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In order to assess the collision risk of paired approach to closely spaced parallel runways,a collision risk model based on fuzzy Bayesian and event tree analysis was developed. Initially,the paired approach procedure was delineated,and risk factors inherent in it were identified through the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. Subsequently,a Bayesian network model addressing hazards during the paired approach and potential control failures was constructed,leveraging the identified risk factors. The probability of the root node was determined through a combination of expert survey weighting and statistical analysis of historical data. Some root node probobilities and the conditional probability of the intermediate nodes were fuzzified utilizing seven-level linguistic variables,followed by de-fuzzification using the incentre of area. Additionally,priori probabilities and sample data were input into BN software for expectation-maximization(EM)parameter learning,facilitating the determination of hazard proximity and control failure probabilities. Lastly,considering the time series relationship between hazardous approach,control failure,and collision events,the collision risk associated with paired approaches was assessed employing event tree analysis,and a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the BN. The result shows that hazardous approach sensitivity is highest to pilot operating level,while control failure sensitivity is highest to poor maintenance. If the probability of poor pilot performance surpasses 12%,and the likelihood of inadequate maintenance surpasses 0.17%,the paired approach operation fails to meet the safety target level.

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为评估近距平行跑道配对进近的碰撞风险,建立基于模糊贝叶斯和事件树的配对进近碰撞风险模型。首先,描述配对进近程序,采用失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法识别配对进近中存在的风险因素;其次,基于识别的风险因素构建配对进近危险接近和控制失效的贝叶斯网络(BN)模型,并使用专家调查权重法和历史数据统计方法确定根节点的概率,引用七级语言变量对部分根节点概率以及中间节点的条件概率进行模糊化赋值,再使用内心法进行去模糊化处理;然后,将先验概率和样本数据导入BN软件进行期望最大化(EM)参数学习,得到危险接近和控制失效的概率;最后,考虑到危险接近和控制失效与碰撞事件发生的时间序列关系,使用事件树分析方法分析配对进近碰撞风险,并分析BN的敏感性。结果表明:危险接近和控制失效分别对飞行员操作水平和维护不当的敏感性最强。当飞行员操作水平差发生的可能性超过12%和维护不当发生可能性超过0.17%时,配对进近运行将满足不了安全目标水平的要求。

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卢 飞 (1984—),男,山东新泰人,博士,副教授,主要从事空中交通运输规划与管理方面的研究。E-mail:

张健,讲师。

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卢 飞 (1984—),男,山东新泰人,博士,副教授,主要从事空中交通运输规划与管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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卢 飞 (1984—),男,山东新泰人,博士,副教授,主要从事空中交通运输规划与管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2015, 15(2):304-308., articleTitle=Assessment model of collision risk based on event tree in free flight, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167743214820799052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, awardId=52272356, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52272356), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167743214879519309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, awardId=3122022101, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本业务费自然科学重点项目(3122022101), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167743214946628174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, awardId=3122023PT06, language=CN, fundingSource=中国民航大学配套经费项目(3122023PT06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167743211075285469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, xref=null, 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label=图9, caption=操作水平与维护不当组合下的碰撞风险, figureFileSmall=1TlhOe7zFioz4jrPmwjvSA==, figureFileBig=XGEyB7v+4yUEQPqiVxQsHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743213847720497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Incident names for collision risk of paired approach

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FIM故障 飞机性能问题
导航故障 交通流量
ADS-B故障 不利侧风
飞行员经验不足 管制员调配出错
飞行员状态差 外来物撞击
飞行员操作水平差 维护不当
飞行员缺乏情景意识 电力不足
恶劣天气
), ArticleFig(id=1167743213906440755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

配对进近碰撞风险底事件名称

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FIM故障 飞机性能问题
导航故障 交通流量
ADS-B故障 不利侧风
飞行员经验不足 管制员调配出错
飞行员状态差 外来物撞击
飞行员操作水平差 维护不当
飞行员缺乏情景意识 电力不足
恶劣天气
), ArticleFig(id=1167743213969355317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Domain expert weights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
领域专家 权重λ
飞行员 0.35
高校研究人员 0.35
管制员 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214023881271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

领域专家权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
领域专家 权重λ
飞行员 0.35
高校研究人员 0.35
管制员 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214070018617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Semantic value of the event and the corresponding triangular fuzzy number

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 语义值 三角模糊数
1 非常高(VH) (0.8,0.9,1)
2 高(H) (0.05,0.425,0.8)
3 偏高(MH) (0.002,0.026,0.05)
4 中等(M) (0.000 1,0.001 05,0.002)
5 偏低(ML) (0.000 01,0.000 055,0.000 1)
6 低(L) (0.000 001,0.000 005 5,0.000 01)
7 非常低(VL) (0,0.000 000 5,0.000 001)
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214128738875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

事件发生语义值及对应的三角模糊数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 语义值 三角模糊数
1 非常高(VH) (0.8,0.9,1)
2 高(H) (0.05,0.425,0.8)
3 偏高(MH) (0.002,0.026,0.05)
4 中等(M) (0.000 1,0.001 05,0.002)
5 偏低(ML) (0.000 01,0.000 055,0.000 1)
6 低(L) (0.000 001,0.000 005 5,0.000 01)
7 非常低(VL) (0,0.000 000 5,0.000 001)
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214183264829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The root node's prior probability derived from historical statistical data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
根节点事件 故障率或失误率
FIM故障 1×10-6
导航故障 1×10-6
ADS-B故障 1×10-6
飞行员经验不足 7.51×10-3
飞行员状态差 7.62×10-3
飞行员操作水平差 9.05×10-3
飞行员缺乏情景意识 9.59×10-3
恶劣天气 5×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214237790783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

由历史统计数据得到的根节点先验概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
根节点事件 故障率或失误率
FIM故障 1×10-6
导航故障 1×10-6
ADS-B故障 1×10-6
飞行员经验不足 7.51×10-3
飞行员状态差 7.62×10-3
飞行员操作水平差 9.05×10-3
飞行员缺乏情景意识 9.59×10-3
恶劣天气 5×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214309093953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Expert survey data and weighted results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底事件 飞行员(35%) 高校专家(35%) 管制员(30%) 加权结果
飞机性能问题 VL VL VL (0,0.000 0005,0.000 001)
交通流量 VL VL VL (0,0.000 000 5,0.000 001)
不利侧风 M M M (0.000 1,0.001 05,0.002)
管制员调配出错 VL L VL 0.000 000 35,0.000 002 25,0.000 004 15)
外来物撞击 L ML VL (0.000 003 85,0.000 021 325,0.000 0388)
电力不足 VL VL VL (0,0.000 000 5,0.000 001)
维护不当 L L VL (0.000 000 7,0.000 004,0.000 007 3)
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214367814211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

专家调查数据及加权结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底事件 飞行员(35%) 高校专家(35%) 管制员(30%) 加权结果
飞机性能问题 VL VL VL (0,0.000 0005,0.000 001)
交通流量 VL VL VL (0,0.000 000 5,0.000 001)
不利侧风 M M M (0.000 1,0.001 05,0.002)
管制员调配出错 VL L VL 0.000 000 35,0.000 002 25,0.000 004 15)
外来物撞击 L ML VL (0.000 003 85,0.000 021 325,0.000 0388)
电力不足 VL VL VL (0,0.000 000 5,0.000 001)
维护不当 L L VL (0.000 000 7,0.000 004,0.000 007 3)
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214434923077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Defuzzification process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
根节点事件 故障率或失误率
飞机性能问题 5×10-7
交通流量 5×10-7
不利侧风 1.05×10-3
管制员调配出错 2.25×10-7
外来物撞击 3.50×10-2
电力不足 1.80×10-3
维护不当 1.55×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214497837639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

去模糊化处理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
根节点事件 故障率或失误率
飞机性能问题 5×10-7
交通流量 5×10-7
不利侧风 1.05×10-3
管制员调配出错 2.25×10-7
外来物撞击 3.50×10-2
电力不足 1.80×10-3
维护不当 1.55×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214569140809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The combination of critical values at the safety target level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
操作水平差出现可能性 维护不当出现可能性
0.01 1.7×10-3
0.02 1.5×10-3
0.03 1.4×10-3
0.04 1.3×10-3
0.05 1.1×10-3
0.06 1.0×10-3
0.07 8.5×10-4
0.08 7.1×10-4
0.09 5.7×10-4
0.10 4.2×10-4
0.11 2.8×10-4
0.12 1.4×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1167743214640443979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271661101167, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

安全目标水平临界点组合数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
操作水平差出现可能性 维护不当出现可能性
0.01 1.7×10-3
0.02 1.5×10-3
0.03 1.4×10-3
0.04 1.3×10-3
0.05 1.1×10-3
0.06 1.0×10-3
0.07 8.5×10-4
0.08 7.1×10-4
0.09 5.7×10-4
0.10 4.2×10-4
0.11 2.8×10-4
0.12 1.4×10-4
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基于模糊贝叶斯和事件树的配对进近碰撞风险研究
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卢飞 , 张健 , 赵二丽
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(12): 64-73
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(12): 64-73
基于模糊贝叶斯和事件树的配对进近碰撞风险研究
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卢飞 , 张健, 赵二丽
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院,天津 300300
  • 卢 飞 (1984—),男,山东新泰人,博士,副教授,主要从事空中交通运输规划与管理方面的研究。E-mail:

    张健,讲师。

Research on collision risk of paired approach based on fuzzy Bayesian and event tree
Fei LU , Jian ZHANG, Erli ZHAO
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0662
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为评估近距平行跑道配对进近的碰撞风险,建立基于模糊贝叶斯和事件树的配对进近碰撞风险模型。首先,描述配对进近程序,采用失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法识别配对进近中存在的风险因素;其次,基于识别的风险因素构建配对进近危险接近和控制失效的贝叶斯网络(BN)模型,并使用专家调查权重法和历史数据统计方法确定根节点的概率,引用七级语言变量对部分根节点概率以及中间节点的条件概率进行模糊化赋值,再使用内心法进行去模糊化处理;然后,将先验概率和样本数据导入BN软件进行期望最大化(EM)参数学习,得到危险接近和控制失效的概率;最后,考虑到危险接近和控制失效与碰撞事件发生的时间序列关系,使用事件树分析方法分析配对进近碰撞风险,并分析BN的敏感性。结果表明:危险接近和控制失效分别对飞行员操作水平和维护不当的敏感性最强。当飞行员操作水平差发生的可能性超过12%和维护不当发生可能性超过0.17%时,配对进近运行将满足不了安全目标水平的要求。

贝叶斯网络(BN)  /  事件树  /  配对进近  /  碰撞风险  /  敏感性分析

In order to assess the collision risk of paired approach to closely spaced parallel runways,a collision risk model based on fuzzy Bayesian and event tree analysis was developed. Initially,the paired approach procedure was delineated,and risk factors inherent in it were identified through the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. Subsequently,a Bayesian network model addressing hazards during the paired approach and potential control failures was constructed,leveraging the identified risk factors. The probability of the root node was determined through a combination of expert survey weighting and statistical analysis of historical data. Some root node probobilities and the conditional probability of the intermediate nodes were fuzzified utilizing seven-level linguistic variables,followed by de-fuzzification using the incentre of area. Additionally,priori probabilities and sample data were input into BN software for expectation-maximization(EM)parameter learning,facilitating the determination of hazard proximity and control failure probabilities. Lastly,considering the time series relationship between hazardous approach,control failure,and collision events,the collision risk associated with paired approaches was assessed employing event tree analysis,and a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the BN. The result shows that hazardous approach sensitivity is highest to pilot operating level,while control failure sensitivity is highest to poor maintenance. If the probability of poor pilot performance surpasses 12%,and the likelihood of inadequate maintenance surpasses 0.17%,the paired approach operation fails to meet the safety target level.

Bayesian network (BN)  /  event tree  /  paired approach  /  collision risk  /  sensitivity analysis
卢飞, 张健, 赵二丽. 基于模糊贝叶斯和事件树的配对进近碰撞风险研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 64 -73 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0662
Fei LU, Jian ZHANG, Erli ZHAO. Research on collision risk of paired approach based on fuzzy Bayesian and event tree[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 64 -73 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0662
民航运输流量的基数增大在带动航空运输经济发展的同时,也不可避免地带来一些挑战与问题。机场是客货运输的站点,容量限制成为一个机场客货运输流量难以突破的关键问题。为有效应对日益增长的航班流量带来的机场航班延误、运行效率低下等问题,配对进近的概念及程序被相应提出。与传统进近方式相比,配对进近要求航空器在小于760m的平行跑道上,保持一定的初始间隔在2条跑道上同时进近,这就大大缩小了配对前后机之间的间隔。为评估配对进近程序的安全性,研究近距平行跑道配对进近的碰撞风险必不可少。
近距平行跑道配对进近的运行模式是2架航空器同时进近,其中,后机需要对整个进近过程中的安全间隔负责,尤其是要保证在前机尾流之前飞行以避开尾流影响[1]。因此,如何设计规划出2机的运行方式以增大运行安全裕度的同时又使后机能够有效避开前机尾流变得非常重要。研究表明:后机偏置3°对配对进近的实施更为有利[2-3]。研究配对进近前期主要集中在对配对进近可行性的研究,如EFTEKARI等[4]使用蒙特卡罗仿真方法,对多种跑道间距和进近梯度组合下的配对进近进行仿真实践,得到配对进近程序的可行性分析。在可行性的基础上,学者们主要研究了配对进近安全性,包括安全区域、安全间隔和配对进近碰撞风险及影响因素等。对于安全区域的研究,LANDRY等[5]首先定义了配对进近安全区的概念,并由此分析了前后航空器的速度差对配对进近安全区域的影响,同时,也考虑了前机错误侵入后机进近航道时安全区域的确定;KING等[6]分析了告警系统对安全区域的影响;GUERREIRO等[7-8]使用蒙特卡罗方法研究了安全区域,并分析了尾流安全间隔。对于安全间隔的研究,MADDEN[9]考虑系统总误差和监视误差,确定了配对进近的安全运行间隔;MCKISSICK[10]考虑多种因素,分析尾流遭遇情况,得到了尾流安全间隔;PRIESS[11]基于广播式自动相关监视(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B)数据,确定配对飞机对的安全间隔。对于配对进近碰撞风险的研究,MADDEN[12]基于配对飞机运动过程,分析了飞机速度对碰撞风险的影响;GEYER等[13]建立了系统误差模型,考虑了侧向导航误差和飞行技术误差,研究配对进近碰撞风险。以上研究重点是提高安全裕度,并通过可行性研究、安全区域、安全间隔和碰撞风险分析来优化配对进近的实施。
我国开始研究近距平行跑道配对进近的时间相对较晚。2003年,胡明华等[14]研究了配对进近可行性。其后,学者们研究配对进近的安全间隔和碰撞风险。其中,尾流是影响配对进近安全的一个重要因素,对此,有学者研究了尾流的运动特征,确定尾流的危险区域[15],也有学者基于尾流特征,分析飞机间隔和下滑角对跑道间隔的影响[16]。对于安全间隔或安全区域的研究,可考虑不同的运行场景。如考虑前机采取避让措施求解安全前界[17],使用蒙特卡罗方法分析不同前后机行为下的安全前界[18]。除此之外,亦可从理论的创新应用角度研究配对进近安全间隔,如使用微分对策理论[19]等。研究配对进近碰撞风险可采用定位误差[20]、经典模型[21]、计算流体力学[22]、模糊比例、积分、微分[23]等,也可从飞行员操作[24-25]或飞机承受一定强度尾流[26-27]等出发,得到配对进近碰撞风险。以上研究大都基于配对进近程序的实施流程,考虑相关因素定量分析配对进近碰撞风险的影响。研究配对进近碰撞风险所采用的模型大都是传统模型,如Reich模型、Event模型、定位误差模型等。较少采用贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)进行航空器碰撞风险的分析。而BN主要应用于技术研究和工程研究。同样,事件树在碰撞风险中的应用也比较少,且多集中于航路飞行阶段。
鉴于此,笔者拟结合BN和事件树,评估近距平行跑道配对进近碰撞风险;并基于配对进近程序的特点,使用失效模式和影响分析(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis,FMEA)方法提取配对进近碰撞风险因素;构建模糊BN模型确定叶节点概率,并结合事件树分析得到配对进近2机的碰撞风险,以期提升配对进近风险评估的实用性。
配对进近程序是间隔管理的一部分,在这个过程中,航空器的机载ADS-B OUT设备能够将飞机所在经度、纬度、高度、速度等信息以报文形式进行广播,而本机又可以通过ADS-B IN设备接收周围航空器的报文并进行解码,从而获得其他航空器的状态信息。配对进近程序中,配对后机会收到一个基于时间的间隔参数,被称为指定间隔目标,即所期望的与前机的距离。后机也被称为间隔管理飞机,间隔管理飞机通过驾驶舱飞行管理(Flight-deck Interval Management,FIM)设备计算出速度指令,以捕获和保持间隔目标,确保在正常条件下,配对后机可保持图1所在的安全区域。
配对进近程序对操作人员的技术水平、飞机机型、速度控制及间隔要求极高。为避免前机尾流的影响,后机需保持在前机上方,并在最后进近阶段速度始终大于前机,直至降落。
将导致配对进近碰撞风险的直接原因归为航空器危险接近和航空器控制失效2大类。航空器危险接近主要原因是前机错误入侵和后机间隔管理失误。航空器控制失效的主要原因是后机遭遇前机尾流、恶劣天气、操作系统损坏等。总体来看,事件发生的根源在于人员因素、设备因素、环境因素以及管理因素。飞行员精准无误的判断与操作对航空器安全运行至关重要,操作失误可能导致航空器运行发生较大偏差;航空器设备发生故障也会严重威胁航空器运行安全,如ADS-B系统失效、驾驶舱飞行管理设备故障、导航故障等;航空器周围环境尤其是恶劣天气会严重影响飞行质量,甚至会导致航空器产生不可控行为;机场管理不当或失误也会对航空器的运行安全造成影响。
为识别导致配对进近碰撞风险发生的根本因素,基于程序的实施过程,结合过程管理的思想,使用FMEA方法识别配对进近中存在的风险因素,得到配对进近碰撞风险底事件名称见表1
BN是一个有向无环图,其中,节点表示变量,节点之间的边表示变量间的依赖关系。BN可实现逆向推理,找到影响事件发生的关键敏感性因素,以便于针对性的预防不安全事件的发生。事件树分析方法是将事件按时间序列展开,进而分析最终事件发生的概率。考虑到BN与事件树的特点,并结合配对进近实施的过程,采用模糊贝叶斯与事件树结合的方法分析近距平行跑道配对进近的碰撞风险。
将导致碰撞风险发生的主要原因分为危险接近和控制失效2类。结合FMEA分析出来的风险因素和查阅相关文献资料,推导造成危险接近和控制失效的父节点因素。经过分析管制员调配出错、前机错误进近和后机间隔控制不合理是导致危险接近的原因。而后机遭遇前机尾流和电气故障是导致控制失效的原因。再逐层分析导致前机错误进近和后机控制不合理的因素,以及导致后机遭遇前机尾流和电气故障的因素。以此类推,建立BN所需要的各根节点和中间节点之间的因果逻辑关系。
根据分析的配对进近碰撞风险各因素之间的因果逻辑关系,构建BN如图2所示。
使用专家历史数据统计和调查权重法,确定根节点概率。对于可通过历史数据资料查询得到事件发生的概率,可直接将查询到的概率数据作为配对进近2机碰撞的BN根节点的先验概率。对于无法通过历史数据资料统计得到概率数据的事件,采用专家调查权重法。具体过程如下:
1) 选取3类不同工作领域的民航专家,采用层次分析法确定先验权重,使用模糊判断矩阵确定后验权重,将2种方法确定的先验权重和后验权重组合为不同领域专家赋权。具体步骤如下:
步骤1:确定专家先验权重 ω s k,( k M M = 1,2 n)。
步骤2:对于每一个专家模糊判断矩阵 A k,计算其权重向量和特征矩阵。
步骤3:判断模糊判断矩阵与对应的模糊一致矩阵的距离,从而判断矩阵自身逻辑的一致性,并归一化权重,得到专家判断自身逻辑一致性权重 ω d 1 k
步骤4:假设专家重要性相同,计算群体综合判断矩阵。
步骤5:计算个体判断矩阵与综合判断矩阵的距离,归一化处理权重得到群体一致性权重 ω d 2 k
步骤6:组合专家判断自身逻辑一致性权重和群体一致性权重得到后验权重,组合式如下:
ω d k = ω d 1 k + ω d 2 k k = 1 m ( ω d 1 k + ω d 2 k ) ω d k = ω d 1 k + ω d 2 k 2
步骤7:由先验权重和后验权重的线性组合得到专家最终权重,即 w k = λ ω s k + ( 1 - λ ) ω d k,其中, 0 λ 1 λ取值由组织评价者对专家权重组成的偏好决定。
使用上述步骤确定领域专家最终权重结果,见表2
2) 将专家语义判断转化为用三角模糊数表示的模糊概率。
当事件状态概率无法准确确定时,群决策中的专家经验显得尤为重要。为将专家对事件发生概率的评估结果与模糊数相对应,引入7个语言变量。每个语言变量与三角模糊数的对应关系见表3
3) 根据三角模糊数建立各影响因素专家权重的综合评价模糊集。
假设第 n个专家对节点 X i ( i = 1,2 m)的风险发生概率评判的语言变量对应的三角模糊数为:
P i n = ( x i n y i n z i n )
第1位专家的权重用 ω 1表示,第2位专家的权重用 ω 2表示,以此类推,则第 n位专家的权重用 ω n表示。计算第 i个节点的综合评价模糊集为:
P i = k = 1 n ω k P i k = ( x i y i z i )
4) 去模糊化处理。将模糊数或模糊变量转换成精确的输出数据。考虑到内心法(Incentre of Area,IOA)这种新型去模糊化方法易于计算且去模糊化效果良好,故使用IOA方法去模糊化处理三角模糊数。具体去模糊化原理详见参考文献[28]。
针对BN条件概率的获取,采用七级理论对专家的语义判断值进行定量化表达,同以上对根节点事件发生语义值的分类,将节点Q1对节点Q2的影响程度采用7种语义值描述方式,也就是节点Q2在节点Q1发生时某一状态发生可能性的条件概率。
根据专家打分及查询历史数据统计资料得到根节点先验概率,以先验概率和条件概率为基础,将去模糊化处理后的概率数据导入GeNIe Academic 4.0仿真软件进行期望最大化(Expectation-Maximization,EM)参数学习。
依据配对前后机是否危险接近和控制失效进行事件树的展开,若无出现危险接近和控制失效,则结果为安全飞行,若出现危险接近和控制失效中的任意一个,则考虑前后机的处置是否成功,成功则结果为安全飞行,失败则为碰撞风险。以此思路建立碰撞风险事件树,建立的事件树模型如图3所示。
将各阶段之间的事件视为独立,记危险接近为事件 A,未危险接近为事件 A -;前机改出为事件 B,前机未改出为事件 B -;后机躲避成功为事件 C,后机未躲避成功为事件 C -;控制失效为事件 D,未控制失效为事件 D -;朝向另一机为事件 E,未朝向另一机为事件 E -;另一机躲避成功为事件 F,另一机未躲避成功为事件 F -。根据事件树概率计算方法,配对进近碰撞风险概率为:
$\begin{array}{l}P_{\mathrm{c}}=P(A \cap \bar{B} \cap \bar{C})+P(D \cap E \cap \bar{F})= \\P(A) P(\bar{B}) P(\bar{C})+P(D) P(E) P(\bar{F})\end{array}$
一般认为,发生一次事故为2次碰撞,则碰撞风险(Collision Risk,CR)表达式为:
C R = 2 N P c
式中N为飞机架次,架/h。
由历史统计数据得到的根节点先验概率见表4,专家调查数据及加权结果见表5
去模糊化表5中的加权结果可得以上几个事件根节点的精确概率值,见表6
使用专家判断模糊语义值确定条件概率,再使用IOA方法进行去模糊化。将计算得到的根节点先验概率和条件概率导入BN软件进行参数学习,得到配对进近碰撞风险的正向推理结果,如图4所示。
由BN模型正向推理可知: P ( A )的值为1.838 81×10-7 P ( D )的值为3.128 8×10-9
将前机是否改出和飞机是否躲避成功归因于飞行员的可靠性,由文献[29]可知:飞行员可靠性为0.951,故可得:
P ( B - ) = P ( C - ) = P ( F - ) = 1 - 0.951 = 0.049
由配对进近2架飞机的运动过程可知:配对2机的纵向间隔随时间增长逐渐减小。此时,若配对后机控制失效,2机的碰撞风险最大。配对2机纵向间隔最近时碰撞角度计算如图5所示。经计算,后机控制失效朝向前机的角度范围为2.1°。
以上是仅考虑从几何状态计算碰撞角度发生的概率,现实中,由于机载设备的监视告警、飞行员和管制员的人为干预,飞机朝向另一机的概率会更小。为保守起见,使用飞机控制失效时朝向另一架飞机的最大概率为2.1°/360°=0.005 8,经计算得: P c = 4.42 × 10 - 10
敏感性分析在由正向推理得到的BN中,分别以危险接近和控制失效为目标节点进行敏感性分析,得到对叶节点影响最剧烈的中间节点。为进一步分析推导对事故发生产生影响的根节点因素,多次以中间节点为目标节点向上分析敏感性因素节点,得到以下的敏感性分析,如图6所示。
图6可知:危险接近主要是由前机错误进近造成的,前机错误进近主要是由飞行员操作失误造成的。控制失效主要是由操纵系统损坏和电气故障造成的,其中,维护不当又是主要原因。这符合实际,现在航空运输事故不再主要是由航空器设备故障等技术问题造成的,随之而来的是人的因素造成的航空事故占主要原因。因此,民航要注重人员的培训,尤其是飞行员的训练。确保飞行员有良好的心理素质和过硬的技术本领。航空器也会随着飞行次数的增加变得疲劳和受损,因此,定期维护航空器变得非常重要,维护不当可能会给飞机带来不可控的危险灾难。对此应该加大航空器维护落实力度,强化维修人员的航空安全理念。
为进一步分析飞行员操作水平和维护不当对配对进近碰撞风险的影响,绘制:①维修不当出现可能性为定值时,飞行员操作水平差可能性不同时配对进近碰撞风险与危险接近、控制失效的关系;②操作水平差可能性为定值时,维护不当发生可能性不同时配对进近碰撞风险与危险接近、控制失效的关系,如图7图8所示。
图7图8可知:当维修不当和飞行员操作水平差出现可能性为定值时,随着飞行员操作水平差和维护不当出现可能性逐渐增大,危险接近概率逐渐增加,碰撞风险也逐渐增加,并且当飞行员操作水平差发生的可能性超过6%和维护不当发生可能性超过0.17%时,配对进近运行风险将满足不了安全目标水平。
表7为配对进近碰撞风险达到安全目标水平5×10-9时对应的操作水平差发生可能性值与维修不当可能性值。操作水平与维护不当组合下的碰撞风险如图9所示。图中共20条曲线,至下而上操作水平差出现的可能性依次增加,对应表7数据。由图9可知:操作水平差和维修不当任意一个可能性增加时,碰撞风险就会增加。且当操作水平差出现可能性超过12%时,将满足不了安全目标水平,同样当维修不当出现可能性大于0.17%时,无论操作水平差可能性为何值,安全目标水平也得不到满足。
1) BN结果输出合理,危险接近的概率为1.838 81×10-7,控制失效的概率为3.128 8×10-9
2) 考虑飞行员操作可靠性的事件树分析结果表明:近距平行跑道配对进近碰撞风险值为 P c = 4.42 × 10 - 10,满足安全目标水平 5 × 10 - 9
3) 分析危险接近和控制失效的敏感性,得到影响碰撞风险的关键根节点因素为飞行员操作水平和维护不当,并进一步分析飞行员操作水平和维护不当对配对进近碰撞风险的影响,结果表明:飞行员操作水平差发生的可能性超过12%或维护不当发生可能性超过0.17%时,配对进近运行风险将满足不了安全目标水平。
4) 由于配对进近程序尚未实施运行,所以无法获取配对进近真实运行场景下的概率数据,且对飞行员操作是如何导致碰撞风险发生分析的不够细致,后续将以此为研究内容对配对进近碰撞风险进行更深入的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52272356)
  • 中央高校基本业务费自然科学重点项目(3122022101)
  • 中国民航大学配套经费项目(3122023PT06)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0662
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52272356)
中央高校基本业务费自然科学重点项目(3122022101)
中国民航大学配套经费项目(3122023PT06)
作者信息
    中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院,天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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