Article(id=1149733272856477817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0034-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1726934400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047373260, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047373260, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047373260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047373260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733273049415802, articleId=1149733272856477817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research progress on influence mechanism of aging on wood combustion characteristics, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To protect wooden buildings from fire threat,the influence mechanism of aging on wood burning characteristics was discussed. Firstly,the combustion behavior of wood was systematically discussed in four aspects: pyrolysis,flame combustion,smoldering combustion and flame spread. Secondly,the combustion characteristics of naturally aged wood and artificially accelerated aged wood were compared and analyzed. Finally,the effects of aging on wood fire risk were analyzed based on the smoke generation characteristics of wood combustion and the flame-spreading behavior of wood structure buildings. The results show that the mechanical properties of wood are significantly reduced by changing the internal composition and carbonization degree of wood,thus weakening the fire resistance and affecting the smoke generation. At the same time,the changes in physical and chemical properties and structural characteristics of aged wood promote the fire spread of ancient wooden buildings in the initial stage of fire. However,the study on the mechanism of wood carbonization by aging is still insufficient,and the influence of aging mode and environmental conditions on the dynamic characteristics of fire at the later stage of combustion has not been clarified. To evaluate the impact of aging on the fire risk of ancient wooden buildings,it is essential to integrate material science and structural mechanics for effective fire safety measures.

, correspAuthors=Biao ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai WANG, Danping HAO, Biao ZHOU, Chenyang JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149733280452362609, articleId=1149733272856477817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制研究进展, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效保护木结构古建筑免受火灾威胁,探讨老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制。从热解、有焰燃烧、阴燃燃烧及火焰蔓延4个方面系统探讨木材燃烧行为基础上,对比分析自然老化与人工加速老化木材的燃烧特性,并结合木材燃烧的烟气生成特性及木结构建筑火焰蔓延行为,分析老化对木材火灾危险性的影响。研究结果表明:木材的老化通过改变其内部组成和炭化程度,显著降低木材的力学性能,进而减弱耐火能力并影响烟气生成。同时,老化木材表现出的理化性能与结构特征变化,促使木结构古建筑在火灾初期火焰蔓延加快,但老化对木材炭化机制的研究仍不够充分,尚未明确老化方式及环境条件对燃烧后期火灾动力学特征的影响。实际中仍需整合材料科学与结构力学等多学科知识,综合评估老化对木结构古建筑火灾危险性的影响,实现木结构建筑的火灾安全防护。

, correspAuthors=周彪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**周彪(1986—),男,山西文水人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事含氟气体及建筑火灾教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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王 凯 (1972—),男,河南遂平人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全科学与工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:

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王 凯 (1972—),男,河南遂平人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全科学与工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:

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王 凯 (1972—),男,河南遂平人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全科学与工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:

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老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制研究进展
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王凯 , 郝丹萍 , 周彪 ** , 蒋晨旸
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(12): 34-39
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(12): 34-39
老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制研究进展
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王凯 , 郝丹萍, 周彪** , 蒋晨旸
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • 王 凯 (1972—),男,河南遂平人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全科学与工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**周彪(1986—),男,山西文水人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事含氟气体及建筑火灾教学和科研工作。E-mail:
Research progress on influence mechanism of aging on wood combustion characteristics
Kai WANG , Danping HAO, Biao ZHOU** , Chenyang JIANG
Affiliations
  • School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing),Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0083
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为有效保护木结构古建筑免受火灾威胁,探讨老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制。从热解、有焰燃烧、阴燃燃烧及火焰蔓延4个方面系统探讨木材燃烧行为基础上,对比分析自然老化与人工加速老化木材的燃烧特性,并结合木材燃烧的烟气生成特性及木结构建筑火焰蔓延行为,分析老化对木材火灾危险性的影响。研究结果表明:木材的老化通过改变其内部组成和炭化程度,显著降低木材的力学性能,进而减弱耐火能力并影响烟气生成。同时,老化木材表现出的理化性能与结构特征变化,促使木结构古建筑在火灾初期火焰蔓延加快,但老化对木材炭化机制的研究仍不够充分,尚未明确老化方式及环境条件对燃烧后期火灾动力学特征的影响。实际中仍需整合材料科学与结构力学等多学科知识,综合评估老化对木结构古建筑火灾危险性的影响,实现木结构建筑的火灾安全防护。

老化  /  木结构古建筑  /  燃烧特性  /  影响机制  /  烟气生成  /  火焰蔓延

To protect wooden buildings from fire threat,the influence mechanism of aging on wood burning characteristics was discussed. Firstly,the combustion behavior of wood was systematically discussed in four aspects: pyrolysis,flame combustion,smoldering combustion and flame spread. Secondly,the combustion characteristics of naturally aged wood and artificially accelerated aged wood were compared and analyzed. Finally,the effects of aging on wood fire risk were analyzed based on the smoke generation characteristics of wood combustion and the flame-spreading behavior of wood structure buildings. The results show that the mechanical properties of wood are significantly reduced by changing the internal composition and carbonization degree of wood,thus weakening the fire resistance and affecting the smoke generation. At the same time,the changes in physical and chemical properties and structural characteristics of aged wood promote the fire spread of ancient wooden buildings in the initial stage of fire. However,the study on the mechanism of wood carbonization by aging is still insufficient,and the influence of aging mode and environmental conditions on the dynamic characteristics of fire at the later stage of combustion has not been clarified. To evaluate the impact of aging on the fire risk of ancient wooden buildings,it is essential to integrate material science and structural mechanics for effective fire safety measures.

aging  /  wooden ancient buildings  /  combustion characteristics  /  influence mechanism  /  smoke generation  /  fire spread
王凯, 郝丹萍, 周彪, 蒋晨旸. 老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制研究进展. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0083
Kai WANG, Danping HAO, Biao ZHOU, Chenyang JIANG. Research progress on influence mechanism of aging on wood combustion characteristics[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0083
近年来,历史建筑因火灾而受到不同程度毁坏的事件时有发生[1-2]。国家文物局“三年行动”,重点排查检查古建筑群、宗教活动场所等火灾诱因较多的场所,全力整治安全隐患[3]。木结构古建筑经过风雨侵蚀,材料性能在不同程度上都发生不可逆的变化,对其燃烧特性会产生影响[4-5]
截至2019年,我国(不含港澳台地区)核定的元代及以前遗存至今的木结构古建筑642处[6],木结构建筑的火灾防控是重中之重。目前学者们研究的重点集中于木材颜色外观改变及力学能力的退化方面,CIRULE等[7]发现木材的颜色变化与曝光时间不是线性相关的,木材的光老化与木质素的降解有关[8]。OBERHOFNEROVá等[9]发现含水率在影响木材理化性质的同时,也会促进其光降解。TRIBULOVá等[10]发现老化后的木材吸收可见光的能力增强,因此,木材在高温潮湿的环境中也会变色。在此基础上,PIENIAK等[11]通过人工模拟环境因素发现高温下木材结构会同时受到力和热冲击的作用,会对结构中的应力分布产生影响,限制其负载能力。HU Mian等[12]采用热重分析技术研究了低升温速率下松木的热解动力学,研究结果表明:木质素的热解主要受扩散效应影响。虽然基于老化木材的微观研究已开展出人工加速老化方法,但关于老化对木材燃烧及火焰蔓延的影响机制研究仍较为局限。
鉴于此,笔者拟梳理和论述现有国内外研究老化对木材燃烧特性影响的文献,对比分析木材老化后燃烧特性的特征参数,探究老化对烟气生成与火焰蔓延影响的机制,以期为木结构古建筑火灾防治和人工防护木结构建筑火灾提供科学依据。
木材燃烧机制包括木材热解、有焰燃烧、阴燃和火焰蔓延。图1展示了木材燃烧时的高加热速率下炭产量减少、空气中质量损失加速、炭产量依赖反应热及存在中间体4个关键现象[13],1—4表示纤维素热解,5和6表示半纤维素热解反应,7和8表示木质素热解。木材组成成分是影响其热解、燃烧的主要因素,老化会导致组分变化。
木材热解分为4个阶段:预热、降解、热分解和氧化。热解产生的挥发性物质推动后期火焰蔓延。在热解速率的研究方面,BARTLETT等[14]结合小室火灾试验得到热解速率表达式:
m · p = ( q · f + q · e - q · l ) / L v
式中: m · p为热解速率,kg/(m2·s);Lv为气化热,kJ/kg; q · f为火焰的热通量,kW/m2; q · e为热气体和隔间内其他表面的热通量,kW/m2; q · l为表面热损失,kW/m2。燃烧表面接受的热通量还取决于表面相对于其他燃烧和热表面的尺寸及取向,且老化木材的热解参数与普通木材有较大差别。
木材的有焰燃烧是热解挥发的可燃气遇点火源的燃烧过程[15]。有焰燃烧临界质量流量表示为:
G c =   ( h   /   c )   ·   [ 10 - 3 +   3   /   ( φ Δ H ) ]
式中:Gc为固体释放的可燃气在点燃时的临界质量流量,kg/(m2·s);h为火焰与固体表面间的对流换热系数;c为比热容,kJ/(kg·K);φ为反馈到固体表面的热比例系数;ΔH为达到燃点时需要的燃烧热,kJ/kg。
达到燃点温度时所需的引燃时间表示为[16]:
t i = ρ c δ ( T i - T ) / q · e ( π k ρ c / 4 ) [ ( T i - T ) / q · e ] 2
式中:ti为引燃时间,s;ρ为密度,kg/m3;δ为厚度,m;k为热扩散系数;Ti为引燃时温度,K;T为环境温度,K。
阴燃是一种缓慢、低温、无火焰的燃烧形式。CRIELAARD等[17]发现阴燃停止取决于穿过木材表面的气流,燃烧受氧气扩散到反应区的速率控制。随着阴燃持续,热量在木材内积累,满足供氧条件后会再次转向有焰燃烧。LIANG Zhirong等[18]量化木材自熄阴燃的阈值,验证后阴燃锋对自持续阴燃传播的必要性。PAAVOLA等[19]采用单一反应与平行反应2种机制,对云杉和松木(简称木材)炭化物燃烧进行火灾动力学模拟(Fire Dynamics Simulation,FDS),木材内部的炭化速率表示为:
r ( x ) = [ f ( x ) / ρ 0 ] n A e x p { - E / [ R T ( x ) ] } X O 2 n O 2
式中:r(x)为木材深度x处的反应速率;f为木材深度x处的质量浓度,kg/m3;ρ0为木材的初始密度,kg/m3;n为炭化反应对木材的反应级数;A为指前因子;E为活化能,kJ/mol;R为通用气体常数,J/(kg·K);T为木材深度x处的温度,K; X O 2为木材内部的氧气体积分数,%; n O 2为炭化反应对氧气的反应级数。
氧气体积分数表示为:
X O 2 ( x ) = X O 2 g e x p ( - x / U g )
式中Ug为从竞争扩散和反应消耗得出的气体扩散长度,m。氧气存在时,质量损失率更高。
火焰蔓延速度表示为[16]:
v   =   B   / t i
式中:v为火焰蔓延速度,m/s;B为加热长度,m。
HASEMI[20]定义了壁面火焰蔓延的概念及其模型组成,将火焰传播速度的一些指标与可测量的木材特性相关联:
Q L * = Q L / ( ρ c T g W 3 )
式中:Q*为无量纲单位长度放热率;QL为0.3 m宽的木材单位长度放热量,kW/m;ρ为环境空气密度,kg/m3;g为重力加速度,m/s2;W为木材尺寸(燃烧器宽度或热解高度),m。
由于炭化作用,木材火蔓延十分复杂。炭化会导致材料表面收缩从而造成辐射热损失,不利于火焰扩大。火焰蔓延方向对火焰传播和扩大也有影响,燃烧物表面有沟槽时,平均热释放率增加,火焰蔓延高度更高。
老化对木材燃烧特性的影响机制是复杂的,涉及到木材化学成分、物理结构等多方面。老化会导致木材纤维素、木质素发生变化[21],而木质素含量是影响其燃烧速率的一个重要因素。随着木材使用年限延长,热稳定性下降,变得易燃[22],但这一变化并不是线性的,木材老化时间与耐火性呈负相关[23]。随着老化程度加深,木材热导率和放热速率增强[24],木材在燃烧时表现出更高的热释放能力。自然老化木材在燃烧过程中展现出特定的放热行为,这主要受挥发性物质燃烧阶段的影响[25],为木结构古建筑火灾风险评估提供重要依据。老化对木材热解特性也有影响,即减缓热解过程及延迟质量损失[26]。关于自然老化木材的燃烧行为及其特征参数的研究已取得显著进展,自然老化木材在燃烧方面表现出更高的易燃性与不同的热特性[27]。老化木材的着火温度、导热系数及比热均显著降低,其燃烧强度与热稳定性均受到负面影响[28]。老化过程导致木材点火延迟时间延长,这可能与木质素的热破坏和自由基机制有关[29]
学者们通过比较老化与新鲜木材的燃烧效率与燃烧行为,发现较大差异[30]。特定情况下,老化木材的燃烧性能减弱[31]。木材热氧化过程中焦炭层的形成与氧化程度被认为是决定其燃烧特性的关键因素,热分解过程中产生的最大热释放量也与炭化产物在高温下的氧化有关。而导致老化的环境因素会影响木材的细胞结构[32],间接影响木材的成炭质量。但目前尚缺乏对自然老化木材焦炭氧化阶段及主要热解阶段动力学参数的系统评估。
基于新鲜与老化木材之间关系,提出人工加速方法模拟木材自然老化。木材老化实质是组分水解反应,人工加速老化则是对此过程的加速[33],它显著影响木材燃烧特性和热传递。人工老化木材的氧化活化能较新鲜木材更低[34],能有效缩短木材点火时间,降低放热速率和总放热量[35-36]
在木材的热质传递研究中,风化作用导致木材表层木质素的显著减少,但对其点火特性和相对燃烧速率并未产生明显影响[37]。相比单一松木,木基材料在热解时表现出较低的分解温度,较少的易燃产物和更多的焦炭[38]。当火焰沿垂直纹理方向扩散时[39],人工加速老化能够延长火焰燃烧的持续时间。人工加速老化和改善处理方法能显著改变木材的燃烧特性和热传递效率,因此在木材使用和改性过程中应考虑其热物性变化。
木材燃烧的一个重要特征是产生大量烟气。木材在老化过程中化学成分变化会直接影响其成烟能力。ASEEVA等[40]发现木结构古建筑构件的发烟量随使用年限的增加呈非线性变化,木材最大烟雾生成系数为复杂的正弦曲线变化。ANDREY等[30]发现木材的发烟能力取决于单个组分的发烟能力,纤维素是发烟能力最大的组分。而木材密度、水分含量对其产烟能力都有一定的影响,老化在一定程度上促进了烟气产物的生成。MATSUYAMA等[41]则通过实时测量样品的深度温度研究产生可见烟雾和有毒气体的热分解过程,并通过比光密度Ds测量烟雾浓度特性:
D s = ( V / s l ) × l o g ( 100 / I * )
式中:V为燃烧腔室体积,m3;s为暴露的样本面积,m2;l为光路长度,m;I*为实际透光率。
老化过程导致木材的物理和化学特性发生变化,具体表现为木材含水率的下降以及放热速率的提升。因此,自然老化程度会显著影响其热解和火焰蔓延潜力[42-43]。随着木材老化时间的增加,活化能降低,老化木材因更高的导热性和热量传递能力[44],建筑更易发生火焰蔓延。木纹方向对火焰蔓延性能也有显著影响[45-46],径向纹路木片在火焰传播初期表现出更快的蔓延速率。木材燃烧表面的气隙比和木材倾斜角度也是影响其火焰蔓延性能的重要因素[47],一定程度上增大气隙比会加快火焰蔓延速度。木材密度与火焰蔓延速度呈负相关[48],密度增大会降低热通量。
木质古建筑的消防安全一直以来都是众多学者关注的热点问题,木质古建筑因长时间暴露于自然环境中,其燃烧特性在一定程度上发生了改变,相较于木结构建筑,木质古建筑的火灾防护面临着更大的挑战。鉴于木结构古建筑火灾防护涉及多学科,基于老化造成的木材自身物理特性,结合燃烧学、火灾动力学与结构力学等交叉且跨学科的综合研究方法,科学地判定老化对木结构古建筑的火灾危险性的影响机制,建立历史文物建筑木材老化与燃烧特性的长期监测体系,定期评估木材的燃烧性能,有针对性地提出应对措施,这将成为未来研究趋势和重点。
1)老化作用改变了木材内部的元素组成,对其烟气生成也有一定影响,但不同木种之间的差异与联系还未明确。老化后木材的含水率下降、导热能力增强、烟气产物及含量变化都促进了木结构古建筑在火灾初期的火灾蔓延。
2)老化在木材火灾初期起到促进作用,随着木材燃烧产物炭的增加,燃烧速率会发生变化。当前关于老化对木材炭化机制影响的研究还不够完善,未能明确老化方式、环境条件对其造成的影响,无法表征老化木材在燃烧后期的火灾动力学特征。
  • 北京市科学技术委员会资助(Z231100003823022)
  • 国家消防救援局科技计划项目(2023XFCX21)
  • 北京市人才专项-科技新星计划交叉项目(20220484236)
  • 天津市多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00880)
  • 天津市多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00900)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0083
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
  • 修回日期:2024-09-22
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北京市科学技术委员会资助(Z231100003823022)
国家消防救援局科技计划项目(2023XFCX21)
北京市人才专项-科技新星计划交叉项目(20220484236)
天津市多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00880)
天津市多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00900)
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    中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083

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**周彪(1986—),男,山西文水人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事含氟气体及建筑火灾教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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