Article(id=1149733274316092032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0048-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1726761600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047373608, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047373608, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047373608, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047373608, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733274576138888, articleId=1149733274316092032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Prediction model of pilot maneuver stability based on LSTM, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
To predict unsafe events for pilots in real time,a LSTM neural network was used to assess pilot maneuver stability and pilot maneuvering quality was improved by optimizing indicators. Firstly,a set of human-machine maneuvering factors presenting the pilot's maneuvering behavior characteristics was proposed by analyzing the pilot's stability maneuvering QAR data in flight. Secondly,the factors affecting the stability maneuvering of the aircraft were analyzed,and a gray correlation analysis method was used to determine the 15 characteristic parameters of associated risks from the 37 monitoring parameters closely related to the stability of the aircraft. Then,the LSTM model was used to train and test the data to predict the pilot's maneuvering stability,and indicators were proposed to evaluate safety stability quality. Finally,ML was used to rank the importance of relevant influencing factors to improve model validity. The results indicated that the time series model effectively eliminated the interference of parameters with little or no correlation with the prediction results in the original parameters. The stability model can predict risks with high accuracy and provide pilots with a 3-4 s time margin to take preventive measures and reduce unsafe incident occurrence during flight.
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为实时预测飞行员不安全事件,使用长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)评价飞行员操纵平稳性,并通过优化指标改进飞行员的操纵品质。首先,通过筛选飞行员在执飞中的平稳性操纵快速存取记录仪(QAR)数据,建立描述飞行员操纵行为特征的人机操纵因素集;其次,靶向分析影响飞机平稳操纵的因子,采用灰色关联度分析方法,从与飞机平稳性紧密相关的37个监测参数中定位关联风险的15个特征度量参数;然后,利用LSTM建立模型训练和测试所得数据预测飞行员的操纵平稳性,并制定指标评判标准评价安全平稳性品质;最后,通过机器学习(ML)对相关的影响因子进行重要度排序以改进模型效度。研究结果表明:时间序列模型可以有效剔除原始参数中与预测结果相关性小以及无相关的参数干扰;通过平稳性模型预测风险的精度较高,可为飞行员提供3~4 s的时间裕度采取预控措施,减少飞行过程中的不安全事件发生。
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1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167743004900074053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, authorId=1167743004543558209, language=CN, stringName=王文超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300, bio={"img":"W26NiQiSskpw2Jb5BkP5wQ==","content":"
王文超 (1982—),男,博士,河北承德人,副教授,主要从事民航安全风险管理及人因工程等方面的研究。E-mail:wenchaowang@163.com。
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王文超 (1982—),男,博士,河北承德人,副教授,主要从事民航安全风险管理及人因工程等方面的研究。E-mail:wenchaowang@163.com。
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2 山东航空股份有限公司 飞行三大队,山东 青岛 266000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167743004468060732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743004476449341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, companyId=1167743004468060732, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 山东航空股份有限公司 飞行三大队,山东 青岛 266000)])]), Author(id=1167743005315310161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1167743005378224723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, authorId=1167743005315310161, language=EN, stringName=Lei WANG, firstName=Lei, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167743005436944980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, authorId=1167743005315310161, language=CN, stringName=汪磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300, bio={"content":"
汪磊,研究员。
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汪磊,研究员。
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2023., articleTitle=中国民航调查报告,2023, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167743008419095159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=中国民用航空局, journalName=2021, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国民用航空局. 中国民用航空"十四五"发展规划,2021[R],
2021., articleTitle=中国民用航空"十四五"发展规划,2021, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167743008465232504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=37, issue=10, pageStart=1207, pageEnd=1210, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=祁明亮, 邵雪焱, 池宏, journalName=北京航空航天大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=祁明亮, 邵雪焱, 池宏. QAR超限事件飞行操作风险诊断方法[J].
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1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743004396757563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, companyId=1167743004363203129, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167743004468060732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743004476449341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, companyId=1167743004468060732, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Flying Squadron Three,Shandong Airlines,Qingdao Shandong 266000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743004489032254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, companyId=1167743004468060732, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 山东航空股份有限公司 飞行三大队,山东 青岛 266000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167743006489715297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Gray correlation analysis of stability monitoring parameters, figureFileSmall=rdubEJbq4HPFeL/v4mzDIA==, figureFileBig=Vrib74y5b4RNlb16lsB7Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743006573601378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
平稳性监测参数灰色关联度分析, figureFileSmall=rdubEJbq4HPFeL/v4mzDIA==, figureFileBig=Vrib74y5b4RNlb16lsB7Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743006665876067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Algorithmic flow of LSTM neural network model, figureFileSmall=ZxNihKiWczqphQRenIspdg==, figureFileBig=xDrc48yz9H5iXEg3RPY9ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743006737179236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
LSTM神经网络模型的算法流程, figureFileSmall=ZxNihKiWczqphQRenIspdg==, figureFileBig=xDrc48yz9H5iXEg3RPY9ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743006913340005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Time-series changes of five outputs, figureFileSmall=7eWD1lH2fWK4+gyGTNrFqA==, figureFileBig=Ifq/3rrivgCQSgsCspqMsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743007047557734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
5项输出指标时间序列变化, figureFileSmall=7eWD1lH2fWK4+gyGTNrFqA==, figureFileBig=Ifq/3rrivgCQSgsCspqMsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743007135638119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Parameter importance ranking, figureFileSmall=DiQNzSL5zVQ29sPRCu41Zw==, figureFileBig=iisBzzoz1NsrgOT7JHrWpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743007236301416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
参数重要性排序, figureFileSmall=DiQNzSL5zVQ29sPRCu41Zw==, figureFileBig=iisBzzoz1NsrgOT7JHrWpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743007290827369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Output prediction performance, figureFileSmall=xpuLr5aSFUc62keWnCDFMg==, figureFileBig=hlNDuwYNm4uLHrTrxZ1STw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743007383102058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
输出参数预测效果, figureFileSmall=xpuLr5aSFUc62keWnCDFMg==, figureFileBig=hlNDuwYNm4uLHrTrxZ1STw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743007458599531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Indicator structure
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 类型 | 监控参数 | 指标 类型 | 监控参数 |
结构 类 | 襟翼位置 | 轨迹 类 | 航向道偏差 |
| 左发EGT | 下滑道偏差 |
| 右发EGT | 垂直偏差 |
| 左油门杆 | 左发N1转速 |
| 右油门杆 | 右发N1转速 |
| 方向舵 | 左发N2转速 |
| 左升降舵位置 | 右发N2转速 |
| 右升降舵位置 | 风速 |
| 左驾驶盘位置 | 风向 |
| 右驾驶盘位置 | 磁航向 |
| 左驾驶杆位置 | 姿态 类 | 飞行指引坡度偏差 |
| 右驾驶杆位置 | 飞行指引仰角偏差 |
限制 类 | 下降率 | 左攻角 |
| 升降率 | 右攻角 |
| 垂直载荷 | 坡度 |
| 气压高度 | 仰角 |
| 无线电高度 | 空速 |
| 经度 | 地速 |
| 纬度 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007584428652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
指标结构
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 类型 | 监控参数 | 指标 类型 | 监控参数 |
结构 类 | 襟翼位置 | 轨迹 类 | 航向道偏差 |
| 左发EGT | 下滑道偏差 |
| 右发EGT | 垂直偏差 |
| 左油门杆 | 左发N1转速 |
| 右油门杆 | 右发N1转速 |
| 方向舵 | 左发N2转速 |
| 左升降舵位置 | 右发N2转速 |
| 右升降舵位置 | 风速 |
| 左驾驶盘位置 | 风向 |
| 右驾驶盘位置 | 磁航向 |
| 左驾驶杆位置 | 姿态 类 | 飞行指引坡度偏差 |
| 右驾驶杆位置 | 飞行指引仰角偏差 |
限制 类 | 下降率 | 左攻角 |
| 升降率 | 右攻角 |
| 垂直载荷 | 坡度 |
| 气压高度 | 仰角 |
| 无线电高度 | 空速 |
| 经度 | 地速 |
| 纬度 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007668314733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Prediction model inputs
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| 参数序号 | 参数名称 | 参数序号 | 参数名称 |
| 1 | 下降率 | 9 | 风速 |
| 2 | 地速 | 10 | 风向 |
| 3 | 空速 | 11 | 飞行指引仰角偏差 |
| 4 | 垂直载荷 | 12 | 飞行指引坡度偏差 |
| 5 | 仰角 | 13 | 襟翼位置 |
| 6 | 坡度 | 14 | 下滑道偏差 |
| 7 | 磁航向 | 15 | 航向道偏差 |
| 8 | 垂直偏差 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007722840686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
预测模型的输入参数
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| 参数序号 | 参数名称 | 参数序号 | 参数名称 |
| 1 | 下降率 | 9 | 风速 |
| 2 | 地速 | 10 | 风向 |
| 3 | 空速 | 11 | 飞行指引仰角偏差 |
| 4 | 垂直载荷 | 12 | 飞行指引坡度偏差 |
| 5 | 仰角 | 13 | 襟翼位置 |
| 6 | 坡度 | 14 | 下滑道偏差 |
| 7 | 磁航向 | 15 | 航向道偏差 |
| 8 | 垂直偏差 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007777366639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Stability evaluation criteria
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平稳性等 级分类 | 指标标准 |
| 优秀 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.01,0.01],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.005,0]∪[0,0.005],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.2,-<0.1]∪[0.1,0.2] |
| 良好 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.02,0.02],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.007,0]∪[0,0.007],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.3,-<0.2]∪[0.2,0.3] |
| 一般 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.03,0.03],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.009,0]∪[0,0.009],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.4,-<0.3]∪[0.3,0.4] |
| 需改进 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.04,0.04],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.01,0]∪[0,0.01],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.5,-<0.4]∪[0.4,0.5] |
| 不合格 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.05,0.05],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-∞,-0.01]∪[0.01,+∞],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-∞,-<0.5]∪[0.5,+∞] |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007836086896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
平稳性判定标准
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平稳性等 级分类 | 指标标准 |
| 优秀 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.01,0.01],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.005,0]∪[0,0.005],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.2,-<0.1]∪[0.1,0.2] |
| 良好 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.02,0.02],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.007,0]∪[0,0.007],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.3,-<0.2]∪[0.2,0.3] |
| 一般 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.03,0.03],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.009,0]∪[0,0.009],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.4,-<0.3]∪[0.3,0.4] |
| 需改进 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.04,0.04],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-0.01,0]∪[0,0.01],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-0.5,-<0.4]∪[0.4,0.5] |
| 不合格 | 下滑道偏差在[-0.05,0.05],或垂直偏差为0,或飞行指引仰角偏差为0,或航向道偏差在[-∞,-0.01]∪[0.01,+∞],或飞行指引坡度偏差在[-∞,-<0.5]∪[0.5,+∞] |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007936750193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of training results with different time series step sizes
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输入 步长 | 输出 步长 | 训练集 损失值 | 测试集 损失值 | 测试集平均 绝对误差 |
| 25 | 25 | 0.002 4 | 0.002 1 | 0.042 2 |
| 25 | 50 | 0.002 3 | 0.002 6 | 0.050 2 |
| 25 | 75 | 0.005 7 | 0.003 9 | 0.060 1 |
| 50 | 25 | 0.001 9 | 0.002 1 | 0.030 1 |
| 50 | 50 | 0.004 1 | 0.003 1 | 0.039 6 |
| 50 | 75 | 0.003 6 | 0.004 5 | 0.051 1 |
| 75 | 25 | 0.001 8 | 0.002 7 | 0.010 2 |
| 75 | 50 | 0.003 8 | 0.001 9 | 0.015 3 |
| 75 | 75 | 0.002 2 | 0.004 2 | 0.023 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743007999664754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
不同时间序列步长训练结果比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入 步长 | 输出 步长 | 训练集 损失值 | 测试集 损失值 | 测试集平均 绝对误差 |
| 25 | 25 | 0.002 4 | 0.002 1 | 0.042 2 |
| 25 | 50 | 0.002 3 | 0.002 6 | 0.050 2 |
| 25 | 75 | 0.005 7 | 0.003 9 | 0.060 1 |
| 50 | 25 | 0.001 9 | 0.002 1 | 0.030 1 |
| 50 | 50 | 0.004 1 | 0.003 1 | 0.039 6 |
| 50 | 75 | 0.003 6 | 0.004 5 | 0.051 1 |
| 75 | 25 | 0.001 8 | 0.002 7 | 0.010 2 |
| 75 | 50 | 0.003 8 | 0.001 9 | 0.015 3 |
| 75 | 75 | 0.002 2 | 0.004 2 | 0.023 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743008054190707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of predictions with different parameter values
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| 输入参数数量 | 测试集损失值 | 测试集平均绝对误差 |
| 37 | 0.010 2 | 0.021 5 |
| 15 | 0.000 9 | 0.011 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743008100328052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733274316092032, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同参数量预测结果比较
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| 输入参数数量 | 测试集损失值 | 测试集平均绝对误差 |
| 37 | 0.010 2 | 0.021 5 |
| 15 | 0.000 9 | 0.011 2 |
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