Article(id=1149735803099726581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0185-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.1214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=1723910400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047976517, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047976517, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047976517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047976517, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=185, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735803296858872, articleId=1149735803099726581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Simulation of open deck evacuation considering passenger heterogeneity and group effect, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the evacuation efficiency and ensure the safety of passengers on an open deck in the event of an accident,a heterogeneous evacuation model considering passenger heterogeneity and group effect was constructed using AnyLogic software. Four simulated evacuation scenarios,including individuals,two-person,three-person and mixed groups,were constructed,and the evacuation process of heterogeneous passengers under different group sizes was simulated. The results indicate that with the increase of the group size,the total evacuation time increases nonlinearly. Specifically,the evacuation time for passengers in two-person,three-person and mixed-group scenarios is 11.8%,19.6% and 15.5% longer than that in individual evacuations,respectively. Additionally,the peak of passengers' arrival at the terminal occurs in the early and middle stages of evacuation. In group evacuations,the higher expected passenger speed correlates with more dispersed arrival time distributions. These findings highlight the interaction effect between heterogeneous passengers and group effect in the evacuation process.

, correspAuthors=Jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guangzhao YANG, Wei CAI, Min HU, Jun WANG, Shunhong CHEN, Yanming DING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149735819562369287, articleId=1149735803099726581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=考虑乘客异质性和群组效应的开敞甲板疏散模拟, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高乘客在开敞甲板发生事故时的疏散效率,保障乘客安全,在考虑乘客异质性和群组效应的基础上,采用AnyLogic软件构建乘客的异质性疏散模型,并构建单人组、双人组、3人组及混合组4种疏散场景,模拟异质性乘客在不同群组规模情况下的疏散过程。结果表明:总体疏散时间随群组规模的增大呈非线性增加,乘客在双人组、3人组和混合组场景下疏散时间分别比单人组场景下多11.8%、19.6%和15.5%,且4种疏散场景中乘客抵达疏散终点的高峰期均位于疏散的前中期;在群组疏散时,乘客的期望速度越快,其抵达时间分布则更为离散。结果突显乘客异质性和群组效应在疏散过程中的相互影响。

, correspAuthors=王珺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 王珺(1982—),女,湖北黄冈人,硕士,讲师,主要从事安全应急管理及国防科研管理方面的研究。E-mail:
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杨光照 (1986—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事船舶与海洋工程、邮轮游艇设计技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

蔡薇,教授

胡敏,助理研究员

陈顺洪,高级工程师

丁彦铭,教授

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杨光照 (1986—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事船舶与海洋工程、邮轮游艇设计技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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杨光照 (1986—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事船舶与海洋工程、邮轮游艇设计技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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丁彦铭,教授

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167816051363427196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167816051367621501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, companyId=1167816051363427196, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Faculty of Engineering,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167816051376010110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, companyId=1167816051363427196, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1167816053032760258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=heterogeneity of passengers), Keyword(id=1167816053087286213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=group effect), Keyword(id=1167816053158589384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=cruise ship evacuation), Keyword(id=1167816053229892555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=evacuation simulation), Keyword(id=1167816053301195727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=open deck), Keyword(id=1167816053380887506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=乘客异质性), Keyword(id=1167816053435413460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=群组效应), Keyword(id=1167816053494133720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=邮轮疏散), Keyword(id=1167816053548659675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=疏散模拟), Keyword(id=1167816053619962846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=开敞甲板)], refs=[Reference(id=1167816055331237910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=LUO Meiqing, journalName=How to guide emergency evacuations on cruise ships?, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Meiqing. 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Beijing: University of Science and Technology of China, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167816055230574611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, awardId=[2019]331, language=CN, fundingSource=工信部项目([2019]331), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167816051141129069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167816051145323374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, companyId=1167816051141129069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Green and Smart River-Sea-Going Ship,Cruise Ship and Yacht Research Center,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430063,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167816051149517679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, 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Proportion and expected speed of different types of passengers

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乘客 比例/% 平地移动速度/(m·s-1) 下楼速度/(m·s-1)
类型 特征区间 最小值 最大值 最小值 最大值
1 年龄<30岁的女性 7 0.93 1.55 0.56 0.94
2 年龄位于30~50之间的女性 7 0.71 1.19 0.49 0.81
3 年龄大于50岁的女性 16 0.56 0.94 0.45 0.75
4 年龄大于50岁的女性,行动受限(1) 10 0.43 0.71 0.34 0.56
5 年龄大于50岁的女性,行动受限(2) 10 0.37 0.61 0.29 0.49
6 年龄小于30岁的男性 7 1.11 1.85 0.76 1.26
7 年龄位于30~50之间的男性 7 0.97 1.62 0.64 1.07
8 年龄大于50岁的男性 16 0.84 1.4 0.5 0.84
9 年龄大于50岁的男性,行动受限(1) 10 0.64 1.06 0.38 0.64
10 年龄大于50岁的男性,行动受限(2) 10 0.55 0.91 0.33 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1167816054995693582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型乘客的比例及期望速度

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乘客 比例/% 平地移动速度/(m·s-1) 下楼速度/(m·s-1)
类型 特征区间 最小值 最大值 最小值 最大值
1 年龄<30岁的女性 7 0.93 1.55 0.56 0.94
2 年龄位于30~50之间的女性 7 0.71 1.19 0.49 0.81
3 年龄大于50岁的女性 16 0.56 0.94 0.45 0.75
4 年龄大于50岁的女性,行动受限(1) 10 0.43 0.71 0.34 0.56
5 年龄大于50岁的女性,行动受限(2) 10 0.37 0.61 0.29 0.49
6 年龄小于30岁的男性 7 1.11 1.85 0.76 1.26
7 年龄位于30~50之间的男性 7 0.97 1.62 0.64 1.07
8 年龄大于50岁的男性 16 0.84 1.4 0.5 0.84
9 年龄大于50岁的男性,行动受限(1) 10 0.64 1.06 0.38 0.64
10 年龄大于50岁的男性,行动受限(2) 10 0.55 0.91 0.33 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1167816055062802448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Initial position distribution of passengers

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区域 分区长度/m 乘客数量
分区1 60 216
分区2 65 240
分区3 38 168
), ArticleFig(id=1167816055113134097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735803099726581, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乘客的初始位置分布

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区域 分区长度/m 乘客数量
分区1 60 216
分区2 65 240
分区3 38 168
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考虑乘客异质性和群组效应的开敞甲板疏散模拟
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杨光照 1 , 蔡薇 1 , 胡敏 1 , 王珺 2, ** , 陈顺洪 3 , 丁彦铭 4
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(11): 185-192
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(11): 185-192
考虑乘客异质性和群组效应的开敞甲板疏散模拟
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杨光照1 , 蔡薇1, 胡敏1, 王珺2, ** , 陈顺洪3, 丁彦铭4
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 绿色智能江海直达船舶与邮轮游艇研究中心,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 2 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 3 广州船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,广东 广州 510220
  • 4 中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 杨光照 (1986—),男,河北石家庄人,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事船舶与海洋工程、邮轮游艇设计技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

    蔡薇,教授

    胡敏,助理研究员

    陈顺洪,高级工程师

    丁彦铭,教授

通讯作者:

** 王珺(1982—),女,湖北黄冈人,硕士,讲师,主要从事安全应急管理及国防科研管理方面的研究。E-mail:
Simulation of open deck evacuation considering passenger heterogeneity and group effect
Guangzhao YANG1 , Wei CAI1, Min HU1, Jun WANG2, ** , Shunhong CHEN3, Yanming DING4
Affiliations
  • 1 Green and Smart River-Sea-Going Ship,Cruise Ship and Yacht Research Center,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430063,China
  • 2 School of Safety Science and Emergency Management,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430063,China
  • 3 Guangzhou Marine Engineering Co.,Guangzhou Guangdong 510220,China
  • 4 Faculty of Engineering,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.1214
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为提高乘客在开敞甲板发生事故时的疏散效率,保障乘客安全,在考虑乘客异质性和群组效应的基础上,采用AnyLogic软件构建乘客的异质性疏散模型,并构建单人组、双人组、3人组及混合组4种疏散场景,模拟异质性乘客在不同群组规模情况下的疏散过程。结果表明:总体疏散时间随群组规模的增大呈非线性增加,乘客在双人组、3人组和混合组场景下疏散时间分别比单人组场景下多11.8%、19.6%和15.5%,且4种疏散场景中乘客抵达疏散终点的高峰期均位于疏散的前中期;在群组疏散时,乘客的期望速度越快,其抵达时间分布则更为离散。结果突显乘客异质性和群组效应在疏散过程中的相互影响。

乘客异质性  /  群组效应  /  邮轮疏散  /  疏散模拟  /  开敞甲板

To improve the evacuation efficiency and ensure the safety of passengers on an open deck in the event of an accident,a heterogeneous evacuation model considering passenger heterogeneity and group effect was constructed using AnyLogic software. Four simulated evacuation scenarios,including individuals,two-person,three-person and mixed groups,were constructed,and the evacuation process of heterogeneous passengers under different group sizes was simulated. The results indicate that with the increase of the group size,the total evacuation time increases nonlinearly. Specifically,the evacuation time for passengers in two-person,three-person and mixed-group scenarios is 11.8%,19.6% and 15.5% longer than that in individual evacuations,respectively. Additionally,the peak of passengers' arrival at the terminal occurs in the early and middle stages of evacuation. In group evacuations,the higher expected passenger speed correlates with more dispersed arrival time distributions. These findings highlight the interaction effect between heterogeneous passengers and group effect in the evacuation process.

heterogeneity of passengers  /  group effect  /  cruise ship evacuation  /  evacuation simulation  /  open deck
杨光照, 蔡薇, 胡敏, 王珺, 陈顺洪, 丁彦铭. 考虑乘客异质性和群组效应的开敞甲板疏散模拟. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 185 -192 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.1214
Guangzhao YANG, Wei CAI, Min HU, Jun WANG, Shunhong CHEN, Yanming DING. Simulation of open deck evacuation considering passenger heterogeneity and group effect[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 185 -192 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.1214
大型邮轮室外休闲场所一般分布在上层建筑的开敞甲板中,不同于非露天甲板被分隔为多个封闭处所,开敞甲板空间通畅性较好,能够容纳大量的乘客,同时甲板中丰富的娱乐设施也深受乘客青睐。但是开敞甲板往往位于较高的甲板层中,在邮轮发生触礁或其他海损事故时,乘客只能通过楼梯抵达位于低层甲板的安全区或集结区。由于疏散过程具有不确定性,如果大量乘客在短时间同时涌向楼梯入口处,可能会对疏散安全造成隐患。因此,研究乘客的疏散过程及规律,提高乘客的疏散效率,对于保障乘客的安全具有重要意义。
船舶疏散过程中,乘客的行为往往会对疏散过程造成影响。LUO Meiqing[1]采用传感器网格技术,实时获取船舶中行人的疏散行为及移动过程;赵敏[2]针对船舶运动中对疏散的影响,通过海上救助模拟系统深入研究了行人的调整性动作、停顿现象等移动速度的影响行为;房斯明等[3]研究了乘客的折返行为对船舶疏散过程的影响,发现乘客折返比例达到40%时,对疏散产生的负面影响最大;NI Baocheng等[4-5]模拟了乘客在返回客舱穿着救生衣进行疏散的逃生行为;于萍[6]讨论了邮轮布局对乘客疏散效率的影响;HU Min等[7-8]分别利用元胞自动机和多格子模型模拟了邮轮乘客的疏散过程,并分析了邮轮在不同浮态下行人的疏散特点。船舶上乘客类型及移动速度的差异,对疏散会产生不同的影响。尹金岗等[9]基于Delaunay三角网来生成船舶空间中的导航网格,并在考虑疏散人群中的性别和年龄差别的基础上,分析了乘员的疏散过程;张大伟[10]采用社会力模型描述行人对空间环境的反应行为及决策行为的异同,构建了客船异质性人群单向流动模型。行人在行动时一般会倾向于结伴而行[11],群体的规模与群体的移动速度存在一定关联[12],群体平均步行速度随着群体规模的增加而降低,且群体的性别比例也会影响群体移动速度[13],而当前将考虑邮轮乘客异质性和群组效应的研究较少。乘客异质性主要表现为不同年龄和性别乘客在移动速度之间的差异性,这些乘客在进行疏散时会呈现出不同的特性,并对疏散过程产生影响。如乘客之间集结为群组进行疏散,则群组内不同类型的乘客之间也会相互影响,进而对整个疏散过程也会发生变化。因此,有必要结合乘客异质性和群组效应开展疏散分析,研究两者对疏散过程产生的影响。
鉴于此,笔者在考虑邮轮发生紧急事故时,对开敞甲板上乘客的群组疏散过程开展研究。首先根据开敞甲板布局特点建立邮轮疏散空间的模型,在乘客年龄和移动速度的差异化上构建乘客异质性模型;其次将乘客划分为不同规模的疏散群组,并建立相应的疏散场景;最后模拟多场景下乘客的疏散过程,研究群组规模和乘客异质性对疏散过程的影响。以期提升乘客安全制定相应的措施提供参考。
Vista邮轮的第10层甲板布局如图1所示,上层建筑为开敞甲板。该层甲板长256.6m,宽38m,露天区域面积约为5 800m2。从艉部至艏部分布有3部疏散楼梯。其中,楼梯1和2为平行双分双合楼梯,楼梯3为2部双分双合楼梯,单条梯道的宽度为1.2m。甲板中靠近艉部和中部的区域为公共活动区域,艏部为客舱区域。公共活动区域主要为泳池区域、水吧和部分阳光浴场,这些区域一般为乘客娱乐的聚集地。
该公共活动区域面积较大,能够同时承载大量乘客,为方便乘客的休闲及娱乐,区域中放置了大量的桌椅等家具。但是在发生事故时,这些家具往往会成为乘客进行逃生的阻碍物,增加乘客的撤离难度。
针对存在大型露天开敞甲板的乘客安全问题,国际海事组织在颁布新建和现有客船疏散分析指南[14]中对开敞甲板的乘客疏散也进行了相关规定。规定中指出,如果客船具有供乘客使用的开敞甲板,且其甲板总面积超过400 m2或可容纳200人以上,则应按日间场景的人员分配分析开敞甲板的疏散。在日间场景下,乘客分布在邮轮的公共区域中,当邮轮发生海损事故后,所有乘客需要通过楼梯进行疏散。因此,选取甲板公共区域部分为待疏散区域,分析处于该空间中的乘客疏散过程。
乘客由于性别、年龄等因素其移动速度也不相 同,对于疏散过程具有较大的影响。因此,为较为准确模拟乘客的疏散过程,需要针对不同类型的乘客设定相应期望速度。不同类型乘客的比例及期望速度见表1。从表1中可以看出,乘客按年龄和性别共分10类,每种类型乘客人数占据一定的比例,不同类别乘客的期望速度有所不同,且在平地和楼梯上的移动速度也有所差别。在邮轮上,通常存在以家庭或好友为团体出游的乘客,这部分乘客在疏散时往往会形成群体一起行动。群体行动时,其移动特点往往与单人有所不同。因此,将乘客的群体行为分为单人组、双人组、3人组及混合组4种情况,结合乘客的异质性和群组规模,分析疏散过程。
行人的疏散是一个动态过程,通过建立疏散模型模拟行人的行为是常见研究方式。常用的疏散模型包括元胞自动机模型、格子气模型和社会力模型等。其中,社会力模型是以牛顿力为基础,模型中假设行人具有对外界的反应行为和个体思考能力,主要利用粒子间的物理力来表示,行人的受力和内在动机通过力矢量表示。文中采用社会力模型的AnyLogic软件[15-16]建立疏散场景,并通在软件中编写特定函数设定乘客的相关参数。
利用AnyLogic建立甲板的空间模型,如图2所示。乘客通过甲板中的通道抵达楼梯区域,并通过楼梯进行疏散。采用软件中Wall模块模拟家具的边界及其他墙体分隔,构成一个固定边界。乘客在模型中不能穿越这些边界,从而可模拟邮轮疏散过程中乘客绕行障碍物的行为。
根据甲板空间构成特点将乘客活动的公共区域分为3个分区,如图2a所示。分区的尺寸及乘客数量见表2,甲板中待疏散的乘客总计624名。每个分区的乘客数量根据该分区面积计算确定[17]。邮轮的疏散集结站位于第3、4和5层甲板中,分别能够容纳1 512、2 282和1 183人。其中,Deck 5中集结站位置如图2b所示。
在群组疏散时,为较为全面地分析乘客的异质性和群组规模的耦合性影响,采用国际海事组织疏散指南规定的随机在空间中生成乘客方法。基于表1中乘客类型的比例,在对应区域随机生成乘客。双人组、3人组和混合组的场景中,同时采取随机选取乘客进行群组组合的方式。由于邮轮客舱为标准的双人间,因此,在混合组中将双人组的比例设置为最大,其中,单、双人和3人组的比例为1:2.1:1.3。在发生事故后,乘客往往对事故存在一个反应过程,而后才开始采取逃生行为。因此,乘客在疏散开始前存在一个对事故的响应时间,这里采用国际海事组织疏散指南计算响应时间的分布范围并随机分配给乘客。疏散开始时,所有游客从初始位置开始向楼梯口移动,按就近原则,当所有游客移动抵达位于Deck 5中的集结站时,视为疏散结束。
4种疏散模拟场景中保持疏散人数不变,且各类型乘客比例和初始速度均与表1保持一致。单人场景中每名乘客会独立移动至疏散终点。在双人组、3人组场景中乘客形成双人组和3人组,组内的乘员会一同移动。在混合组场景中,分为单人,双人组和3人组,其中,单人组乘客会各自独立前往疏散终点,而双人组和3人组乘客则会保持群组行为一同移动。
表1中速度为单人乘客在无拥堵情况下的理想移动速度,通常遇到障碍物或拥堵情况下,移动速度会受到影响。在群组移动中,行人的群体意识会对行人的运动行为产生影响[18]。对于AnyLogic软件而言,在软件中将乘客的舒适速度设定为表1中对应速度,其社会力模型会在该速度的基础上,根据疏散过程自动调整乘客行为,从而达到影响乘客移动速度的作用。
邮轮疏散空间和乘客参数设定后,通过软件中的流程建模库,设定乘客疏散行为,不同的流程模块相互组合定义乘客的行动。每个流程模块包括对应的应用程序编程接口接口,在其中调用函数或利用代码设置乘客的参数及行为。乘客疏散模拟的流程如图3所示。
国际海事组织疏散指南规定对疏散场景进行首次50次模拟,如果该50次模拟结果收敛,则可停止模拟,取模拟的第95个百分位的模拟值作为疏散结果。如果结果不收敛,则再次进行50次模拟并判断收敛性,直至运行至500次,取第95个百分位的模拟值作为疏散最终结果[14]。文中4个场景模拟结果均在前50次结果中达到收敛,因此,取模拟的第95个百分位的模拟值作为疏散结果。双人、3人及混合组疏散场景中群组人员的构成情况如图4所示。在双人组疏散中,同一组的组员类型均相同的比例为19.9%。在3人组场景中,同一组的组员类型均相同占比1.9%,部分组员类型相同的比例为21.8%。在混合组中,组员类型均相同占比0.7%,部分组员类型相同的比例为17.1%。可以看到,在3种存在群组的疏散场景中,组员类型全相异的比例均在76%以上。由于不同类型乘客的移动速度不同,疏散结果可在较大程度上反映出乘客异质性与群组效应对疏散过程的影响。
乘客疏散模拟过程如图5所示,所有乘客从初始位置开始行动,向就近的楼梯口处移动。4种疏散场景下乘客的疏散结果如图6所示。在单人组、双人组、3人组和混合组的疏散时间分别为799、893、956和923s,双人、3人和混合组场景的疏散时间分别比单人组场景下要多11.8%、19.6%和15.5%。说明乘客在组队情况下,由于组员相互之间的等待和结伴行动,导致疏散行动较单人组情况下变缓,疏散所需时间变长。且在300~400s的区间中,双人、3人组及混合组的疏散曲线产生交叉,此区间内3种场景疏散进度较为相似。在约650s以后,3个场景疏散曲线出现了明显区别,双人组的疏散进度略慢于其他2个场景,但在800s左右时,双人组的疏散进度加快,最后要先于3人组和混合组完成疏散过程。可见:在相同时间段内,3种场景疏散过程存在一定的差异。
4种场景下乘客抵达疏散终点的时间分布如图7所示。图7a中,随着疏散的开始,单个时间区间内疏散的人数开始逐渐增加。自疏散起始,单个区间内疏散的人数逐渐增大,至170~190s内达到最大值32人。随后每个区间疏散的人数开始波动,350~370s区间内人数出现一个低谷。此后区间疏散人数开始反复波动,710s以后单个区间疏散的人数开始逐渐减少直至疏散完成。单个区间疏散人数经历了从慢到快,再由快到慢直至完成全体乘客疏散。图7b中,疏散趋势与单人组有所区别,自疏散开始,虽然区间疏散人数有所波动,但其波动的范围比单人组要小。且在疏散末期,双人组区间人数变化的幅度较大。
图7c中,230~310s内抵达的人数比双人组要 略多。在群组疏散时,群组保持结伴而行,同时会在相近的时间内抵达疏散终点。因此,在疏散的前期,抵达相同数量的群组时,3人组抵达人数要比双人组略多。而在疏散中后期,由于3人组组员之间聚集需要耗费更多的时间,单个区间内抵达人数逐渐下降并少于双人组,最终导致所有乘客完成疏散所需的时间大于双人组。图7d中,在280~420s附近的2个区间内,乘客抵达数达到2个峰值,这个区间分布范围与图7a较为接近,可能是由于混合组场景中的单人组乘客抵达造成的。
此外,由于乘客的异质性区别,在单人疏散场景下,乘客可保持期望速度移动,但在组队情况下,同组中速度快的乘客需要降低自身的移动速度来保持队形。
在4种场景下异质性乘客疏散完成时间的分布范围如图8所示。图中箱体表示疏散时间分布情况,箱体中的横线和方框分别表示疏散时间的中位数和均值。从图8a可以看出,在单人组场景中,对于女性乘客,速度越慢的乘客其箱体分布整体偏上。说明乘客的疏散时间与其期望速度成反比,即期望速度越快的乘客,其所用时间越短。对于男性乘客而言,除第8类乘客箱体分布比7类乘客略偏低,其余几类乘客的分布与女性乘客类似。
图8b相比图8a,所有类型乘客所用的疏散时间都有不同程度的增加。尤其对于第1和6类乘客,其疏散时间的中位数值分别增加10.9%和4.0%。而第5和10类乘客,其疏散时间的中位数值增加了4.4%和-3.5%。可以发现,双人组中第10类乘客的疏散时间中位数反而比单人组中要小。结合图8b箱体的分布范围来分析,可以发现,在单人组中,除第4和6类乘客,其余类型乘客的箱体上边缘都小于600s,而在双人组中,所有类型乘客箱体上缘均大于600s,其时间分布范围更为广泛,使得其疏散总时间要大于单人组。
图8c对比图8b,除3人组中的第1、2和7类乘客的疏散时间中位数值略小于双人组之外,其余类型乘客的疏散时间中位数值比双人组稍大。且3人组中有6种类型乘客的疏散时间最大值均大于双人组。而疏散总时间由最后一名乘客抵达终点的时刻决定,因此,最终结果显示为3人组的疏散时间大于双人组。
相对于单人场景,在双人、3人及混合组中乘客箱体分布范围明显大于单人组场景,即群组场景中乘客疏散时间分布更为离散。说明在群组效应下,异质性乘客之间组队移动,相互之间的影响使得整体移动速度变慢。尤其对于移动速度较快的第1、2、7类乘客,其在图8b图8d中3个群组场景的箱体比图8a中有上移的趋势,箱体须线跨度更长,表明在群组疏散中这3类乘客的移动速度变慢,抵达终点的时间区间更为分散。而对于移动速度较慢的第5和10类乘客,其情况与前述3类乘客有所不同。这2类乘客在单人场景中的箱体长度要小于群组场景,但是箱体的位置比群组要偏下。说明在群组疏散中,这2类乘客疏散时间较单人场景中要长,但是分布区间要略微集中。
1) 当开敞甲板疏散的群组规模增加时,疏散时间并不成线性增大,群组从单人组增加到双人组时,疏散时间增幅较大;而当群组从双人组增加到3人组时,疏散时间的增幅为前者的67%。
2) 不同场景下,单位时间内完成疏散的人数峰值均处于疏散的前中期。在群组疏散下,期望速度较快乘客的疏散效率较单人场景中有所下降,且抵达时间分布更为离散。而期望速度较慢乘客的抵达时间的分布区间集中度略微变小,体现了群组效应对疏散的影响。
3) 乘客结伴而行会大幅增加疏散时间,对邮轮中存在家庭出游及结伴而行乘客的群组疏散安全问题,应提前对此类紧急情况制定预案。
  • 工信部项目([2019]331)
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.1214
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
  • 修回日期:2024-08-18
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工信部项目([2019]331)
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学 绿色智能江海直达船舶与邮轮游艇研究中心,湖北 武汉 430063
    2 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430063
    3 广州船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,广东 广州 510220
    4 中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070

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** 王珺(1982—),女,湖北黄冈人,硕士,讲师,主要从事安全应急管理及国防科研管理方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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