Article(id=1149733272197968456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0108-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=1729440000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047373102, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047373102, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047373102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047373102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733272441238095, articleId=1149733272197968456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Mechanism and recognition of TBM roof fall in main inclined shaft of Kekegai mine, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the approach for dealing with roof fall by the open TBM in coal mine excavation,the mechanism and pattern recognition of roof fall were investigated considering the unfavorable geological conditions such as abundant water,faults,joints and sandstone with fractured structure. Firstly,the roof fall mechanism was analyzed by utilizing the modified excavation compensation theory and the minimum support stress of surrounding rock which fully considered the intermediate principal stress. Based on the successful case of the main inclined shaft of Kekegai mine and TBM site construction data,the characteristics of roof fall were deeply analyzed. Then,in accordance with the collected on-site feedback monitoring information,the variations of excavation parameters before and after the roof fall were systematically examined,and the machine learning models of random forest (RF),back propagation (BP) neural network,and Library for support vector machines (LIBSVM) were constructed to effectively identify the roof fall. The results demonstrate that the internal cause of roof fall is the deterioration of sandstone mechanical properties resulting from water-rock interlace in the cataclastic structure,the external cause is the energy release by mechanic-rock action,and the controlling cause is the excavation stress compensation and the timely application of steel anchor (cable) shotcrete + steel arch (steel plate belt). The sharp increase of penetration,and thrust of the hob,the torque of the cutter head and sharp decline of the cutter head speed are the characteristics of roof fall driving parameters. The RF model has the highest prediction accuracy for the classification of roof fall of surrounding rock,and its accuracy rate of identifying roof fall risk is 1.78% and 11.84% higher than that of BP and LIBSVM,respectively.

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为探究敞开式隧道掘进机(TBM)在煤矿长大斜井掘进中应对冒顶问题的方法,针对富水、断层、节理、碎裂结构砂岩等不利地质条件这一难题,展开冒顶机制与模式识别研究。首先,运用修正开挖补偿理论和充分考虑中间主应力的围岩最小支护应力分析冒顶机制,并基于可可盖矿主斜井成功案例与TBM现场施工数据,深入分析冒顶特征;然后,依据采集到的现场反馈监测信息,系统研究冒顶前后掘进参数的变化情况,构建随机森林(RF)、反向传播(BP)神经网络、支持向量机库(LIBSVM)机器学习模型以有效识别冒顶。结果表明:碎裂结构层理交错的砂岩水—岩导致砂岩力学性能劣化是冒顶内因,机岩作用能量释放是外因,开挖应力补偿及适时采用钢锚(索)喷+钢拱架(钢板带)不同方案支护是控因;贯入度剧增,滚刀推力、刀盘扭矩、刀盘转速剧减是冒顶掘进参数特征;RF模型对围岩冒顶分类预测精度最好,其识别冒顶风险的准确率比BP、LIBSVM分别提高1.78%、11.84%。

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杨 青 (1990—),女,安徽滁州人,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事岩土与地下工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

荣传新,教授。

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caption=不同冒顶等级的掘进参数中位数, figureFileSmall=Qe0Ai+DpE+QF03hLvpwOpQ==, figureFileBig=VP84l56FyV/0QcfmsR4HVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743204888686974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272197968456, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Prediction performance of test sets of different prediction models %

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模型 类别 精确率 召回率 F1分数 准确率

BP
NM 98.02 98.41 98.21
96.15
MM 92.31 88.24 90.23
RM 85.71 94.74 89.99

RF
NM 98.43 100.00 99.21
97.93
MM 96.92 92.65 94.74
RM 94.44 89.47 91.89

LIBSVM
NM 88.34 99.60 93.63
86.09
MM 83.87 38.24 52.53
RM 62.5 78.95 69.77
), ArticleFig(id=1167743204951601535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733272197968456, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同预测模型测试集预测性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 类别 精确率 召回率 F1分数 准确率

BP
NM 98.02 98.41 98.21
96.15
MM 92.31 88.24 90.23
RM 85.71 94.74 89.99

RF
NM 98.43 100.00 99.21
97.93
MM 96.92 92.65 94.74
RM 94.44 89.47 91.89

LIBSVM
NM 88.34 99.60 93.63
86.09
MM 83.87 38.24 52.53
RM 62.5 78.95 69.77
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可可盖矿主斜井TBM冒顶机制与识别
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杨青 1, 2 , 荣传新 1, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(12): 108-119
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(12): 108-119
可可盖矿主斜井TBM冒顶机制与识别
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杨青1, 2 , 荣传新1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2 滁州学院 土木与建筑工程学院,安徽 滁州 239000
  • 3 安徽理工大学 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 杨 青 (1990—),女,安徽滁州人,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事岩土与地下工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

    荣传新,教授。

Mechanism and recognition of TBM roof fall in main inclined shaft of Kekegai mine
Qing YANG1, 2 , Chuanxin RONG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan Anhui 232001,China
  • 2 College of Civil and Architectural Engineering,Chuzhou University,Chuzhou Anhui 239000,China
  • 3 Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Underground Engineering in Mines,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan Anhui 232001,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1018
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为探究敞开式隧道掘进机(TBM)在煤矿长大斜井掘进中应对冒顶问题的方法,针对富水、断层、节理、碎裂结构砂岩等不利地质条件这一难题,展开冒顶机制与模式识别研究。首先,运用修正开挖补偿理论和充分考虑中间主应力的围岩最小支护应力分析冒顶机制,并基于可可盖矿主斜井成功案例与TBM现场施工数据,深入分析冒顶特征;然后,依据采集到的现场反馈监测信息,系统研究冒顶前后掘进参数的变化情况,构建随机森林(RF)、反向传播(BP)神经网络、支持向量机库(LIBSVM)机器学习模型以有效识别冒顶。结果表明:碎裂结构层理交错的砂岩水—岩导致砂岩力学性能劣化是冒顶内因,机岩作用能量释放是外因,开挖应力补偿及适时采用钢锚(索)喷+钢拱架(钢板带)不同方案支护是控因;贯入度剧增,滚刀推力、刀盘扭矩、刀盘转速剧减是冒顶掘进参数特征;RF模型对围岩冒顶分类预测精度最好,其识别冒顶风险的准确率比BP、LIBSVM分别提高1.78%、11.84%。

主斜井  /  隧道掘进机(TBM)  /  冒顶机制  /  中间主应力  /  掘进参数  /  冒顶风险

To explore the approach for dealing with roof fall by the open TBM in coal mine excavation,the mechanism and pattern recognition of roof fall were investigated considering the unfavorable geological conditions such as abundant water,faults,joints and sandstone with fractured structure. Firstly,the roof fall mechanism was analyzed by utilizing the modified excavation compensation theory and the minimum support stress of surrounding rock which fully considered the intermediate principal stress. Based on the successful case of the main inclined shaft of Kekegai mine and TBM site construction data,the characteristics of roof fall were deeply analyzed. Then,in accordance with the collected on-site feedback monitoring information,the variations of excavation parameters before and after the roof fall were systematically examined,and the machine learning models of random forest (RF),back propagation (BP) neural network,and Library for support vector machines (LIBSVM) were constructed to effectively identify the roof fall. The results demonstrate that the internal cause of roof fall is the deterioration of sandstone mechanical properties resulting from water-rock interlace in the cataclastic structure,the external cause is the energy release by mechanic-rock action,and the controlling cause is the excavation stress compensation and the timely application of steel anchor (cable) shotcrete + steel arch (steel plate belt). The sharp increase of penetration,and thrust of the hob,the torque of the cutter head and sharp decline of the cutter head speed are the characteristics of roof fall driving parameters. The RF model has the highest prediction accuracy for the classification of roof fall of surrounding rock,and its accuracy rate of identifying roof fall risk is 1.78% and 11.84% higher than that of BP and LIBSVM,respectively.

main inclined shaft  /  tunnel boring machine (TBM)  /  roof falling mechanism  /  intermediate principal stress  /  driving parameters  /  risk of roof fall
杨青, 荣传新. 可可盖矿主斜井TBM冒顶机制与识别. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 108 -119 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1018
Qing YANG, Chuanxin RONG. Mechanism and recognition of TBM roof fall in main inclined shaft of Kekegai mine[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 108 -119 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1018
隧道掘进机(Tunnel Boring Machine,TBM)因其高效、快速、精确控制、经济、安全和环保等特点而受到广泛关注,在我国交通隧道(如越江和海底隧道)、水利、水电隧洞及矿山能源等领域发挥重要作用。然而,TBM在面临涌水、突水、涌砂以及断层破碎带等复杂地质条件时,其潜力的发挥仍存在局限,一旦处理不当可能导致围岩大变形,进而引发卡机等事故[1-2]。随着西部地区能源交通战略的推进,长大斜隧道工程中白垩系和侏罗系弱胶结砂岩所面临的多节理、富水断层破碎带及冒顶问题,成为全球范围内的难题[3-4]。因此,对冒顶机制及其防治措施的研究具有重要意义。
敞开式TBM的短护盾后方,冒顶现象发生于断层破碎带软砂岩的区域,该区域面临围岩大变形及塑性区发展等的控制难题,对此问题,已有不少学者进行了深入研究。丁秀丽等[5]采用文献调研、案例统计分析、理论研究、数值计算与现场测试等相结合的方法,研究了隧洞工程围岩大变形机制,并提出了经工程应用验证的挤压型大变形的有效判据与预测方法;李学华等[6]运用现场监测、钻孔窥视等方法,开展了泥岩顶板巷道围岩在开挖后裂隙演化特征与冒顶机制的研究,结果表明:水能够使围岩力学性质降低、锚固剂性能和杆体强度降低,导致锚杆支护失效,促使裂隙发育,进而发生冒顶事故;王新丰等[7]采用层次分析、数理计算与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了开挖卸荷扰动条件下深部巷道围岩失稳变形与受力破坏问题,结果表明:深部扰动卸载会导致围岩在水平与竖向荷载耦合作用下的变形,塑性区愈大破坏愈严重;李安云等[8]针对可可盖副井采用通用离散元程序模拟方法,分析了不同支护条件下围岩情况,发现TBM掘进巷道围岩失稳类型为由剪切塑性主导变形、由拉伸塑性控制破坏的“鹅蛋形”塑性破坏,需及时支护控制浅层围岩变形破坏,降低深部围岩塑性范围;汪青仓等[9]基于陕西可可盖矿井井筒影响因素,探究矿井开拓方案,对比分析了斜井围岩管片支护与锚网喷支护的优缺点,采用锚网喷支护与局部围岩较破碎区段增设近工作面钢拱架的支护方式,结果表明:斜井井筒开拓方案采用敞开式全断面掘进机施工具有可行性、先进性和经济性等优势且风险可控;高召宁等[10]结合Drucker-Prager屈服准则,考虑岩石损伤后力学性能的劣化和围岩卸载时扩容效应的影响,推导出关于损伤和扩容条件下的圆形隧洞的弹塑性区应力、位移和塑性区半径的解析解;纪洪广等[11]通过大量调研、室内试验、理论分析和建立模型等手段,研究了西部矿区弱胶结地层工程围岩稳定性控制相关内容,针对弱胶结地层巷道特性提出双壳支护加固对策,包括单壳、连续双壳、非连续双壳支护。以上学者在围岩塑性区的确定与稳定性及支护方面取得了丰硕成果,但很少涉及TBM掘进参数及围岩冒顶识别判断,鲜见不同地质条件下掘进参数的优化组合,缺乏对掘进参数与围岩变形相互关系的动态研究,无法指导具体工程施工和风险防控。
鉴于此,文中将基于我国首例长大斜井TBM工程冒顶处理案例,运用修正开挖补偿理论与考虑中间主应力的围岩最小支护应力理论,剖析冒顶内在机制,并揭示支护应力原理,为机器学习奠定理论根基;随后,依据可可盖矿主斜井相关案例与施工数据,构建冒顶识别的随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络、支持向量机库(Library for Support Vector Machines,LIBSVM)机器学习模型,并对比分析不同模型的围岩冒顶分类预测精度,以期提升西部相似地质条件下的TBM 智能掘进及其效率。
可可盖煤矿位于陕西省榆林市西北约32 km处,其斜井建设工程是国家“十四五”期间的重点项目[4]。根据该矿地质资料,其主斜井地质剖面如图1所示,主井筒内岩体划分为散体结构、碎裂结构、层状结构和块状结构4大岩体结构类型。其中,白垩系洛河组地层厚度 153.15~221.40 m,埋深至地下230 m[8],具有西部典型不稳定层和含水层地质特征[6]。洛河组砂岩呈现紫红色和砖红色,为块状长石砂岩,泥质和钙质弱胶结,发育呈巨型楔状交错层理。岩石结构疏松,风化作用强烈导致岩体破碎,其主要由石英和长石构成,且黏土矿物成分含量高,以蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭石为主要矿物。侏罗系的安定组和部分直罗组则呈层状结构。安定组具有中粒砂状结构,板状交错层理构造,孔隙式泥质胶结,主要由石英和长石组成,而部分直罗组则呈现块状结构。
可可盖矿敞开式TBM掘进长斜井时,需要穿越复杂地层(地压变化大,地层种类多、地质构造复杂,特别是洛河组砂岩强度低,遇水易泥化崩解),其开凿井筒过程中遇到的围岩片帮、冒顶等问题属于世界性难题。经多方案论证[9],主斜井井筒工程于2021年5月开工建设,采用明槽段开挖+TBM掘进施工,TBM掘进长度4 770 m,其中洛河组砂岩施工长度2 338.09 m(富水段长度2 200 m),TBM开挖洞径7.13 m,井筒最大埋深517.5 m[9],为国内西部地区长大斜井敞开式TBM施工首例。由于TBM在弱胶结砂岩进行掘进,施工过程面临的问题无已有的工程经验借鉴,围岩片帮、冒顶风险无处不在,因此,整个斜井顶部270°范围通常采用锚网喷支护,洛河组围岩采用Φ22 mm×2 800 mm锚杆注浆和Φ6.5 mm×1 100 mm×2 000 mm金属网喷混凝土,或采用Φ17.8 mm×3 000 mm锚索和梯子梁进行加强支护,或Φ18 mm×4 500 mm钢筋排、Φ17.8 mm×3 000 mm锚索+W型钢板和梯子梁进行加强支护。必要时需增设W形钢带加强支护,并采用特长7.3 m锚索注浆[8]。安定组、直罗组采用Φ16 mm×4 500 mm钢筋排和Φ17.8 mm×5 300 mm锚索和梯子梁进行加强支护。可见:洛河组支护力度远强于安定、直罗组的支护,洛河组砂岩更易于冒顶。
所谓开挖补偿理论[12](图2),未开挖时,岩体内部应力状态(曲线1)远在强度破坏线下。静水条件下,隧道开挖后,径向应力σ3趋于0,切向应力σ1增大2倍,如果在没有支护的情况下,开挖效应形成的曲线2可能越过原破坏包络线,围岩将发生强度破坏。图2中横坐标σ为主应力(MPa),纵坐标τ为剪应力(MPa),c为岩石黏聚力(MPa),σt为抗拉强度(MPa),σ2为中间主应力(MPa),σ1为第一主应力(MPa),σ3为第三主应力(MPa)。开挖时原地下封闭的岩石大面积暴露、应力释放和扰动加速了黏土矿物的水化反应,岩石强度劣化加速,应及时采取支护补偿,减少径向应力和切向应力的开挖效应,使莫尔应力圆(曲线3)控制在破坏包络线之下,但机岩振动耦合、水-岩加速反应使岩体黏聚力和内摩擦角下降,图2中的原破坏包络线下移至水岩作用后的破坏包络线,如果支护不力,莫尔应力圆(曲线4)仍可能越过水岩作用后破坏包络线(修正),围岩冒顶的风险依然存在。因此,不同支护方案的选择决定了支护补偿效应,进而决定冒顶风险的概率。
在开挖前,围岩处于假定静水压力状态(侧压力系数λ=1)。根据开挖补偿理论,在开挖过程中,由于开挖面周围应力重新分布,垂直于井筒轴线方向的应力得到释放,使得井筒边原来的三向应力(σrσθσz)在一定程度上转变为主要考虑径向应力σr和环向应力σθ的二向应力状态。俞茂宏等[13]统一强度理论的建立,让中间主应力系数凸显出λ≠1所造成的拉压应力区的不同分布情况,而应力补偿的作用在于部分恢复原三向应力状态。
文献[14]研究表明:中间主应力系数对最小支护压力和极限径向应变均有显著影响。开挖过程中围岩收敛曲线如图3所示,随着TBM开挖斜井,围岩释放能量,产生弹塑性变形,当围岩径向收敛达到极限稳定状态M点时,对应的最小支护应力为 P i m i n。文献[14]以统一强度理论为基础,结合文献[13]中的中间主应力系数与剪切滑移模型,冒顶区域如图3b所示,推导得出包含中间主应力系数的最小支护应力表达式。说明当围岩位移出现在松动应力段(图3a),即围岩支护应力小于最小支护应力为Pi min时,开挖过程就会发生冒顶事故。图3aB表示隧道开挖前围岩未发生变形,支护压力为初始地应力;K为支护压力的平衡点,在该点处支护结构所提供的支护阻力与围岩变形产生的压力相等,围岩和支护结构处于平衡状态;A为支护结构能够提供的最大支护阻力;D表示支护结构开始发挥作用,阻止围岩进一步变形;E为支护结构的设计点,根据设计要求确定的支护参数所对应的点;M为围岩收敛极限点,当围岩变形达到该点时,围岩的径向收敛达到极限值,此时围岩处于临界稳定状态;C为围岩进入松动压力阶段的点,若支护系统提供的支护阻力低于该点对应的支护压力,围岩将继续变形进入松动压力阶段,导致围岩失稳。图3bRRbRpPi分别表示斜井半径、松动区半径、塑性区半径、围岩支护应力。
可可盖矿主斜井采用的支护反力逐级加码的短锚杆锚网喷、长锚杆锚网喷、锚索锚网喷、锚网喷 + 锚索 + 钢板带支护方案,是依据新奥法[15](New Austrian Tunnelling Method,NATM)支护原理而设计。该方案旨在将“松动圈”转化为整体受力构件,使其承载能力增强。从而大幅减少甚至消除围岩的塑性区,进而有效控制围岩的变形以及应力释放情况。
可可盖主斜井洛河组系弱胶结砂岩,其碎裂结构、力学强度低、孔隙率高和透水性强等特点为冒顶事故的发生提供了物质基础。因TBM开挖,造成岩体应力释放、变形和裂隙扩展贯通,赋存的地下水因此形成通道,改变了原来封存的应力场与渗流场,形成应力-渗流耦合作用,加剧水岩作用的水化膨胀反应[8],水-岩水化作用与机-岩振动耦合造成围岩力学性能劣化,形成劣化的莫尔—库仑强度破坏包络线(围岩力学性质参数的重要性),当支护未能有效地进行补偿或未能按照最小支护理论进行合理的支护设计(图3a)时,会导致围岩应力超过其强度极限,从而发生冒顶事故。
近年来,机器学习技术在工程领域得到了广泛的应用[16],为冒顶的模式识别提供新思路。为更好地预测和预防冒顶事故发生,文中深入分析冒顶特征。
经过对相关数据进行剔除异常值、滤波、降噪处理后,发现TBM正常掘进段的刀盘推力F、刀盘扭矩T和贯入度p有明显的上升、稳定、下降特征,如图4所示。上升阶段表示掘进机械渐近适应地层情况;稳定阶段表示机械稳定运行;下降阶段则表示完成一个掘进步距。同地层各掘进段参数相差不大,说明掘进工作状态良好。可可盖矿主斜井2021年7月18日—20日(最大规模冒顶)冒顶曲面展开平面及支护如图5所示。由图5a可以看出,尽管18日后期和19日全天均已处于冒顶区域,除短暂停工外,TBM进尺基本正常,说明图5b围岩支护较为成功,没有引发安全事故。
冒顶前掘进参数变化如图6所示(SD表示推进速度,TL表示推进力,NJ表示掘进扭矩),进入冒顶前期,掘进参数开始上下波动,如图6a所示,进入冒顶前夕,FT反而较为平稳但呈下降趋势。短暂停机及开机后p突增及FT剧降如图6b图6d所示,这种现象是冒顶现象发生的一个重要特征判据。
中位数不受极端值(异常值)的影响,因此,能更准确地反映数据的中心位置,由图6e图6f可以看出,冒顶前期到了冒顶前夕,FT、推进速度v由急剧波动到大幅度下降。v中位值下降25.54 %,T中位值下降35.95 %,F下降14.52 %;再考虑总体的水平信息,v平均值下降13.03 %,T下降28.64 %,F下降10.86 %。
岩石扭剪掘进指标(Torque Penetration Index,TPI)、现场贯入指标(Force Penetration Index,FPI)是岩石掘进过程中的2个重要指标[16]。在一个平稳的掘进段,因TBM电动机施加的总功率与总转矩和角速度的乘积成正比,此外,还与单位时间内破碎的岩体近似成正比[16],故掘进指标TPI基本不变。主斜井TBM刀盘上共有44把滚刀,单刀FPI、TPI的表达式以及FT之间关系如下:
F P I = F / p
T P I = T p
T = F t a n φ + c A
式中:φ为内摩擦角,(°);A为单刀计掘进断面,m2
综合考虑现场反馈监测信息中冒顶发生的高度、面积、位置和影响范围等,将TBM掘进段数据划分为顶板不易发生冒落段(No Mining roof caving,NM)、顶板较易发生冒落段(Moderate Mining roof caving,MM)、顶板易发生冒落段(Real Mining roof caving,RM)。为了解冒顶数据的基本特征及其概率密度信息,选取洛河组砂岩典型的NM、MM和RM的vpF、刀盘转速、T、TPI和FPI等掘进参数指标绘制带箱线的小提琴图,如图7所示。
图7a可知:掘进速度变化特征不明显,因掘进速度的影响因素很多,是个复杂的非线性系统,受各因素独立或耦合作用影响较大[17]p的MM、RM相比NM中位值上升60.67%、362.35%,平均值上升106.7%、380.47%。由图7b可知:推力MM、RM相比NM中位值下降48.22%、55.96%,平均值下降48.82%、44.06%;扭矩MM、RM相比NM中位值下降91.39%、91.9%,平均值下降89.47%、91.06%;刀盘转速MM、RM相比NM中位值下降25.5%、75.2%,平均值下降30.8%、66.3%。由NM、MM、RM段的F下降、刀盘转速下降、T下降、p上升可以看出,碎裂结构冒顶意味着岩石整体强度大大降低,围岩极易坍塌,TBM刀盘更容易切入碎裂结构并使之破碎,因此,冒顶p上升最突出,刀盘扭矩下降最明显。TPI与FPI是反映TBM破岩难易程度的岩体可掘性指数[1],很明显,工作面岩体越破碎,冒顶越容易发生。
建立识别冒顶NM、MM、RM的小型数据库,针对主斜井展开全面广泛的掘进参数收集与甄别,确定TBM vpF、刀盘转速、T、TPI、FPI与体现岩石力学性质参数的干燥单轴抗压强度(Uniaxial Compressive Strength,UCS)、围岩等级、软化系数、岩石质量指标(Rock Quality Designation,RQD)值共11个掘进参数指标,洛河组、直罗组、安定组数据按照掘进实际长度比例分别为683、216、201组共1 100组,训练集、测试集分别占69.27%、30.73%。
BP神经网络利用梯度下降法、链式法则更新模型参数,从而实现损失函数的最小化。选取双曲正切函数tanh(x)为隐藏层传输函数、softmax为输出层激活函数、交叉熵为误差函数,采用误差反向传播的算法进行权值调整。输入、输出神经元个数分别为7和3。通过试错法,得到最优隐含层神经元的个数为6。
RF是一种集成学习算法[17],通过构建多个决策树来进行分类。每棵树都是在随机抽样的数据子集上训练得到的,然后通过投票或取平均值的方式来确定最终分类结果。文中通过试错法,得出决策树数目为50,最小叶子数为2。
LIBSVM是一种基于间隔最大化的分类算法,通过寻找一个最优的超平面来分类数据。通过将数据映射到高维空间中来解决线性不可分问题,然后通过核技巧来进行非线性分类。通过试错法得出惩罚因子为30,径向基核函数参数为0.5。
采用机器学习中BP、RF、LIBSVM 3种算法,实现NM、MM和RM的智能感知。预测结果如图8a所示。为验证TBM冒顶分类预测模型的准确性、泛化能力及鲁棒性,从洛河组、安定组、直罗组获取的555组全新数据,其中洛河组、安定组、直罗组数据量按 3.4∶1.07∶1 比例分为 345、109、101组。以完整的555组数据作为数据源,分别构建LIBSVM 模型、BP模型以及RF模型,以此开展进一步的分析研究,即每个模型均基于全部 555组数据构建,以确保数据来源的一致性与完整性。结果如图8b所示。
测试集的预测结果用混淆矩阵表示:
3 M = n 11 n 12 n 13 n 21 n 22 n 23 n 31 n 32 n 33
式中:n11n22n33为正确识别NM、MM和RM的数量; n 1 2n13为将NM误认为是MM和RM的数量;n21n23为将MM误认为是NM和RM的数量;n31n32为将RM误认为是NM和MM的数量。
评估模型性能的指标计算过程见下式:
整体准确率: A C = n 11 + n 22 + n 33 n
NM的精确率: P = n 11 / ( n 11 + n 2 1 + n 3 1 )
NM的召回率: R = n 11 / ( n 11 + n 1 2 + n 1 3 )
F1分数: F 1 = 2 P R / ( P + R )
图8表1可知:3个模型预测效果都较好,说明3种方法都具有较好的鲁棒性、泛化能力和稳定性。从测试集准确率看,RF优于其他2种方法,RF优于BP,BP优于LIBSVM。RF的准确率比BP、LIBSVM提高1.78%、11.84%。3种算法都表现出NM段的精确率、召回率、F1分数高于MM和RM段。说明NM掘进参数具有更好的区分性、辨识度,而MM和RM在掘进参数上具有一定的交叉性。冒顶现象的发生具有突发性、瞬时性、不均匀性和随机性,岩机作用机制复杂,对施工参数影响程度不同,导致掘进参数出现明显波动和不稳定。
在验证模型中,与真实冒顶等级相比,RF的准确率(95.40%)优于BP的准确率(93.10%),而BP准确率又优于LIBSVM的准确率(85.63%),说明模型具有较好的泛化能力。LIBSVM在处理较多数据问题时具有局限性,BP更容易产生过拟合,RF具有最好的分类预测精度,故采用RF相对重要性系数作为敏感性分析依据,如图9所示。
在RF算法中,特征的重要性通常是通过评估各特征对分类结果的贡献确定。由图9可知:冒顶分类的影响重要性排序从大到小主要为干燥UCS、TPI、FPI、软化系数和p。可见:岩体力学性能参数与掘进参数等共同影响了冒顶风险等级。
与岩石自身力学性能相关的因素(单轴UCS、软化系数)在冒顶分类预测中占据比较重要的地位,很大程度上影响了隧道稳定性和冒顶风险等级。TPI、FPI和p更多地反映了破岩的难易程度,从而为冒顶分类提供依据。单一的刀盘转速、FTv等因素综合性不如TPI和 FPI强。
RQD主要是通过统计大于10 cm的岩芯累计长度与钻孔总进尺的比值来评价岩石质量。文中,西部富水软岩所对应的围岩等级范围多集中于Ⅳ、Ⅴ级,二者区分不大。因此,RQD和围岩等级评价冒顶等级时具有一定局限性。图9中,对冒顶的单独影响程度相对最小的是围岩等级,缘于它是综合考虑岩石的强度、完整性等多种因素后的一个分类,是一种较为宏观的评价,如采取了合理的支护措施,围岩冒顶的风险并不会像干燥UCS、TPI、FPI、软化系数、p那样突出。
洛河组、安定组和直罗组分别表示为Lh、Ad和Zl。Lh、Ad和Zl的干燥UCS、软化系数和RQD值分布如图10 所示。
图10可知:Lh、Ad和Zl等3组岩石干燥UCS中位数分别为18.87、33.35和55.03 MPa,3组软化系数中位数分别为0.44、0.6和0.65,3组的RQD中位数分别为0.156、0.46和0.7。Lh岩石为碎裂结构,其本身破碎程度高,含有较多的亲水性矿物(如蒙脱石、高岭石等),岩石结构疏松、孔隙发育、岩石强度低,软化系数较低、饱水情况下岩石强度降低多,即使支护及时并得以强化,洛河组大冒顶的概率依然大。Zl岩石完整性高、岩石结构致密、胶结程度较好,岩石质量较高。Ad岩石介于Lh、Zl之间。Ad、Zl没有大面积冒顶,只有少量冒顶现象。可见裂隙少、完整性好、强度高、饱水后强度下降少的岩石不易冒顶。
通过机器学习模式识别,可获得冒顶的潜在风险信息,但这些信息对于工程人员来说不够直观且不易理解。为更好地将这些信息应用于工程实践,需要将模式识别结果转化为可视化的智能技术。
文献[18]表明:软岩破碎地层TBM控制模式为贯入度控制,可可盖矿主斜井3种不同岩性冒顶等级的部分刀盘转速与p分布云图如图11所示,直观实现图形与数据结合。以图11b Lh-RM为例,当p超过15 mm/Y时,刀盘转速约为1 r/min。
结合图11提取Lh组NM、MM和RM及Ad和Zl组NM、MM的p、刀盘转速中位数,如图12所示。
图12看出,Lh的NM、MM和RM段的p分别为8.5、11.2和31.3 mm/r,Ad的NM、MM段的p分别为3.7和12.05 mm/r,Zl的NM、MM段的p分别为7.15和12.80 mm/r;Lh的NM、MM和RM段的刀盘转速分别为4.52、3.21和1.11 r/min,Ad的NM、MM段的刀盘转速分别为3.81和3.74 r/min,Zl的NM、MM段的刀盘转速分别为4.57和2.51 r/min。可见:无论是Lh、Ad还是Zl,冒顶等级越高,p越大、刀盘转速越小。TBM操作人员可根据掘进参数阈值,降低p或刀盘转速以规避冒顶风险。
实现深地工程监测数据的精准感知与实时传输[19-20]已逐步变成现实,通过三维可视化模型、实时监测数据展示等方式,使工程人员能够直观地了解围岩的状态和冒顶的风险。在TBM设备上安装各类传感器(岩性、F、转速、Tp等),实时采集围岩的信息,并通过无线传输将数据发送到监控中心,利用可视化智能技术进行分析和展示,将可视化智能技术应用于TBM工程实践,为工程人员提供决策支持。
碎裂、层理结构砂岩开挖后,塑性区发展迅速且范围较大,能量释放较为剧烈,塑性变形沿着节理面进行深度传导和释放,导致围岩局部的失稳和破坏。水-岩-机-支(护)耦合作用后其力学特性和变形机制更加复杂,可作为下一步研究的方向。合理的掘进参数(或换算指标)可提高掘进效率、围岩稳定性和安全性。统计具有代表性的1 100组不同冒顶等级下的不同组别TBM掘进参数的中位数,如图13所示。
图13看出,同一岩性,当FT、FPI和TPI出现断崖式减小时,说明该段围岩处于不稳定状态,易发生冒顶现象。NM、MM的推进力、扭矩与TPI中位数在Lh、Ad和Zl顺序上均呈现增大趋势。原因是从Lh组到Ad组再到Zl组的岩石,其力学强度增大、完整性逐渐增加。说明地质内因控制作用明显。不难发现,Ad(NM)指标FPI异常增大,主要是因为其独特的砂岩与泥岩Lh、Ad和Zl反复交错层理构造地质因素决定(现场施工写实与图1地质剖面十分吻合),在岩石质量及稳定性极差的环境下,为保证NM必须采取极小的p所致。
1) 以考虑中间主应力系数的统一强度理论的围岩收敛理论、修正的开挖补偿理论作为冒顶的理论基础。主斜井围岩强度较低,在水-岩水化作用后其强度进一步劣化,受机-岩作用扰动,围岩塑性变形沿着节理面进行深度传导并释放能量,致使井顶局部出现剪切滑移的失稳破坏,此即为冒顶机制。
2) 同一组别,TBM的FT和刀盘转速越小,TPI、FPI越小,p越大,冒顶越容易发生。大规模冒顶更易发生在岩体强度低、软化系数小、碎裂结构多的Lh组。Lh组支护力度大于岩体强度较高、完整性较好的Ad组和Zl组。
3) 对比识别冒顶风险的机器学习模型发现,RF模型识别冒顶风险的准确率比BP、LIBSVM提高1.78%、11.84%。刀盘转速与p结合控制模式可为后续类似工程可视化智能掘进规避冒顶灾害提供参考。
  • 安徽省高校研究生科研项目(YJS20210385)
  • 安徽理工大学矿山地下工程教育部工程研究中心2020年基金资助(JYBGCZX2020209)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1018
  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13
  • 修回日期:2024-10-21
基金
安徽省高校研究生科研项目(YJS20210385)
安徽理工大学矿山地下工程教育部工程研究中心2020年基金资助(JYBGCZX2020209)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001
    2 滁州学院 土木与建筑工程学院,安徽 滁州 239000
    3 安徽理工大学 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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