Article(id=1149733273049412199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0084-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0252, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723132800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-09, revisedDate=1728921600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047373305, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047373305, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047373305, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047373305, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733273678557812, articleId=1149733273049412199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Active steering control strategy for VRU safety under mixed conditions, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the protective effect of an active steering control strategy when VRU start from the outside or inside of a curve and cross the road with uniform acceleration,deceleration,and uniform velocity. Firstly,the spatial positional relationship models for vehicles and VRU,the safety assessment models,and the active steering safety distance models were established to propose an active steering control strategy. Then,a lateral collision avoidance controller was designed using the quintic polynomial lane-change method,the Frenet coordinate transformation method,and the model predictive control method. Finally,with electric bicycle riders as the collision avoidance targets,18 mixed conditions were constructed based on the state of the target lane status,the movement direction,and the speed of the electric bicycle to verify the collision avoidance effect of the active steering control strategy. The results indicated the active steering control strategy avoided collisions between vehicles and electric bicycles under mixed conditions. The preceding,ego,and following vehicles in the target lane can drive normally during lane-changing,and the vehicle ride comfort was satisfactory.

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为探明弱势道路使用者(VRU)由弯道外侧或内侧出发,以匀加速、匀减速、匀速运动状态横穿马路时,主动转向控制策略的保护功效。首先,建立汽车与VRU的空间位置关系模型、安全评估模型及主动转向安全距离模型,提出一种主动转向控制策略;然后,利用五次多项式换道法、Frenet坐标转换方法与模型预测控制方法,设计横向避撞控制器;最后,以电动自行车骑车人作为避撞对象,基于目标车道状态、电动自行车的运动方向和速度,构建18种混杂工况,验证主动转向控制策略的避撞效果。结果表明:混杂工况下,主动转向控制策略均能避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞,同时,能够确保本车换道过程中,目标车道中的前车与后车以及本车正常行驶,且本车的乘坐舒适性较好。

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洪 亮 (1986—),男,江苏镇江人,博士,副教授,主要从事智能汽车安全与人体生物力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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洪 亮 (1986—),男,江苏镇江人,博士,副教授,主要从事智能汽车安全与人体生物力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=ZOYv4E8Fp64fwOzXaltaIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743141479199660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733273049412199, language=CN, label=图9, caption=避撞效果图, figureFileSmall=ttCCd/q83dt/H24L0yZS6A==, figureFileBig=ZOYv4E8Fp64fwOzXaltaIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743141525337005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733273049412199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

18 mixed conditions

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工况编号 目标车道状态 本车车速/
(km·h-1)
电动自行车
运动方向
电动自行车初速度/
(km·h-1)
电动自行车加速度/
(m·s-2)
1 有前车无后车 60 由外侧向内侧 20 0.5
2 60 由内侧向外侧 20 0.5
3 60 由外侧向内侧 30 -0.5
4 60 由内侧向外侧 30 -0.5
5 60 由外侧向内侧 25 0
6 60 由内侧向外侧 25 0
7 无前车有后车 60 由外侧向内侧 20 0.5
8 60 由内侧向外侧 20 0.5
9 60 由外侧向内侧 30 -0.5
10 60 由内侧向外侧 30 -0.5
11 60 由外侧向内侧 25 0
12 60 由内侧向外侧 25 0
13 有前车有后车 60 由外侧向内侧 20 0.5
14 60 由内侧向外侧 20 0.5
15 60 由外侧向内侧 30 -0.5
16 60 由内侧向外侧 30 -0.5
17 60 由外侧向内侧 25 0
18 60 由内侧向外侧 25 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167743141600834478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733273049412199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

18种混杂工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号 目标车道状态 本车车速/
(km·h-1)
电动自行车
运动方向
电动自行车初速度/
(km·h-1)
电动自行车加速度/
(m·s-2)
1 有前车无后车 60 由外侧向内侧 20 0.5
2 60 由内侧向外侧 20 0.5
3 60 由外侧向内侧 30 -0.5
4 60 由内侧向外侧 30 -0.5
5 60 由外侧向内侧 25 0
6 60 由内侧向外侧 25 0
7 无前车有后车 60 由外侧向内侧 20 0.5
8 60 由内侧向外侧 20 0.5
9 60 由外侧向内侧 30 -0.5
10 60 由内侧向外侧 30 -0.5
11 60 由外侧向内侧 25 0
12 60 由内侧向外侧 25 0
13 有前车有后车 60 由外侧向内侧 20 0.5
14 60 由内侧向外侧 20 0.5
15 60 由外侧向内侧 30 -0.5
16 60 由内侧向外侧 30 -0.5
17 60 由外侧向内侧 25 0
18 60 由内侧向外侧 25 0
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混杂工况下面向VRU安全的主动转向控制策略
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洪亮 , 陈志豪 , 李梁
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(12): 84-93
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(12): 84-93
混杂工况下面向VRU安全的主动转向控制策略
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洪亮 , 陈志豪, 李梁
作者信息
  • 江苏大学 汽车与交通工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 洪 亮 (1986—),男,江苏镇江人,博士,副教授,主要从事智能汽车安全与人体生物力学方面的研究。E-mail:

Active steering control strategy for VRU safety under mixed conditions
Liang HONG , Zhihao CHEN, Liang LI
Affiliations
  • School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212013,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0252
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为探明弱势道路使用者(VRU)由弯道外侧或内侧出发,以匀加速、匀减速、匀速运动状态横穿马路时,主动转向控制策略的保护功效。首先,建立汽车与VRU的空间位置关系模型、安全评估模型及主动转向安全距离模型,提出一种主动转向控制策略;然后,利用五次多项式换道法、Frenet坐标转换方法与模型预测控制方法,设计横向避撞控制器;最后,以电动自行车骑车人作为避撞对象,基于目标车道状态、电动自行车的运动方向和速度,构建18种混杂工况,验证主动转向控制策略的避撞效果。结果表明:混杂工况下,主动转向控制策略均能避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞,同时,能够确保本车换道过程中,目标车道中的前车与后车以及本车正常行驶,且本车的乘坐舒适性较好。

弱势道路使用者(VRU)  /  弯道  /  运动状态  /  主动转向  /  混杂工况

This study investigated the protective effect of an active steering control strategy when VRU start from the outside or inside of a curve and cross the road with uniform acceleration,deceleration,and uniform velocity. Firstly,the spatial positional relationship models for vehicles and VRU,the safety assessment models,and the active steering safety distance models were established to propose an active steering control strategy. Then,a lateral collision avoidance controller was designed using the quintic polynomial lane-change method,the Frenet coordinate transformation method,and the model predictive control method. Finally,with electric bicycle riders as the collision avoidance targets,18 mixed conditions were constructed based on the state of the target lane status,the movement direction,and the speed of the electric bicycle to verify the collision avoidance effect of the active steering control strategy. The results indicated the active steering control strategy avoided collisions between vehicles and electric bicycles under mixed conditions. The preceding,ego,and following vehicles in the target lane can drive normally during lane-changing,and the vehicle ride comfort was satisfactory.

vulnerable road users (VRU)  /  curved road  /  motion states  /  active steering operation  /  mixed conditions
洪亮, 陈志豪, 李梁. 混杂工况下面向VRU安全的主动转向控制策略. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0252
Liang HONG, Zhihao CHEN, Liang LI. Active steering control strategy for VRU safety under mixed conditions[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0252
在道路交通事故中,行人、两轮车骑车人称为弱势道路使用者(Vulnerable Road Users,VRU)[1]。相比于其他道路使用者,受伤的VRU需要更长的恢复周期,这给所在家庭带来沉重的心理负担与巨大的经济损失[2]。世界卫生组织的统计数据表明:全球每年约有130万人死于道路交通事故,其中一半以上的死亡者为VRU[3]。在我国,VRU的伤亡人数逐年递增。因此,VRU的道路安全性亟待加强。
主动避撞系统能够有效规避汽车与VRU的碰撞风险。主动避撞系统主要包括主动制动系统与主动转向系统。主动制动系统能够自动降低车辆的行驶速度,使汽车与VRU保持安全距离,以规避碰撞[4]。然而,当汽车与VRU的纵向距离小于主动制动所需的最小安全距离时,主动制动系统的避撞效果不佳。因主动转向所需的最小安全距离小于主动制动所需的最小安全距离,此时主动转向系统能够改变车辆行驶路径,避免汽车与VRU发生碰撞[5]
关于主动转向控制策略的研究主要涉及路径规划与路径跟踪2方面。在路径规划方面,LI Junxiang等[6]针对直道工况,提出基于深度强化学习的路径规划方案。FENG Jian等[7]针对行人运动的随机性,研究兼顾安全性、鲁棒性与乘坐舒适性的路径规划方法。YI Shuai [8]利用B样曲线、多项式曲线等曲线拟合方法,开展路径规划工作。WANG Haoan等[9]基于弹性带方法,实时修正换道路径,避免密集环境中汽车与VRU发生碰撞。在路径跟踪方面,WANG Pengwei等[10]提出基于时变动态变量和车辆模型融合的转向操纵方法,以提升路径跟踪精度。CHOI 等[11]通过约束前轮转向角与纵向加速度,确保主动转向中的跟踪精度。WANG Hengyang等[12]提出一种基于模糊自适应权重控制的改进型模型预测控制算法,以提高车辆跟踪期望路径时的乘坐舒适性。CHEN Shuping等[13]提出基于模型预测和PID控制的路径跟踪算法。王玉琼等[14]开发前馈-反馈及自抗扰控制补偿相结合的路径跟踪算法。
当前主动转向控制策略主要为直道工况下,以匀速运动状态横穿马路的VRU提供保护。然而,一方面,道路环境复杂,弯道工况比较普遍[15-16],且适用于直道工况的主动转向控制策略在弯道工况中的避撞效果不佳[17-18];另一方面,VRU的运动状态存在随机性与多样性[19-20]。因此,有必要研究VRU由弯道外侧向内侧、由弯道内侧向外侧,以匀加速、匀减速、匀速运动状态横穿马路时,主动转向控制策略的保护功效。笔者提出一种主动转向控制策略,以电动自行车骑车人为避撞对象,基于目标车道状态、电动自行车运动方向和运动速度,构建混杂工况,以验证主动转向控制策略的避撞效果,拟拓展其保护范围。
建立弯道工况下的汽车与VRU的空间位置关系模型、安全评估模型以及主动转向安全距离模型,从而提出一种主动转向控制策略。
由于弯道存在曲率,直道与弯道工况下,VRU相对汽车的空间位置关系存在较大差异。弯道工况下,汽车与VRU的运动轨迹如图1所示。C为VRU的质心;vev分别为汽车与VRU的运动速度,m/s; A B 为汽车的行驶路径; A ' B '为VRU的运动路径;M为两者路径的交点(碰撞点);毫米波雷达安装于汽车保险杠的横向中心处,oxy为毫米波雷达安装坐标系;ρ为汽车与VRU间的距离,m;θ为汽车与VRU间的夹角,(°);α为汽车行驶路径的曲率半径与VRU运动路径的夹角,(°);O为弯道的曲率中心;R分别为曲率半径,m。
汽车行驶路径的曲率半径R为:
R = v e ω e
式中 ω e为汽车的横摆角速度,rad/s。
VRU相对于汽车的横向距离Y为:
Y = R 2 + 2 ρ R s i n θ + ρ 2 - R R - R 2 - 2 ρ R s i n θ + ρ 2
汽车行驶至碰撞点的纵向路径长度X为:
X = R a r c t a n ρ c o s θ R + ρ s i n θ R a r c t a n ρ c o s θ R - ρ s i n θ
确定汽车与VRU的相对位置关系后,开展VRU的安全评估,建立安全评估模型,以实时调整汽车行驶状态,避免碰撞。
弯道工况下,当VRU横穿马路时,汽车安全行驶区域S是指以汽车与VRU的安全间距D为宽,汽车即将行驶过程中毫米波雷达安装点的运动轨迹为弧长,组成的弧形范围。
汽车与VRU的安全间距D的表达式为:
D = D e / 2 + D v / 2 + d m
式中: D e为汽车的横向宽度,m;对于行人, D v为0,对于两轮车骑车人, D v为两轮车的纵向长度,m;dm为汽车与VRU应保持的最小间距,m。
VRU进入D的历经时间为进入时间 t E,s;VRU离开D的历经时间为离开时间 t D,s;汽车、VRU到达同一位置的历经时间为碰撞时间 t C,s。
VRU以加速、减速、匀速运动状态,由弯道外侧向内侧横穿马路时, t E的计算方法如下:
t E = v 2 - 2 a v ( Y + D ) - v a v v 2 2 ( Y + D ) < a v < 0 v > 0 a v > 0 v > 0 - Y + D v a v = 0
式中 a v为VRU的运动加速度,m/s2
VRU以加速、减速、匀速运动状态,由弯道内侧向外侧横穿马路时, t E的计算方法如下:
t E = - v 2 - 2 a v ( Y - D ) - v a v 0 < a v < v 2 2 ( Y - D ) v < 0 [ a v < 0 v < 0 ] - Y - D v a v = 0
若VRU已位于汽车安全行驶区域内, t E为0。
VRU以加速、减速、匀速运动状态,由弯道外侧向内侧横穿马路时, t D的计算方法如下:
t D = v 2 - 2 a v ( Y - D ) - v a v v 2 2 ( Y - D ) < a v < 0 v > 0 a v > 0 v > 0 - Y - D v a v = 0
VRU以加速、减速、匀速运动状态,由弯道内侧向外侧横穿马路时, t D的计算方法如下:
t D = - v 2 - 2 a v ( Y + D ) - v a v 0 < a v < v 2 2 ( Y + D ) v < 0 [ a v < 0 v < 0 ] - D + Y v a v = 0
若VRU已位于汽车安全行驶区域内, t D t C的计算方法如下:
t D = - v 2 - 2 a v ( Y + D ) - v a v 0 < a v < v 2 2 ( Y + D ) v < 0 [ a v < 0 v < 0 ] - D + Y v a v = 0 v < 0 v 2 - 2 a v ( Y - D ) - v a v v 2 2 ( Y - D ) < a v < 0 v > 0 [ a v > 0 v > 0 ] - Y - D v a v = 0 v > 0
t C = X v e
比较 t E t D t C的大小,建立安全评估模型。利用评估信号 K O判断汽车与VRU的碰撞风险。若 K O为1,则汽车将与VRU发生碰撞,VRU处于危险状态;若 K T为0,汽车与VRU无碰撞风险,VRU处于安全状态。 K O的计算方法如下:
K O = 1 t E < t C < t D 0
当本车 C e的行驶速度大于目标车道中前车 C f的行驶速度,本车 C e的行驶速度小于目标车道中后车 C r的行驶速度时, C e换道过程中, C e C f C r发生碰撞的概率较大。求解 C e C f C r应保持的最小纵向距离,以避免 C e换道过程中, C e C f C r发生碰撞。 C e C f C r的行驶路径如图2图3所示。换道初始时刻下, C e C f保持的弧长为 l f,m; C e C r保持的弧长为 l r,m;虚线为 C e的换道路径; v e v f v r分别为 C e C f C r的行驶速度,m/s; a e a f a r分别为 C e C f C r的加速度,m/s2
为避免换道过程中, C e C f C r发生碰撞,换道初始时刻, C e C f应保持的最小弧长 l m f为:
l m f = 0 t s 0 τ ( a e - a f ) d τ d t + ( v e - v f ) t s + D m f
C e C r应保持的最小弧长 l m r为:
l m r = 0 t s 0 τ ( a r - a e ) d τ d t + ( v r - v e ) t s + D m r
式中: t s为换道时间,s; D m f D m r C e完成换道后, C e C f C e C r应保持的最小间距,m。
基于换道初始时刻下, C e C f应保持的最小弧长 l m f; C e g o C r应保持的最小弧长 l m r,建立主动转向安全距离模型。利用转向信号KS判断汽车开展主动转向的可行性与安全性。若KS为1,则本车主动转向无碰撞风险;若KS为0,则本车换道过程中,将与目标车道中的前车、后车发生碰撞。KS的计算方法如下:
K S = 1 K B = 0 l f > l m f l r > l m r 0 K B = 1 l f < l m f l r < l m r
式中:KB为制动信号,若KB=1,本车开展主动制动操作;若KB=0,本车停止主动制动操作。
考虑汽车的安全性与乘坐舒适性,设计弯道工况下的主动转向控制策略,具体步骤如下:
首先,确定本车与VRU的相对位置关系,预测获得VRU的运动状态后,计算VRU以不同运动状态横穿马路时的 t E t D t C,通过安全评估模型判断汽车与VRU的碰撞风险。若 t E < t C < t D,则VRU处于危险状态( K O = 1);否则VRU处于安全状态( K O = 0)。其次,判断本车行驶至碰撞点的纵向路径长度X与本车最小主动制动安全距离 S b之间的关系。若 X > S b,则本车制动距离充足( K C = 1),开展主动制动操作( K B = 1),以避免本车与VRU发生碰撞,当VRU相对于本车的横向距离Y大于本车宽度 D e时,本车停止制动( K B = 0),成功避撞;若X<Sb,则主动制动无法避免本车与VRU发生碰撞。最后,通过主动转向安全距离模型,判断换道初始时刻下,本车与目标车道中的前车、后车保持的弧长 l f l r,本车与前车、后车应保持的最小弧长 l m f l m r之间的关系,若 l f > l m f l r > l m r 则主动转向无碰撞风险,本车开展主动转向操作( K S = 1),以避免本车与VRU发生碰撞;否则主动转向过程中,本车将与前车、后车发生碰撞,本车停止转向( K S = 0),此时本车采取制动操作,最大限度降低车速,以减轻VRU受到的伤害。
基于主动转向控制策略,设计横向避撞控制器。横向避撞控制器采用分层设计,上层控制器利用五次多项式换道法,规划横向避撞路径;下层控制器基于模型预测控制(Model Predictive Control,MPC)方法,输出合理的前轮转角,使得汽车及时跟踪横向避撞路径。
五次多项式换道法根据换道起点与换道终点的信息、车辆实时运动状态,求解相关参数,完成合理的路径规划。五次多项式换道法表达式如下:
y ( x ) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + a 4 x 4 + a 5 x 5
式中:a0~a5为五次多项式系数; x为汽车换道过程中的纵向位移,m。
弯道工况下汽车换道情况如图4所示。点 O '为换道起点沿车辆横向方向,向外延伸与原车道边缘的交点。以 O '为原点,原车道边缘切线方向为x轴,垂直x轴的水平方向为y轴,建立坐标系 O ' x y
汽车换道过程中,道路曲率变化较小,采用曲线函数对道路进行拟合,弯道外边缘的表达式为:
y e (x) = R b - R b 2 - x 2
式中 R b为弯道外边缘的曲率半径,m。
汽车在原车道中心线的行驶路径为:
y 1 (x) = R b - ( R b - 1 / 2 H w ) 2 - x 2
式中 H w为车道宽度,m。
汽车换道至目标车道中心线的行驶路径为:
y 2 (x) = R b - ( R b - 3 / 2 H w ) 2 - x 2
假设换道起点x为0,换道终点为 x t,求解五次多项式的相关系数[21],表达式如下:
y ( 0 ) y ' ( 0 ) y ( x t ) y ' ( x t ) ( 1 + y ' ( 0 ) 2 ) 2 / 3 y ( 0 ) ( 1 + y ' ( x t ) 2 ) 2 / 3 y ( x t ) = H w 2 0 y 2 ( x t ) y ' 2 ( x t ) R b - H w 2 R b - 3 2 H w
由式(19)可得:
a 0 a 1 a 2 = H w / 2 0 1 / 2 R b - H w
F 1 = R b - H w / 2
式中: F 1 = R b - H w / 2,m; F 2 = R b - 3 / 2 H w,m。
假设汽车纵向速度恒定[22-23],则式(15)变为:
y ( t ) = b 0 + b 1 t + b 2 t 2 + b 3 t 3 + b 4 t 4 + b 5 t 5
式中 b 0 = a 0 b 1 = a 1 v e b 2 = a 2 v 2 e b 3 = a 3 v 3 e b 4 = a 4 v 4 e b 5 = a 5 v 5 e
弯道工况存在曲率,笛卡尔坐标系下,根据期望路径中的车辆横纵向位置,难以确定汽车的准确位置,导致车辆无法跟踪期望路径。基于Frenet坐标系的路径跟踪系统能够有效识别期望路径中的车辆横纵向位置。Frenet坐标系以期望路径的切线方向建立纵向坐标轴,法向方向建立横向坐标轴,通过横向距离与纵向距离确定目标点的位置。将上层控制器规划的期望路径与汽车实际路径的横向误差 e d、横向误差变化率 e · d、航向误差 e t、航向误差变化率 e · t作为下层控制器的输入量。基于Frenet坐标系的坐标转换如图5所示。图5中, R ( s )为期望路径中目标点在弧长s处的位置; θ r R ( s )的方位角,(°); T r N r R ( s )的单位切向量、单位法向量。Frenet坐标系下, L ( s e d )为实际路径中车辆的位置, L ( s e d )由弧长s与横向偏差 e d获得; θ x L ( s e d )的方位角,(°); T x N x L ( s e d )的单位切向量、单位法向量;s为弧长,m; e d R ( s ) L ( s e d )之间的横向偏差,m。
假设笛卡尔坐标系下, L ( s e d ) R ( s )的坐标分别为(xy)和(xryr),根据正交基与Frenet-Serret公式,计算获得下层控制器输入状态量的表达式:
ψ = e d e · d e t e · t = ( x - x r ) c o s θ r + ( y - y r ) s i n θ r v e s i n ( θ x - θ r ) θ x - θ r θ · x - θ · r
汽车换道过程中,MPC能够兼顾车辆稳定性与乘坐舒适性,通过预测模型、滚动优化与反馈校正等环节,控制车辆平稳跟踪期望路径。
基于车辆逆动力学模型,将上层控制器输出的 e d e · d e t e · t作为下层控制器的输入量,即 ψ = [ e d e · d e t e · t ] T,前轮转角 δ f作为下层控制器的输出量。非线性的车辆控制系统计算效率低、控制精度差。采用近似线性化方法,将车辆控制系统状态方程进行泰勒转换,考虑转向时的横摆角速度,忽略高阶项,保留一阶项,得到线性时变系统。此系统的计算效率高,控制精度较好[24]
弯道工况下,当汽车高速行驶或前方存在遮挡物时,毫米波雷达难以及时发现VRU。若VRU相对汽车的距离小于最小主动制动安全距离,则主动制动系统无法避免汽车与VRU发生碰撞。此时,需利用主动转向规避碰撞风险。以电动自行车骑车人作为避撞对象,利用Prescan、Carsim与Matlab/Simulink软件的联合仿真,验证主动转向控制策略的避撞效果。
在Prescan软件中,建立仿真测试场景,设置弯道半径为330 m,车道宽度为3.75 m;选取Audi A8作为仿真车辆;由于Honda摩托车与电动自行车的外形相似,因此选用Honda摩托车模拟电动自行车。在Carsim软件中,选取D-Class/Sedan的车辆模型,设置动力学参数。将动力学参数导入Prescan软件中[25]。在仿真车辆的前保险杠与后保险杠上,分别安装2个TIS传感器,用于模拟毫米雷达的特性,探测车辆前方、后方的障碍物。
基于目标车道状态、电动自行车的运动方向和运动速度,构建18种混杂工况,见表1
针对目标车道有前车无后车的情况,设置前车车速为50 km/h,前车相距本车的初始距离为30 m;针对目标车道无前车有后车的情况,设置后车车速为50 km/h,加速度为0.8 m/s2,后车与本车的初始车头位置齐平;针对目标车道有前车有后车的情况,设置前车车速为60 km/h,后车车速为50 km/h,后车加速度为0.5 m/s2,前车相距后车的初始距离为15 m,后车与本车的初始车头位置齐平。
工况1—工况6中,前车、本车与电动自行车的行驶路径如图6所示。图6中,三者的行驶路径皆未相交,证明主动转向控制策略能够在本车换道避撞过程中能够避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞,并确保前车与本车正常行驶。
工况7—工况12中,本车、后车与电动自行车的行驶路径如图7所示。图7中,三者的行驶路径皆未相交,证明主动转向控制策略能够在本车换道避撞过程中能够避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞,并确保本车与后车正常行驶。
工况13的仿真结果如图8a图8c所示。汽车行驶过程中,前方存在遮挡物,前端TIS传感器未能及时探测到电动自行车。由图8a可知:当仿真时间t为6.84 s时,前端TIS传感器探测到电动自行车,此时本车行驶至碰撞点的纵向路径长度X小于最小主动制动安全距离Sb,主动制动系统无法避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞。由图8b可知:当t为6.84 s时,换道初始时刻下,本车与前车保持的弧长lf大于本车与前车应保持的最小弧长 l m f,本车与后车保持的弧长lr大于本车与后车应保持的最小弧长 l m r;此时,本车执行主动转向操作(KS=1)。由图8c可知:本车换道过程中,前轮转角δf始终小于3°,前轮转角变化较小,换道过程平缓;横摆角速度ωe变化平滑且无较大突变,峰值小于0.3 rad/s,换道过程平稳;横向加速度ay峰值小于0.4 g,其小于路面能提供的最大横向加速度,ay变化平缓;横向速度vy较小,这说明本车换道过程中,车内乘员的乘坐舒适性较好[26]
工况14的仿真结果如图8d-图8f所示。由图8d可知:当t为6.86 s时,前端TIS传感器探测到电动自行车,此时X小于Sb,主动制动系统无法避免碰撞。由图8e可知:当t为6.86 s时,换道初始时刻下,lf大于 l m flr大于 l m t;此时,本车执行主动转向操作(KS=1)。由图8f可知:本车换道过程中,δf位于[-1°,2.5°]之间;ωe变化平滑且无较大突变,其峰值小于0.2 rad/s; 峰值小于0.3 g,ay变化平缓;同时vy较小,这说明本车换道过程中,乘员乘坐舒适性较好[26]
工况13—工况18的避撞效果图如图9所示。工况13—工况18中,主动转向控制策略能够避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞,并确保前车、本车与后车均正常行驶。
1) 针对VRU由弯道外侧向内侧、由弯道内侧向外侧,以匀加速、匀减速、匀速运动状态横穿马路的情况,建立汽车与VRU的空间位置关系模型、安全评估模型及主动转向安全距离模型,从而提出一种主动转向控制策略。
2) 混杂工况下,主动转向控制策略均能够有效避免本车与电动自行车发生碰撞,同时确保本车换道过程中,目标车道中的前车与后车以及本车正常行驶,且本车的乘坐舒适性较好。这拓展了主动转向控制策略的保护范围,可为新型主动转向系统设计提供科学理论支撑。
3) 文中缺乏实车试验,且假设主动转向过程中车辆纵向速度恒定。今后将开展实车试验,以测试车辆紧急转向决策的计算效率,研究纵向加速度变化对主动转向避撞效果的影响。
  • 国家自然基金资助(51805224)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助(2020M671307)
  • 江苏省资助博士后研究人员计划项目(2019Z061)
  • 江苏省博士后科研资助计划项目(2019K043)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0252
  • 接收时间:2024-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-09
  • 修回日期:2024-10-15
基金
国家自然基金资助(51805224)
中国博士后科学基金资助(2020M671307)
江苏省资助博士后研究人员计划项目(2019Z061)
江苏省博士后科研资助计划项目(2019K043)
作者信息
    江苏大学 汽车与交通工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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