影响。通过发放调查问卷,并结合文献[2-6],分析影响行人疏散行为的主要因素,分为环境、社会和行人自身等3类,并细化各类因素,研究能见度、烟气扩散率、恐慌传播、疏散引导、帮助行为、同情心、对他人帮助行为的接受程度等因素的影响机制。二级指标见表1
1) 环境因素。疏散环境指疏散人员所处环境,疏散环境的不同直接影响疏散人员的行为及策略[20]。疏散场所内部结构的环境是影响人员逃生的关键。环境能见度越低、紧急程度越大,则人群状态变化越多,行人也越容易产生竞争行为。
2) 社会因素。由于群众恐慌而产生的竞争通常被认为是紧急情况下的一种自然反应。当部分行人出现恐慌情绪后,所表现出的恐慌和竞争行为会向周围行人传播。竞争行为在人群中传播扩散,则会导致人群中发生碰撞和拥挤,加大疏散的困难程度,但人群中出现积极因素时则能缓解竞争行为。若部分人员对环境较为熟悉,可在疏散中扮演领导者的角色,引导他人通往安全出口、传播疏散信息,缓解恐慌人员的情绪,因此,引导作用对疏散有着积极作用。此外,帮助行为也可促进疏散效率。
3) 自身因素。人作为疏散的主体,人员特性是疏散过程中的关键因素。行人的心理因素也会改变其自身在疏散过程中的行为表现,产生行为差异,具体表现为疏散速度、判断能力、情绪上的差异,以及出现不同程度的恐慌、竞争、从众行为、帮助行为以及其他行为等。
根据以下假设建立SD模型:
1) 紧急情况下人员的恐慌心理会使人产生竞争行为。
2) 领导者熟悉周围环境,知道安全出口位置,且会传播所知信息。
3) 用数值大小表示视野受限程度,视野受限的负向指标代表能见度程度,数值越大表明人群视野受限越严重,能见度越低。
4) 模型中包含3种状态的人员,即独立疏散、合作疏散和竞争疏散状态。
初期均为独立疏散人员,随时间的发展,独立疏散人员会演变为合作疏散或竞争疏散人员,竞争疏散人员会冷静下来成为独立疏散或合作疏散人员,合作疏散人员有可能会复发为独立疏散或竞争疏散人员。
在Anylogic软件中建立行人疏散动态演化SD模型,如图1所示。以各因素作为参数,疏散时各行人状态作为存量,详细划分人员心理状态类型。独立疏散人员在竞争、能见度以及灾害紧急程度影响下可能会演变为竞争疏散人员,同时竞争疏散人员和独立疏散人员在帮助行为和引导作用下可转化为合作疏散人员。另一方面,合作疏散人员也可能复发为竞争或独立疏散人员。帮助行为受年轻人占比和帮助概率的影响,引导作用受社会层面中领导者数量、人员接受程度和信息传播范围的影响。
SD模型主要包括水平变量、速率变量和辅助变量3种变量,其中,水平变量和速率变量包含最重要的信息。水平变量表示累积量,是指竞争疏散人员、合作疏散人员和独立疏散人员;速率变量表示增加量的变化率,包括竞争发生率1、竞争发生率2、竞争发生率3、冷静率Flow、冷静率Flow1 和冷静率Flow2;辅助变量包括同情心、年轻人占比、恐慌、接受程度、信息传播范围、领导者。速率变量和辅助变量影响着水平变量的变化。
根据所建立的行人疏散SD模型设置如下动力学方程,各变量含义见表2
G = S × L × A
H 1 = H 2 × Y
D = P 1
U = P 2
F = 0.3 × E 1 × ( G + H 1 )
F 1 = 0.6 × E 2 × ( G + H 1 )
F 2 = 0.1 × E 1 × ( G + H 1 )
C 1 = 0.06 × E 3 × ( V + U + D )
C 2 = 0.3 × E 2 × ( V + U + D )
C 3 = 0.03 × E 3 × ( V + U + D )
根据实际情况和文献[21-22],对模型中的一些内部因素,如烟气扩散率、能见度、信息传播范围等,合理假设一定范围内的值,参数设置见表3
运行仿真试验,得到能见度、引导作用和帮助行为作用下,独立疏散人数、合作疏散人数和竞争疏散人数变化,如图2所示。
图2可知:随着疏散的进行,独立疏散人数迅速下降,合作疏散人数逐渐增加,竞争疏散人数则是先增加后有小幅下降,系统最终处于动态平衡。
竞争疏散人员的人数变化分为2个阶段:①受能见度的影响,行人在环境压力下发生竞争行为,竞争疏散人数上升,并且随着时间的推移竞争人数达到峰值243人。②领导者的引导作用和他人的帮助行为发挥积极作用,使竞争行为得到缓解。且当系统处于动态平衡时,总有部分人仍是独立疏散的,这也与现实情况相符。
把视野受限程度设为0.3、0.6和0.9,表示视野受限程度上升,疏散环境能见度不断降低;竞争强度设为0、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8,表示人群恐慌程度加剧,个体间竞争行为越来越激烈。运行仿真试验,探究能见度和竞争强度对行人行为的影响,分别得到竞争和合作疏散人数的变化,结果如图3图4所示。
图3图4中可以看出,当行人视野受限程度上升时,会加剧人群恐慌心理的产生,从而表现出竞争等行为。随着人群竞争强度的增加,竞争人数占总人数比例的峰值分别达到30.4%、43.1%、52.4%、59.4%和64.8%。竞争疏散人数的峰值和最终达到动态平衡时的人数越来越接近;合作疏散人数逐渐减小,且疏散环境越差,合作疏散人数变化幅度越小。说明系统环境变差,人员疏散过程中心理状态受到的影响程度增大。心理状态的变化导致人员行为混乱,从而使越来越多疏散人员的疏散行为向竞争疏散行为转变。这种现象造成竞争人数上升,同时增加其他人员观察周围环境的难度,严重影响疏散效率。如果人员的心理恐慌状态得不到缓解,人群长时间处于恐慌情绪中,会导致疏散的成功率大大降低。
不同帮助概率下竞争疏散人数的变化如图5所示。随着帮助概率的增加,竞争疏散人数减少,竞争疏散在峰值时和达到动态平衡时的人数变化率也会增加。这是因为帮助概率越大,发生帮助行为的人数越多,行人之间进行合作疏散,将部分竞争者发展为合作疏散人员。
视野受限程度为0.6和0.8时各疏散状态人数变化如图6所示。
对比图2图6发现,当系统达到动态平衡时,不同状态的疏散人数有较大差异,当出现视野受限等消极影响因素时会加重人群的恐慌心理,而出现帮助行为等积极影响因素时能有效缓解人员恐慌的心理,减少竞争疏散人数。
因此,在疏散过程中,为保证疏散效率,在安全出口、疏散路径等区域可考虑设置充足的照明灯;安排领导者、帮助者,安慰人群的情绪并引导疏散至安全区域。
双因素影响作用下竞争疏散人数如图7所示。由图7可知:在能见度较好情况下,竞争强度对人群竞争情绪的影响较大,导致人群竞争程度上升。然而当人群的视野受限严重时,竞争扩散的严重程度对疏散人数的影响会减小。在视野受限程度为0.3的情形下,竞争强度增至0.8时会导致竞争疏散人数增加40.75%;视野受限程度为0.9情形下,竞争强度增至0.8时会导致竞争疏散人数增加17.5%。这是因为能见度的下降造成了竞争情绪的大范围传播,多数人处于恐慌状态中。
当2个因素共同作用时,需要检验究竟发挥作用的是1个因素还是2个因素。为了解各因素对疏散结果的影响程度,采用常用的双因素方差分析方差分析(Analysis of Variance,ANOVA)数学方法[23]
设能见度为因素A,有3个水平,记为A1A2A3;竞争强度为因素B,有5个水平,记为B1B2B3B4B5。每个水平组合得到观测值 X i j ( i = 1,2 3 ; j = 1,2 3,4 5 ),共有15个观测值。为检验因素AB对结果的影响是否显著,提出以下假设:
X i j ~ N ( u i j σ 2 ) ; X i j = μ + α i + β j + ε i j
H 01 : α 1 = α 2 = α 3 = 0 ; H 01 : β 1 = β 2 = β 3 = β 4 = β 5 = 0
其中, 1 a α i = 0; 1 b β i = 0; ε i j ~ N ( 0 σ 2 )
通过计算得到ANOVA结果,见表4。查方差F分布表, F B = 17.17 > F 0.05 4,8,因为 F A = 25.78 > F 0.05 2,8,所以拒绝 H 01,即在显著性水平0.05条件下,能见度对竞争疏散人数有显著影响。同理,因为 F B = 17.17 > F 0.05 4,8在显著性水平0.05条件下竞争强度对竞争疏散人数有显著影响。
竞争强度下帮助概率对竞争疏散人数的影响如图8所示。在不同竞争强度下,随着帮助概率的增加,竞争疏散人数均逐渐减小,因为帮助行为能有效缓解人与人之间的竞争,使竞争人群逐渐冷静下来。竞争强度为0,帮助概率增至1时,竞争疏散人数降低17.6%;竞争强度为0.8,帮助概率增至1时,竞争疏散人数降低35.6%。可以看出,竞争强度越大,帮助行为的影响作用越明显。
不同领导者比例下视野受限程度对竞争疏散人数的影响如图9所示。由图8图9可知:增加领导者、提供引导帮助能够有效控制环境因素以及人员心理恐慌造成的竞争。因此,在发生紧急情况时,应急疏散过程中工作人员的引导和帮助作用,能够有效提高疏散效率。
1) 人群疏散状态是一个复杂的心理与社会现象,它受到多种因素的耦合影响而发生动态变化,竞争疏散人数呈现出先增加后小幅下降的趋势,是由于个体对紧急情况的初步反应到逐渐适应环境或或是受到其他疏散者的影响而调整自己的行为。最终,整个系统将达到一种动态平衡状态。
2) 通过对单因素影响的深入分析发现,随着能见度的降低、紧急程度和竞争程度的加剧,竞争疏散人数呈现出明显的上升趋势。而其他人的引导行为、帮助行为等积极因素则对疏散具有显著的正面影响,能够有效缓解人群的竞争行为。
3) 当多因素耦合作用时,竞争疏散行为的复杂性进一步凸显。特别是当竞争强度较大时,帮助行为的影响作用变得更加显著。有效的引导与帮助行为对于减少竞争行为扮演着至关重要的角色。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374208)
  • 江苏省高等学校自然科学研究重大项目(23KJA620002)
  • 江苏省重点研发计划(社会发展)项目(BE2023809)
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0182
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2024-09-04
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374208)
江苏省高等学校自然科学研究重大项目(23KJA620002)
江苏省重点研发计划(社会发展)项目(BE2023809)
作者信息
    南京工业大学 安全科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 211816

通讯作者:

** 王静虹(1986—),女,江苏苏州人,博士,教授,主要从事人群疏散与管控机制等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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