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To address the classification and quantitative evaluation issues of unsafe behaviors of civil aviation pilots,the management mode of their unsafe behaviors was optimized. A method for managing unsafe behaviors in civil aviation was proposed focusing on the civil aviation flight field. Firstly,based on unsafe behavior classification theory,intervention and improvement methods for errors and violations were systematically analyzed to distinguish between errors and violations. Secondly,expert interviews and questionnaire surveys were used to propose a classification evaluation index system for pilots' unsafe behaviors. Furthermore,a classification method of unsafe behavior based on quick access recorder (QAR) data and a quantification method of unsafe behavior scores based on flight operations quality assurance (FOQA) were proposed to achieve a classified quantitative assessment of pilots' unsafe behaviors. Finally,the classifying and managing unsafe behavior process was analyzed and validated. The results indicated that the 68 FOQA monitoring events obtained by screening and calculation had different causal behavioral tendencies. The two proposed unsafe behavior classifications and quantitative evaluation methods can be combined with QAR data or FOQA records. Moreover,the classification management of unsafe behaviors of civil aviation pilots can be achieved by combining intervention and improvement measures for errors and violations.

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为解决民航飞行员的不安全行为分类与量化评价的问题,优化其不安全行为的管理模式,以民航飞行领域为研究对象,提出民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法。首先,基于不安全行为分类理论,区分差错与违规行为,系统化梳理针对差错和违规行为的干预改善方法;其次,采用专家访谈法和问卷调研法,形成飞行员不安全行为分类评价指标体系;再次,提出基于快速存取记录器(QAR)数据的不安全行为等级划分和基于飞行品质监控(FOQA)的不安全行为分数量化方法,实现飞行员不安全行为的分类量化评价;最后,梳理不安全行为分类管理流程并结合数据作算例验证。结果表明:经筛选计算得到的68项FOQA监测事件具有不同的致因行为倾向。基于此可结合QAR数据或FOQA记录,应用2种提出的不安全行为分类量化评价方法,并结合差错与违规行为的干预改善措施实现对民航飞行员不安全行为的分类管理。

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汪 磊 (1982—),男,安徽霍山人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事航空安全与人因等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Possible causes of monitoring events and their corresponding scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分值 监测事件致因
1分 完全是能力/技术不足
2分 可能是能力/技术不足
3分 说不定
4分 可能是习惯/态度不佳
5分 完全是习惯/态度不佳
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923400552648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

监测事件致因可能及其对应分值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分值 监测事件致因
1分 完全是能力/技术不足
2分 可能是能力/技术不足
3分 说不定
4分 可能是习惯/态度不佳
5分 完全是习惯/态度不佳
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923467661513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic information of flight experts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信息 组别 样本量 占比/%
年龄/
20~29 13 17.10
30~39 55 72.37
40~50 8 10.53
飞行
等级
教员 15 19.74
机长 32 42.10
副驾驶 29 38.16
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923551547594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

飞行专家基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信息 组别 样本量 占比/%
年龄/
20~29 13 17.10
30~39 55 72.37
40~50 8 10.53
飞行
等级
教员 15 19.74
机长 32 42.10
副驾驶 29 38.16
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923656405195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Events attribution (excerpt)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测事件 归属度 行为倾向
离地仰角大 0.39 差错
超最大起飞重量 0.85 违规
爬升掉高度 0.39 差错
着陆坡度大 0.37 差错
进近放起落架超过限制速度 0.73 违规
下滑道偏离 0.42 差错
高度偏离 0.62 违规
着陆垂直载荷大 0.38 差错
自动驾驶接通早 0.74 违规
接地点近/远 0.4 差错
未收到起飞许可擅自起飞 0.84 违规
调错进近最低标准 0.83 违规
着陆滑跑方向不稳定 0.37 差错
进停机位速度大 0.79 违规
低空大速度 0.57 违规
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923740291276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

监测事件致因归属度(节选)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测事件 归属度 行为倾向
离地仰角大 0.39 差错
超最大起飞重量 0.85 违规
爬升掉高度 0.39 差错
着陆坡度大 0.37 差错
进近放起落架超过限制速度 0.73 违规
下滑道偏离 0.42 差错
高度偏离 0.62 违规
着陆垂直载荷大 0.38 差错
自动驾驶接通早 0.74 违规
接地点近/远 0.4 差错
未收到起飞许可擅自起飞 0.84 违规
调错进近最低标准 0.83 违规
着陆滑跑方向不稳定 0.37 差错
进停机位速度大 0.79 违规
低空大速度 0.57 违规
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923786428621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Assessment criteria (excerpt)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 很低 中等 很高
转弯时
最大速度/kn

10.85

11.7

12.55

13.4
>
13.4
[35,1 000) ft
最大速度/kn
≤162
168

174

180
>
180
[1 000,2 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)

1 444.5

1 872

2 299.5

2 727
>
2 727
[500,1 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)

1 010

1 128

1 246

1 364
>
1 364
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923849343182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

评价标准(节选)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 很低 中等 很高
转弯时
最大速度/kn

10.85

11.7

12.55

13.4
>
13.4
[35,1 000) ft
最大速度/kn
≤162
168

174

180
>
180
[1 000,2 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)

1 444.5

1 872

2 299.5

2 727
>
2 727
[500,1 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)

1 010

1 128

1 246

1 364
>
1 364
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923899674831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Normal cloud model data characteristics for violation evaluation level (Excerpt)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 权重 很低 中等 很高
转弯时最大
速度/kn
0.14 (5.43,
4.61,
0.01)
(11.28,
0.36,
0.01)
(12.13,
0.36,
0.01)
(12.98,
0.36,
0.01)
(14.25,
0.72,
0.01)
[35,1 000) ft
最大速度/kn
0.08 (81.00,
68.79,
0.01)
(165.00,
2.55,
0.01)
(171.00,
2.55,
0.01)
(177,
2.55,
0.01)
(186.00,
5.10,
0.01)
[1 000,2 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
0.11 (722.25,
613.38,
0.01)
(1 658.25,
181.53,
0.01)
(2 085.75,
181.53,
0.01)
(2 513.25,
181.53,
0.01)
(3 154.50,
363.06,
0.01)
[500,1 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
0.11 (505.00,
428.87,
0.01)
(1 069.00,
50.11,
0.01)
(1 187,
50.11,
0.01)
(1 305,
50.11,
0.01)
(1 482.00,
100.21,
0.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742923950006480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

违规行为评价等级正态云模型数据特征(节选)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 权重 很低 中等 很高
转弯时最大
速度/kn
0.14 (5.43,
4.61,
0.01)
(11.28,
0.36,
0.01)
(12.13,
0.36,
0.01)
(12.98,
0.36,
0.01)
(14.25,
0.72,
0.01)
[35,1 000) ft
最大速度/kn
0.08 (81.00,
68.79,
0.01)
(165.00,
2.55,
0.01)
(171.00,
2.55,
0.01)
(177,
2.55,
0.01)
(186.00,
5.10,
0.01)
[1 000,2 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
0.11 (722.25,
613.38,
0.01)
(1 658.25,
181.53,
0.01)
(2 085.75,
181.53,
0.01)
(2 513.25,
181.53,
0.01)
(3 154.50,
363.06,
0.01)
[500,1 000) ft
最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
0.11 (505.00,
428.87,
0.01)
(1 069.00,
50.11,
0.01)
(1 187,
50.11,
0.01)
(1 305,
50.11,
0.01)
(1 482.00,
100.21,
0.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924017115345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

A pilot's evaluation data characteristics (Excerpt)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 数据特征
(期望,熵,超熵)
转弯时最大速度/kn (10.19,1.69,0.01)
[35,1 000) ft最大速度/kn (169.38,4.86,0.01)
[1 000,2 000) ft最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
(910.00,132.05,0.01)
[500,1 000) ft最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
(862.00,88.52,0.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924071641298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

某飞行员评价数据特征(节选)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 数据特征
(期望,熵,超熵)
转弯时最大速度/kn (10.19,1.69,0.01)
[35,1 000) ft最大速度/kn (169.38,4.86,0.01)
[1 000,2 000) ft最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
(910.00,132.05,0.01)
[500,1 000) ft最大下降率/
(ft·min-1)
(862.00,88.52,0.01)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924126167251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Violation level evaluation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 隶属度
很低 0.353 0
0.199 0
中等 0.125 4
0.094 3
很高 0.045 9
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924180693204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

违规行为等级评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 隶属度
很低 0.353 0
0.199 0
中等 0.125 4
0.094 3
很高 0.045 9
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924247802069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Statistics on the number of triggered FOQA events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
触发FOQA监测事件 归属度 行为
归属
飞行员A
触发次数
飞行员B
触发次数
机队总体
触发次数
自动驾驶接通早 0.74 违规 0 1 7
接地点近/远 0.4 差错 2 0 6
未收到起飞许可擅自起飞 0.84 违规 0 1 1
调错进近最低标准 0.83 违规 0 1 8
进停机位速度大 0.79 违规 1 2 11
离地仰角大 0.39 差错 2 0 9
超最大起飞重量 0.85 违规 0 0 1
爬升掉高度 0.39 差错 0 0 2
着陆坡度大 0.37 差错 2 1 17
进近放起落架超过限制速度 0.73 违规 0 0 2
着陆滑跑方向不稳定 0.37 差错 1 0 3
总计 8 6 67
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924323299542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

FOQA监测事件触发次数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
触发FOQA监测事件 归属度 行为
归属
飞行员A
触发次数
飞行员B
触发次数
机队总体
触发次数
自动驾驶接通早 0.74 违规 0 1 7
接地点近/远 0.4 差错 2 0 6
未收到起飞许可擅自起飞 0.84 违规 0 1 1
调错进近最低标准 0.83 违规 0 1 8
进停机位速度大 0.79 违规 1 2 11
离地仰角大 0.39 差错 2 0 9
超最大起飞重量 0.85 违规 0 0 1
爬升掉高度 0.39 差错 0 0 2
着陆坡度大 0.37 差错 2 1 17
进近放起落架超过限制速度 0.73 违规 0 0 2
着陆滑跑方向不稳定 0.37 差错 1 0 3
总计 8 6 67
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924394602711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Unsafe behavior classification evaluation results of pilot A and pilot B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价对象 违规分数 差错分数
飞行员A 0.071 8 0.116 4
飞行员B 1.193 1 0.007 6
), ArticleFig(id=1167742924461711576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272231526515, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

飞行员A和B的不安全行为分类评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价对象 违规分数 差错分数
飞行员A 0.071 8 0.116 4
飞行员B 1.193 1 0.007 6
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民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法
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汪磊 1 , 韦子欣 1 , 邹颖 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(12): 8-15
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(12): 8-15
民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法
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汪磊1 , 韦子欣1, 邹颖2
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2 山东省机场管理集团烟台国际机场有限公司 运行控制中心,山东 烟台 264000
  • 汪 磊 (1982—),男,安徽霍山人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事航空安全与人因等方面的研究。E-mail:

Classification and management method of errors and violations in civil aviation pilots' unsafe behaviors
Lei WANG1 , Zixin WEI1, Ying ZOU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2 Airport Operations Center,Shandong Airport Management Group Yantai International Airport,Shandong Yantai 264000,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0281
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为解决民航飞行员的不安全行为分类与量化评价的问题,优化其不安全行为的管理模式,以民航飞行领域为研究对象,提出民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法。首先,基于不安全行为分类理论,区分差错与违规行为,系统化梳理针对差错和违规行为的干预改善方法;其次,采用专家访谈法和问卷调研法,形成飞行员不安全行为分类评价指标体系;再次,提出基于快速存取记录器(QAR)数据的不安全行为等级划分和基于飞行品质监控(FOQA)的不安全行为分数量化方法,实现飞行员不安全行为的分类量化评价;最后,梳理不安全行为分类管理流程并结合数据作算例验证。结果表明:经筛选计算得到的68项FOQA监测事件具有不同的致因行为倾向。基于此可结合QAR数据或FOQA记录,应用2种提出的不安全行为分类量化评价方法,并结合差错与违规行为的干预改善措施实现对民航飞行员不安全行为的分类管理。

飞行员  /  不安全行为  /  差错  /  违规  /  分类管理

To address the classification and quantitative evaluation issues of unsafe behaviors of civil aviation pilots,the management mode of their unsafe behaviors was optimized. A method for managing unsafe behaviors in civil aviation was proposed focusing on the civil aviation flight field. Firstly,based on unsafe behavior classification theory,intervention and improvement methods for errors and violations were systematically analyzed to distinguish between errors and violations. Secondly,expert interviews and questionnaire surveys were used to propose a classification evaluation index system for pilots' unsafe behaviors. Furthermore,a classification method of unsafe behavior based on quick access recorder (QAR) data and a quantification method of unsafe behavior scores based on flight operations quality assurance (FOQA) were proposed to achieve a classified quantitative assessment of pilots' unsafe behaviors. Finally,the classifying and managing unsafe behavior process was analyzed and validated. The results indicated that the 68 FOQA monitoring events obtained by screening and calculation had different causal behavioral tendencies. The two proposed unsafe behavior classifications and quantitative evaluation methods can be combined with QAR data or FOQA records. Moreover,the classification management of unsafe behaviors of civil aviation pilots can be achieved by combining intervention and improvement measures for errors and violations.

pilots  /  unsafe behavior  /  errors  /  violations  /  classification management
汪磊, 韦子欣, 邹颖. 民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 8 -15 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0281
Lei WANG, Zixin WEI, Ying ZOU. Classification and management method of errors and violations in civil aviation pilots' unsafe behaviors[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 8 -15 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0281
人的因素是影响交通运输安全的核心要素[1],不安全行为是引发不安全事件和事故的主要根源。特别是在各类运输方式中,人的因素都是导致事故发生的主要原因[2-3]。据统计,中国民航业在2011—2020年间,由机组导致的飞行事故占比高达67.71%[2]。从事故和征候成因的规律来看,安全问题主要与管理和人有关[4]。因此,研究不安全行为的管理方法具有重大意义。
为有效识别人的不安全行为、减少人因事故的发生,REASON等[5]将人的不安全行为分为差错和违规2类。在此基础上,李炎等[6]统计分析了2010—2019年中国民航飞行事故中差错和违规行为导致的事故占比,发现二者的比例存在差异。国际航空运输协会2022年的安全报告亦指出,违反标准操作程序是导致26%事故发生的原因,而由人工操作和飞行控制错误导致的事故则占21%[7]。这表明:对差错和违规行为的管理需明确区分。然而,当前民航业在这两者的界定上存在模糊,常常将“违规”同时视作事故的结果和致因,给不安全行为的管理和治理带来挑战。目前业界多聚焦于不安全事件或事故发生后的追责处理,但在当前飞行事故率较低的背景下[8],仅凭事故后总结无法达到早发现、早预警的目标[9]。因此,及时评估和干预飞行员的不安全行为对飞行安全至关重要。中国民航局颁布的多项飞行品质监控(Flight Operations Quality Assurance,FOQA)相关管理规定[10-12]为飞行员不安全行为的管理提供了参考。在不安全行为评价方面,近年来,汪磊等[13]开始基于飞行数据开展飞行员不安全操作行为的量化评价,李大庆等[14]提出了利用快速存取记录器(Quick Access Recorder,QAR)数据分析飞行员行为的方法。当前研究虽已在飞行员不安全行为管理方面取得了一定进展,但在实际应用中,不安全行为中的差错与违规行为分类评价及干预改善措施的实施仍面临挑战。
鉴于此,笔者在现有研究基础上,基于不安全行为分类理论[5],以民航飞行领域为例,提出民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法;分类评价不安全行为,并针对差错行为和违规行为的不同特点提出相应的干预改善措施,旨在为预防和减少飞行员的不安全行为提供一种可应用且易于操作的解决方案,以促进航空安全水平的持续提升。
学者REASON[515]和SHAPPELL[16]、WIEGMANN[17]等在NORMAN[18]的研究基础上,将人的不安全行为划分为差错与违规2类。二者行为主体主观意识存在不同,可根据行为结果是否符合个体心理预期区分,差错行为的发生是不符合个体心理预期的,而违规行为的发生则是符合个体预期的。
差错可细分为失误和错误。失误通常是指在个体意识到时,其行为已经偏离了初始意图;错误则指计划的行动未能达到预期结果。违规则是指个体故意偏离操作程序、标准、规章,主要是由个体的行为态度、主观标准和行为控制等社会认知因素所驱动。
根据差错与违规行为的联系与区别,结合飞行运行情况划分飞行员的“差错”与“违规”行为。
差错可能是飞行员个体正确接收信息和决策后,在执行决策的过程中无意出现偏离意图的行为;也可能是在其接受信息和决策的过程中发生差错,即意图本身存在缺陷,如导致飞机着陆滑跑方向不稳定的操作。
违规则是飞行员故意偏离系统安全运行所必须遵守的规则的行为,突发情况导致的暂时偏离规章的操作行为属于偶然性违规;在明知飞行规章制度的前提下,由于存在不良习惯或态度欠佳等原因不按规章操作即为习惯性违规,如超最大起飞重量起飞和未收到起飞许可擅自起飞的行为。
不同类型的不安全行为,无论是其成因还是预防和改善的方法都不尽相同,因此,不安全行为的评价和管理也应按照差错和违规行为的分类展开。朱宝岩等[19]从动机角度区分了不安全行为,并提出应根据动机差异采取相应的干预策略,为不安全行为的分类干预提供了重要启示。
差错行为主要是由于飞行员知识储备不足或技能水平欠佳而导致的。基于当前民航业的运行现状,航空公司可根据飞行员的具体表现情况和相应的运行数据,结合同组教员或机长对其航前准备和航后讲评阶段的反馈,总结其差错行为所反映的个人能力或知识储备不足之处,在日常的学习培训和周期性的循证训练(Evidenced-Based Training,EBT)中提供有针对性的训练指导,更有针对性地改善飞行员的差错行为表现,提高飞行安全运行水平。
违规的发生受到个体行为态度、主观标准和行为控制等社会认知因素以及人格要素的影响,与个体主观意愿相关,其行为结果符合预期。在不安全行为的后果方面,违规,尤其是习惯性违规行为导致的后果往往更加严重。因此,针对飞行员的违规行为,航空公司更需要予以重视。在进行违规行为的评价考察时,不能仅局限于规则本身,还要关注飞行员个体对违规的态度及行为倾向。为避免出现评价标准与实际运行情况不符的情况,可通过持续监测飞行员的不安全行为表现并结合实际运行环境,动态调整评价标准。
健康安全文化的塑造和优良作风的建设有助于改善飞行员个体的态度与行为。对于违规行为表现较为突出的飞行员所在机队,也应着重评估其组织群体的安全文化和作风表现,从组织与文化的层面发掘机队中可能存在的问题并加以改善,有利于提升整体的安全认知水平、从而进一步保障飞行运行安全。
为更全面清晰地了解飞行员的操纵水平、降低飞行员不安全行为带来的影响,更好地提升飞行运行安全,中国民航局于2001年颁布了《飞行品质监控工作管理规定》[10],之后于2012年颁布了咨询通告《飞行品质监控(FOQA)实施与管理》并于2015年实施了修订[11-12]
在FOQA的实施与管理中,QAR数据的分析是对机组操作展开评价的关键。航空公司基于飞行机组操作手册、标准操作程序等资料制定FOQA监控项目和监控标准探测事件,并基于采集的QAR数据开展日常运行测量,分析事件并生成统计分析报表[20],从而针对飞行员的不安全行为展开管理。为进一步通过FOQA挖掘行业风险,中国民航FOQA基站已于2017年上线运行,在全球首次打破了航空公司间的数据壁垒,实现了国家级运输航空飞行数据的汇聚[21]
FOQA工作的开展能够为航空公司的安全管理提供有效参考,然而,当前航空公司大多是基于QAR数据是否超限和FOQA监测事件是否被触发来分析飞行员的操作技术,通过简单粗略的数据分析得到的评价结果难以帮助管理者分类管控飞行中人的不安全行为,也更难以针对性地改善和提高飞行员的不安全行为。
根据不安全行为分类理论,将68项涵盖偏时性、错序性、遗漏性、多余性以及超限性5大类的FOQA监测事件作为飞行员不安全行为分类评价指标筛选的基础[13]。由飞行专家对筛选的评价指标逐一评估,结合监测事件触发总频次高低和后果严重性,判断监测事件的致因归属可能并赋分。根据监测事件致因可能性计算评价指标为“差错”或“违规”的归属度,实现不安全事件致因的深层剖析。
赋分的假设前提为:在过去的一年中,某位飞行员连续多次触发了同一类型的不安全事件,调查后均定性为责任事件,且排除飞机故障及环境问题。监测事件致因可能及其对应分值见表1
在此基础上,计算FOQA监测事件致因归属度,判断导致监测事件发生的不安全行为类别倾向。设共有m位飞行专家进行赋分,第l位飞行专家对第i个监测事件评价指标的赋分记为 x i l,根据下式计算第i个评价指标归属度ci
c i = l = 1 m x i l 5 m
若归属度ci<0.5,则倾向于差错行为导致,≥0.5则倾向于违规行为导致。结合归属度计算结果,最终形成飞行员不安全行为分类评价指标体系。与当前常用的人为因素分析与分类系统相比,飞行员不安全行为分类评价指标体系更适用于基于大量的不安全事件记录展开的飞行员不安全行为分类与量化评价,具备易于应用与实现的优势。
为实现飞行员不安全行为的分级评价,采用正态云模型建立动态的评价标准,拟合飞行员一段时间内多段QAR数据,基于飞行员不安全行为分类结果,分别对飞行员的差错和违规行为展开评价。
正态云模型在正态分布函数与正态隶属函数基础上,通过期望Ex、熵En、超熵He表达定性概念的数字特征,反映概念的不确定性[22]。其中,超熵Heij是熵Enij的熵,可以理解为表征定性概念值的样本出现的不确定度,一般根据经验选取,此处取Heij= 0.01[23]。即各监测事件各评价等级正态云模型数据特征值为Yij(Exij,Enij,Heij),其中,Heij= 0.01。
监测事件评价指标的数据类型包含连续型和为非连续型,针对2种数据类型分别展开分级评价。
1) 连续型数据。首先,采集评价对象的n次航班数据,其对应每个连续型监测事件均有n个数据结果,设其第 i 个评价指标对应的数据结果为 Xi( x i 1 x i 2,…,xin),据此得到评价对象第i个评价指标数据特征Yi(ExiEniHei)。其次,基于组合模糊贴近度(Combined Fuzzy Similarity Measure,CFSM)[24],分别计算评价对象各评价指标正态云与各评价等级正态云隶属度CFSM(YiYij),记为zij,得到各评价指标值与各个评价等级的正态云隶属度矩阵Z=(zij)。再次,记不安全行为分类评价指标中各FOQA监测事件致因归属度为ci,则第i个评价指标的权重记为 θ i,得到指标权重集W={ θ i}:
θ i = c i i = 1 68   c i
最后,将指标权重集W与隶属度矩阵Z进行模糊转换,得到评价对象在评价等级上的隶属度子集D。为进一步对不同评价对象进行比较,对D进行加权平均[25-26],得到该评价对象差错或违规行为的评价等级。
2) 非连续型数据。采集评价对象的n次航班数据,对应每个非连续型监测事件评价指标均有n个数据结果,若监测事件触发记为1,若未触发则记为0。设其第 i' 个评价指标对应的数据结果为 Xi'( x i ' 1 x i ' 2,…,xi'n):
X i ' v = 0   1   v = 1,2 n
() 划定不安全行为评价等级R={r1r2,…,r5}={很低,低,中等,高,很高},并对各评价等级赋予评价分数,根据各评价指标特征确定监测事件触发的不安全行为评价等级。
为将飞行员的不安全行为表现以具体分数的形式分类量化评价,基于不安全行为的分类结果,考察一段时间内飞行员个体相较于机队或航空公司整体的行为表现,构建基于FOQA的不安全行为量化评价方法。
假设作为评价指标的FQOA监测事件共k项,一段时间内,某机队或航空公司触发第j项FOQA监测事件总次数记为yj,第p名飞行员触发第j项FOQA监测事件的次数记为 t p j
基于飞行员不安全行为分类方法得到监测事件致因归属度,记第j项监测事件由违规行为触发的可能性为cj,则第p名飞行员的违规行为评价得分记为ap:
a p = j = 1 k t p j × c j y j
j项监测事件由差错行为触发的可能性为(1-cj),则第p名飞行员的差错行为评价得分为bp:
b p = j = 1 k t p j × ( 1 - c j ) y j
基于式(4)和式(5)分别得到飞行员的违规和差错行为评价得分,分数越高表明该名飞行员触发FOQA监测事件越频繁、不安全行为的表现越突出。根据评价分数的高低,再选择适当的方法针对性改善飞行员的差错或违规行为。
梳理民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理流程,如图1所示。
为验证民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法是可应用、可实现的,基于采集的真实数据并模拟2名飞行员的FOQA监测事件记录进行算例验证。
采用基于FOQA的飞行员不安全行为分类管理方法,建立飞行员不安全行为分类评价指标体系。发放问卷78份,回收有效问卷76份,问卷回收率为97.43%。问卷有效数据统计表明:参与调研的飞行专家等级涵盖教员、机长及副驾驶,其中55.6%的飞行专家飞行小时数达5 000h以上。飞行专家基本信息统计见表2
分析有效数据,判断监测事件的归属度和致因倾向,根据式(1)计算第i个评价指标归属度ci,结果节选见表3
结合S航空公司2019—2020年发生的监测事件超限记录和37 787个航段的QAR数据,建立飞行员违规行为评价正态云模型,识别并评价飞行员的违规行为。根据监测事件发生频次的高低,选取其中9个指标评价飞行员的违规行为。
根据违规行为评价指标参考标准,计算各违规行为评价等级正态云模型的数据特征[22]。经数据处理得到选定违规行为的评价参考标准具体数值见表4,据此计算正态云模型的数字特征。根据式(2)计算得到各评价指标的权重,结果节选见表5
采集某飞行员一段时间内78段航段数据,经处理得到该飞行员的监测事件数据实际值,计算得到每一监测事件上的数据特征值,结果节选见表6
表5的违规行为评价等级数据特征和表6的飞行员评价数据特征为例,绘制“2 000~1 000 ft最大下降率”和“1 000~500 ft最大下降率”违规行为等级评价云图,如图2图3所示。
根据图2图3可知,该飞行员的“2 000~1 000 ft 最大下降率”和“1 000~500 ft最大下降率”评价数据特征云图均处于评价等级-“很低(I)”范围内。
结合CFSM算法计算该名飞行员的各评价指标数据在违规评价等级上的综合正态云相似度,根据最大隶属度原则,判断违规行为等级为很低,具体评价结果见表7。可见:基于QAR数据的正态云分级评价方法可以结合实际QAR数据实现对飞行员不安全行为分类评价应用,为不安全行为的分类管理提供参考。
模拟飞行员的FOQA监测数据,对基于FOQA的不安全行为分数量化方法进行算例演示。假设一年内飞行员A和B所在机队共触发作为评价指标的各项FOQA监测事件次数见表8
表8可知:仅从FOQA监测事件触发次数来看,飞行员A和B的不安全行为表现相差不大,飞行员A触发的监测事件次数占机队触发总数的12%,飞行员B则占9%。可见,若不区分导致监测事件发生的不安全行为类别,则难以就不同类别的不安全行为提供针对性指导。
根据式(4)和式(5)计算飞行员A和B的违规和差错行为评价分数,结果见表9
对比两者的评价分数可见,飞行员A的违规分数较低于差错分数,即飞行员A最需要改善的是差错这一不安全行为;相反地,飞行员B的违规分数明显高于差错分数,即目前对于飞行员B而言最需要改善的是其违规行为,应避免其故意导致的不安全行为的发生。
对比飞行员A和飞行员B的数据可知:虽然二者触发的FOQA监测事件总数相差不大,但二者表现的不安全行为类别却并不相同。相较于飞行员B,飞行员A的差错行为更为显著;而相较于飞行员A,飞行员B的违规行为更为显著。因此,应特别区分对差错和违规行为管理方法的应用,从而改善飞行员不安全行为的表现,进一步提升飞行安全水平。对于飞行员A,应着重于技术技能方面的改善训练;而对于飞行员B则需要改善其作风纪律的表现,着重于态度和认知层面的思想教育。
基于民航飞行员不安全行为中的差错与违规分类管理方法,持续监测每位飞行员行为表现,可以掌握飞行员的行为表现变化情况,并预测其发展规律。当飞行员不安全行为风险持续升高或有升高趋势时,应及时进行针对性的培训改善,实现安全关口前移。此外,提出的不安全行为分类管理方法还可以应用于航空公司其他岗位的安全管理。参考的FOQA监控项目可以根据岗位不同替换评价指标,从而实现方法的应用拓展,如机务维修、塔台管制。
1) 基于FOQA的飞行员不安全行为分类方法,计算得到了68项FOQA监测事件致因归属度及其致因行为倾向。
2) 基于1名飞行员的9项评价指标真实数据,结合FOQA监测事件致因归属度及其致因行为倾向,运用正态云模型实现了违规行为的等级划分。
3) 模拟2名飞行员的FOQA监测事件触发频次,结合致因归属度及致因行为倾向,对2名飞行员的差错与违规行为表现赋分,并基于评价结果得出应采取的干预改善措施。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(32071063)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0281
  • 接收时间:2024-06-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-10
  • 修回日期:2024-09-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(32071063)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
    2 山东省机场管理集团烟台国际机场有限公司 运行控制中心,山东 烟台 264000
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