Article(id=1149735801711407721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)11-0146-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0188, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=1725552000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047976185, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047976185, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047976185, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047976185, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149735800964825832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047976008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361988347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830080236565471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149735800964825832, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149735802025980522, articleId=1149735801711407721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Structural safety analysis of low background experimental cavity, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure the normal operation of the low-background experimental chamber and prevent structural collapse,a structural safety analysis was conducted using Abaqus software. Initially,a simplified model of the experimental chamber was established based on the finite element method. This was followed by static load response analysis under extreme conditions,seismic load response simulations,and buckling analyses. Finally,the stress response and buckling critical loads of the oxygen-free copper sections with varying thicknesses were calculated to determine the permissible limit wall thickness of the experimental chamber. The results indicated that,under static pressure,the weakest regions of the chamber were the top of the oxygen-free copper section and the transition area of the circular end cap,with a critical buckling load of 0.307 MPa and a permissible limit wall thickness of 5.1 mm.

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为保障低本底实验腔的正常运行,预防腔体发生坍塌,利用Abaqus软件对实验腔开展结构安全性分析。首先,基于有限元方法建立实验腔简化模型;然后,对其进行极限工况下的静载荷响应分析、地震波载荷响应模拟分析,以及基于线性稳定性理论、弧长法的屈曲分析;最后,计算不同厚度下无氧铜段的应力响应情况和屈曲临界载荷,确定实验腔允许的极限壁厚。结果表明:在受静压时,实验腔最薄弱区域为无氧铜段顶部和圆封头过渡处,发生屈曲的临界载荷为0.307 MPa,允许的极限壁厚为5.1 mm;该低本底实验腔的结构能满足极限工况下的使用需求,验证了实验腔设计的合理性。

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何绍祥 (1998—),男,重庆人,硕士研究生,研究方向为机械结构设计与数值模拟。E-mail:

薛松,教授

刘书魁,特聘副研究员

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Buckling analysis of dished head under external pressure[J]. 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label=Table 1, caption=

Main material properties of experimental cavity

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材料性能 无氧铜 SUS304
密度/(g·cm-3) 8.94 7.93
抗拉强度/MPa 196 520
屈服强度/MPa 81 205
弹性模量/GPa 115 194.02
泊松比 0.34 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1167816077691069333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验腔主要材料性能

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材料性能 无氧铜 SUS304
密度/(g·cm-3) 8.94 7.93
抗拉强度/MPa 196 520
屈服强度/MPa 81 205
弹性模量/GPa 115 194.02
泊松比 0.34 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1167816077753983895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Computational model and method

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分析情况 分析对象 网格 分析方法
外压模拟 无氧铜段 Shell 静力学
地震模拟 整体 Solid 隐式动力学
屈曲分析 无氧铜段 Shell 线性/非线性分析
), ArticleFig(id=1167816077821092761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算模型和方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析情况 分析对象 网格 分析方法
外压模拟 无氧铜段 Shell 静力学
地震模拟 整体 Solid 隐式动力学
屈曲分析 无氧铜段 Shell 线性/非线性分析
), ArticleFig(id=1167816077951116186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of existing simulations and experiments

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案例 1[12] 2[13] 3[14]
计算平台 Abaqus Abaqus Ansys
模型 圆筒壳体 圆筒壳体 圆筒壳体
计算方法 弧长法 弧长法 弧长法
案例 1[12] 2[13] 3[14]
临界载荷计算值/MPa 135.08 48.7 31.35
临界载荷试验值/MPa 139.39 53.4 28.7
误差/% 3.1 8.8 8.44
平均误差/% 6.78
), ArticleFig(id=1167816078014030748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

现有仿真和试验对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例 1[12] 2[13] 3[14]
计算平台 Abaqus Abaqus Ansys
模型 圆筒壳体 圆筒壳体 圆筒壳体
计算方法 弧长法 弧长法 弧长法
案例 1[12] 2[13] 3[14]
临界载荷计算值/MPa 135.08 48.7 31.35
临界载荷试验值/MPa 139.39 53.4 28.7
误差/% 3.1 8.8 8.44
平均误差/% 6.78
), ArticleFig(id=1167816078118888350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Calculation result evaluation MPa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析情况 最大等效应力/
最大压力
许用应力/
许用压力
是否
合格
静压力模拟 16.35 54
地震模拟P1 77.29 136
地震模拟P2 75.20
无氧铜段 0.2 0.307
), ArticleFig(id=1167816078198580128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735801711407721, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

计算结果评定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析情况 最大等效应力/
最大压力
许用应力/
许用压力
是否
合格
静压力模拟 16.35 54
地震模拟P1 77.29 136
地震模拟P2 75.20
无氧铜段 0.2 0.307
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低本底实验腔的结构安全性分析
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何绍祥 1 , 薛松 1 , 刘书魁 2 , 许明龙 1 , 邓瑞 1 , 李泽农 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(11): 146-152
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(11): 146-152
低本底实验腔的结构安全性分析
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何绍祥1 , 薛松1, 刘书魁2, 许明龙1, 邓瑞1, 李泽农1
作者信息
  • 1 西南科技大学 制造科学与工程学院,四川 绵阳 621010
  • 2 四川大学 物理学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 何绍祥 (1998—),男,重庆人,硕士研究生,研究方向为机械结构设计与数值模拟。E-mail:

    薛松,教授

    刘书魁,特聘副研究员

Structural safety analysis of low background experimental cavity
Shaoxiang HE1 , Song XUE1, Shukui LIU2, Minglong XU1, Rui DENG1, Zenong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,Southwest University of Science and Technology,Mianyang Sichuan 621010,China
  • 2 College of Physics,Sichuan University,Chengdu Sichuan 610065,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0188
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为保障低本底实验腔的正常运行,预防腔体发生坍塌,利用Abaqus软件对实验腔开展结构安全性分析。首先,基于有限元方法建立实验腔简化模型;然后,对其进行极限工况下的静载荷响应分析、地震波载荷响应模拟分析,以及基于线性稳定性理论、弧长法的屈曲分析;最后,计算不同厚度下无氧铜段的应力响应情况和屈曲临界载荷,确定实验腔允许的极限壁厚。结果表明:在受静压时,实验腔最薄弱区域为无氧铜段顶部和圆封头过渡处,发生屈曲的临界载荷为0.307 MPa,允许的极限壁厚为5.1 mm;该低本底实验腔的结构能满足极限工况下的使用需求,验证了实验腔设计的合理性。

低本底实验腔  /  结构安全性分析  /  屈曲分析  /  临界载荷  /  极限壁厚

In order to ensure the normal operation of the low-background experimental chamber and prevent structural collapse,a structural safety analysis was conducted using Abaqus software. Initially,a simplified model of the experimental chamber was established based on the finite element method. This was followed by static load response analysis under extreme conditions,seismic load response simulations,and buckling analyses. Finally,the stress response and buckling critical loads of the oxygen-free copper sections with varying thicknesses were calculated to determine the permissible limit wall thickness of the experimental chamber. The results indicated that,under static pressure,the weakest regions of the chamber were the top of the oxygen-free copper section and the transition area of the circular end cap,with a critical buckling load of 0.307 MPa and a permissible limit wall thickness of 5.1 mm.

low background experimental cavity  /  structural safety analysis  /  earthquake response simulation  /  buckling analysis  /  limit wall thickness
何绍祥, 薛松, 刘书魁, 许明龙, 邓瑞, 李泽农. 低本底实验腔的结构安全性分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (11) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0188
Shaoxiang HE, Song XUE, Shukui LIU, Minglong XU, Rui DENG, Zenong LI. Structural safety analysis of low background experimental cavity[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (11) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0188
低本底实验腔是暗物质探测、稀有衰变现象等重要领域中的关键装置,如XENON[1]、KamLAND[2]和LUX-ZEPLIN[3]等试验都依赖低本底实验腔来提高探测能力,它能够提升试验的灵敏度和精确度,确保数据的可靠性,这不仅为基础物理研究提供坚实的支持,同时为探索物理学中的未知领域创造了可能性。然而,低本底实验腔通常需要在高真空、极低温、强磁场等极端条件下运行,这使得其结构安全性分析显得尤为重要。
目前,针对低本底实验腔的结构安全性分析研究较少,现有研究大多集中在类似的薄壁容器的结构稳定性方面。例如:何绍栋等[4]利用ANSYS Workbench软件,分析了某大型真空容器在0.1MPa外压力和重力条件下的应力、位移和屈曲指标。苏靖伟等[5]采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,分析了LNG内罐在外压作用下的稳定性。段成红等[6]研究了几何影响因素和材料参数对含矩形大开孔的薄壁圆柱壳结构临界失稳载荷及屈曲行为的影响。夏津等[7]基于Abaqus有限元软件对一薄壁同心圆筒进行了屈曲分析及优化设计。陈志平等[8]引入初始缺陷,对轴压薄壁圆柱壳体进行了屈曲分析。
上述研究大多仅对结构本身稳定性进行了分析,未对受静载荷和地震等地质因素的影响进行全面的计算分析。
文中研究的实验腔主要用于无中微子双β衰变等稀有事例的前沿物理试验探索,为确保极低本底条件,部分腔体需浸没于高纯液氮中,且实验腔整体需安置于地底深处。因此,除考虑外压引发的结构坍塌风险外,还需关注如地震等地质灾害的影响。一旦实验腔发生结构失效,可能引发液氮泄漏或腔体崩溃,导致不可逆的试验损失,并对人员生命和财产安全构成严重威胁[9-10]。鉴于此,笔者拟根据其设计参数和工况条件,利用Abaqus分析软件,对实验腔作全面的结构安全性分析,确保装置在各种工况条件下的安全性和稳定性,并据此确定实验腔的极限壁厚,以期能够为类似工况和容器的结构安全性分析与结构设计提供参考。
低本底实验腔整体高度约5m,分为2段,上端为长约2m的不锈钢连接段,下端为长度约3m的无氧铜段,上下2段采用法兰连接。实验腔内径约550mm,壁厚约6mm。材料分别为SUS304不锈钢和TU1级无氧铜,材料性能参数见表 1,根据尺寸建立简化模型如图 1所示。
在极限工况下,实验腔无氧铜段浸泡在高纯液氮中,内部为真空,实验腔受净外压0.2MPa;因其壁厚较薄,需对其进行静压受力分析。其次,考虑到可能发生的地震类自然灾害,为在长期运行中确保设备和人员的安全,需对实验腔整体承受地震载荷的情况进行模拟分析。最后,考虑到实验腔为薄壁受压结构,也存在发生屈曲的风险,因此,还有必要对其进行屈曲分析,计算其能承受的临界压力[11]
采用隐式动力学方法求解,该方法基于动力学平衡方程:
M ü ( t ) + C u · ( t ) + K u ( t ) = F ( t )
式中:M为质量矩阵,kg;C为阻尼矩阵,(N·s)/m;K为刚度矩阵,N/m; ü ( t )为加速度,m/s2; u · ( t )为速度,m/s; u ( t )为位移,m; F ( t )为外力向量,N。
时间离散采用Newmark-beta法:
u · n + 1 = u · n + Δ T ( ( 1 - γ ) ü n + γ ü n + 1 )
u n + 1 = u n + Δ t u · n + Δ T 2 ( ( 1 - 2 β ) ü n + 2 β ü n + 1 )
式中: u · n + 1 u · n为速度向量,m/s;ΔT为时间步长,s。
采用Newton-Raphson法迭代求解非线性方程:
R + M ü n + 1 i + C u · n + 1 ( i ) + K u n + 1 ( i ) - F n + 1
Δ ü = - J - 1 R
式中:i为迭代步数;ün+1ün 为加速度向量,m/s2;γβ为控制参数;Fn+1为在第n+1步施加的外力向量,N;Δü为加速度增量向量,m/s2;J为雅可比矩阵,N/(m/s2);R为残差,N。
迭代过程持续进行到残差R满足收敛条件:
R <
式中∈为预设的收敛容限,N。
线性屈曲分析是以微小弯曲变形为前提条件,在小变形下挠曲线性微分方程近似为:
d 2 w d x 2 = M E I
式中:w为挠度,m;x为沿梁轴的横向坐标,m;M为弯矩,N·m;E为弹性模量,Pa;I为截面惯性矩,m4
当外力产生的弯矩M达到临界值时,有:
d 2 w d x 2 = - P w E I d 2 w d x 2 + P w E I = 0 d 2 w d x 2 + k 2 w = 0
结合边界条件,即可解得临界载荷Pcr
P c r = π 2 E I l 2
式中:P为作用在结构上的集中载荷,N; k为挠率系数;l有效长度,m。
综上,确定评定计算所用模型和计算方法,见表2
为确保结构安全性分析中屈曲分析计算原理的可行性和计算结果的准确性,参考多个案例的数值模型和计算方法,对比研究对象发生结构失稳的临界压力计算值和试验值,结果见表 3。可以看到,案例1—案例3的分析结果误差均在10%以内,平均误差仅为6.78%,说明采用弧长法进行失稳临界载荷计算精度较高,计算原理和数值模型可靠。
对无氧铜段顶端进行固定约束,在其外表面施加0.2MPa外压力。计算得到的应力云图如图 2所示。可以看到,应力主要集中在无氧铜段顶部和底部圆封头过渡处,其中最大应力为16.35MPa。
根据工程要求,实验腔拟能承受的地震要求如下:设防烈度8.0级,峰值加速度0.3g,场地类别I1,地震分组第3组,地震特征周期0.35s。选取满足该要求的地震数据,设置地震时长为50s,冲击间隔为0.02s。约束除X轴方向外的自由度,并在X轴方向上加载地震波,模拟结构受地震影响,研究实验腔在地震下的应力响应情况[15]
根据所述边界条件可知应力会集中在实验腔顶部的X轴两侧,即P1P2点(图3)。
网格的划分会直接影响计算时间和结果精度,为了提高计算效率,在保证计算结果可靠的前提下尽量减少网格数量。因此,对该模型进行网格无关性验证。分别设置14万、28万、62万、155万等4种网格数量方案,进行时长1s的地震模拟,采用等效应力作为评价标准,提取4个模型P1点的等效应力和峰值应力,结果如图 4图 5所示。
图5可以看出,随着网格数量的增加,应力变化逐渐稳定,峰值应力也逐渐增大,但趋势在减缓,整体呈收敛趋势。当网格数量达到62万时趋于稳定,因此选择62万网格的模型进行后续计算。
计算并提取P1P2的应力结果并整理对比,结果如图 6所示。由图6可以看出,地震过程中P1点的峰值等效应力较大,约为103.05MPa。
Abaqus内可以进行特征值屈曲分析和非线性屈曲分析,其中特征值分析为不需要考虑初始扰动的线性分析,该方法分析预测的临界载荷往往高于实际工程中结构实际能承受的最大载荷。为了工程安全,还需考虑结构几何非线性和材料非线性特性,对结构进行非线性屈曲分析,求解并准确捕捉极限载荷点和后屈曲行为。虽然特征值屈曲分析的结果不准确,但其可作为非线性屈曲分析中施加外压载荷的参考,其屈曲模态形状可用作非线性屈曲分析所需的初始几何缺陷的参考[16]
对无氧铜段顶端进行固定,模拟法兰连接,对其外表面施加0.2MPa压力,计算结果如图 7所示。可以看到变形主要集中在圆筒部分中心位置,为侧向失稳,其一阶屈曲因子约为3.967。由此可算得实验腔无氧铜段预估临界载荷[17]Pcr=0.2×3.967=0.793 MPa。
选择线性屈曲分析中一阶模态的整体变形量作为初始缺陷,比例因子取壳厚的2%,即0.12。采用弧长法对实验腔无氧铜段进行非线性屈曲分析。分析计算结果如图 8所示。可以看到屈曲后实验腔无氧铜段上的最大等效应力已经超过其材料的屈服强度,材料已被破坏,结构也已经发生明显的变形,最大变形位置为无氧铜段靠近封头位置。
为了确定发生屈曲的临界载荷,取后屈曲阶段第一个可视褶皱处变形最大的节点进行处理,提取该点的位移-外压载荷系数曲线如图 9所示。由图9可知:当无氧铜段的外压载荷比例因子达到3.679 92时,结构发生屈曲,壁面内凹坍塌,失去承载能力。由此可进一步确定更接近真实情况的临界载荷为Pcr=0.2×3.680≈0.736 MPa。
通过屈曲分析已得到实验腔无氧铜段的屈曲临界载荷Pcr。该结果已经较为准确,但在实际工程应用中还要考虑结构与材料的实际不均匀性和其他不确定因素。所以为了确保结构的屈曲承载能力在安全范围内,需要引入设计系数[18]。根据《ASME锅炉及压力容器规范》第VIII卷第2分册,对于在非线性屈曲中考虑几何非线性和材料非线性且明确地考虑了缺陷的结构,在仅考虑设计外压、静压力和自重的情况下,设计系数可以取ФB=2.4。因此,许用外压为:
[ P ] = P c r Φ B = 0.736 2.4 0.307   M P a
根据《铜制压力容器标准》(JB/T4755—2006)中4.5章对许用应力的确定,材料许用应力取其抗拉强度的1/3和屈服强度的2/3的最小值,由此可得无氧铜的许用应力为54MPa,不锈钢的许用应力为136MPa。以结构上最大应力和屈曲临界载荷是否满足许用应力和许用外压为依据,对前面的计算结果进行评定(表4)。根据表 4所示的评定结果,可以确定该低本底实验腔满足使用要求。
对于如暗物质探测、双β衰变等稀有事例试验,实验腔材料内的长寿命放射性核素铀238、钍232等是重要的本底来源之一,为提高试验的准确性须尽量减少实验腔壁厚以减少用材降低本底。因此,为尽可能满足极低本底需求,探究实验腔的极限壁厚很有必要。根据前面极限工况下的静载荷响应分析和屈曲分析过程,分别对不同厚度下实验腔铜段的应力响应情况和屈曲临界载荷进行计算,结果如图 10所示。由图10可知:仅考虑静压力响应时极限壁厚可小至1.71mm,但结构在壁厚小于5.1mm时就会发生屈曲,因此,无氧铜段的极限壁厚为5.1mm。
1) 结构安全性分析结果表明:该实验腔在极限工况、8.0级地震下受力能满足要求,且其结构不会在试验工况下发生屈曲失稳。
2) 通过引入初始缺陷的后屈曲计算,确定实验腔铜段发生屈曲的临界外压载荷比例因子为3.680,临界载荷为0.307MPa。
3) 极限工况下该尺寸的实验腔允许的极限壁厚为5.1mm。作为薄壁压力容器,其相较于材料破坏更容易发生结构失稳。
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2024年第34卷第11期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0188
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
  • 修回日期:2024-09-06
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    1 西南科技大学 制造科学与工程学院,四川 绵阳 621010
    2 四川大学 物理学院,四川 成都 610065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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