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Article(id=1149733271178756205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0002-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0222, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1726675200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047372859, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047372859, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047372859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047372859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733271782735984, articleId=1149733271178756205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Impact of implicit and explicit safety attitudes on safety behavior among construction workers, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve construction workers' safety behavior and enhance the effectiveness of both implicit and explicit safety attitudes on this behavior，this study investigated the interaction between these two types of attitudes and their combined influence on safety behavior. First，an experiment was designed to measure the implicit safety attitudes of construction workers，and Implicit Association Test(IAT) was used to evaluate underlying attitudes. Then，the relationship between implicit and explicit safety attitudes was analyzed based on an explicit safety attitude scale. Finally，the study examined how the three components of both implicit and explicit safety attitudes—cognitive，emotional，and behavioral tendency—affected safety behavior. The results show that construction workers generally exhibit positive implicit safety attitude. However，the correlation between implicit and explicit safety attitudes is weak. Explicit safety attitude，particularly the overall，emotional，and behavioral components，has a significant positive effect on safety behavior，while the correlation between implicit attitude and safety behavior remains weak. When implicit and explicit safety attitudes are aligned，their correlation with and explanatory power for safety behavior increases.

, correspAuthors=Hongzhe YUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gui YE, Hongzhe YUE, Xin YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149733276924952780, articleId=1149733271178756205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=建筑工人内隐和外显安全态度对安全行为的影响, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升建筑工人的安全行为，促进内隐与外显安全态度对安全行为的有效作用，研究内隐与外显2种态度的交互关系及其对安全行为的综合影响。首先，设计试验以测量建筑工人的内隐安全态度倾向，通过隐性关联测试(IAT)评估其潜在态度；然后，结合外显安全态度量表，分析内隐和外显安全态度之间的关系；进一步考察内隐和外显安全态度的3种成分(认知成分、情感成分和行为倾向成分)对安全行为的影响。研究结果表明：建筑工人整体呈现出积极的内隐安全态度，然而，内隐和外显安全态度之间的相关性较弱；外显安全态度整体、情感成分和行为倾向成分对工人安全行为具有显著的正向影响，内隐安全态度与安全行为的相关性较弱；当工人的内隐安全态度与外显安全态度水平一致时，进一步提高了对安全行为的相关性和解释率。

, correspAuthors=越宏哲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**越宏哲(1996—)，男，安徽合肥人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为建筑安全、建筑工人认知机制等。E-mail：。
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叶 贵 (1976—)，男，四川三台人，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事建筑安全、神经工程管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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2 重庆城市科技学院 建筑管理学院，重庆 402160, bio={"img":"xHJo79PNpjldXmaTwxu72g==","content":"

叶 贵 (1976—)，男，四川三台人，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事建筑安全、神经工程管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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叶 贵 (1976—)，男，四川三台人，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事建筑安全、神经工程管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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Experiment procedure for construction workers' implicit safety attitude

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 任务描述 “Q”键反应 “P”键反应 次数
1 目标词辨别1 安全 风险 10
2 属性词辨别 积极词 消极词 16
3 相容任务 安全+积极词 风险+消极词 16
4 目标词辨别2 风险 安全 10
5 不相容任务 风险+积极词 安全+消极词 16
), ArticleFig(id=1167742987837649381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

建筑工人内隐安全态度试验程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 任务描述 “Q”键反应 “P”键反应 次数
1 目标词辨别1 安全 风险 10
2 属性词辨别 积极词 消极词 16
3 相容任务 安全+积极词 风险+消极词 16
4 目标词辨别2 风险 安全 10
5 不相容任务 风险+积极词 安全+消极词 16
), ArticleFig(id=1167742987896369638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Initial scale for safety behavior

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 题项编号 题项
安全
遵守		 AQZS1 在工作中我遵守公司的规章制度
AQZS2 工作中我会努力保证自己的安全
AQZS3 从事危险作业时，我只有穿戴好齐全的安全防护设施才工作
安全
参与		 AQCY1 我能够积极地参与施工现场的安全工作会议
AQCY2 对企业安全管理的规定和制度我经常提出自己的意见
AQCY3 对现场的安全管理方法我经常提出自己的意见
AQCY4 我非常积极主动地帮助工友应对不安全行为
), ArticleFig(id=1167742987950895591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

安全行为初始量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 题项编号 题项
安全
遵守		 AQZS1 在工作中我遵守公司的规章制度
AQZS2 工作中我会努力保证自己的安全
AQZS3 从事危险作业时，我只有穿戴好齐全的安全防护设施才工作
安全
参与		 AQCY1 我能够积极地参与施工现场的安全工作会议
AQCY2 对企业安全管理的规定和制度我经常提出自己的意见
AQCY3 对现场的安全管理方法我经常提出自己的意见
AQCY4 我非常积极主动地帮助工友应对不安全行为
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988051558888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

IAT effect of implicit safety attitude and its three components for construction workers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 均值 标准差 t检验值 Sig(双尾)
IAT0 1.103 0.325 34.094 0.000
IAT1 1.244 0.489 25.561 0.000
IAT2 1.062 0.463 23.035 0.000
IAT3 1.003 0.325 26.975 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988110279145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

建筑工人的内隐安全态度及其3成分的IAT效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 均值 标准差 t检验值 Sig(双尾)
IAT0 1.103 0.325 34.094 0.000
IAT1 1.244 0.489 25.561 0.000
IAT2 1.062 0.463 23.035 0.000
IAT3 1.003 0.325 26.975 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988164805098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation between implicit and explicit safety attitudes across three dimensions and overall attitude

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 相关性(p值)
IAT1-外显认知成分 0.044 (0.666)
IAT2-外显情感成分 0.087 (0.389)
IAT3-外显行为倾向成分 0.102 (0.310)
IAT0-外显安全态度整体 0.131 (0.190)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988244496875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

内隐安全态度与外显安全态度三维度及整体之间的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 相关性(p值)
IAT1-外显认知成分 0.044 (0.666)
IAT2-外显情感成分 0.087 (0.389)
IAT3-外显行为倾向成分 0.102 (0.310)
IAT0-外显安全态度整体 0.131 (0.190)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988315800044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation between implicit safety attitude and safety behavior

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 IAT0 IAT1 IAT2 IAT3
与安全行
为相关性		 0.159
(0.113)		 0.078
(0.437)		 0.096
(0.340)		 0.191
(0.055)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988395491821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

内隐安全态度与安全行为的相关关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 IAT0 IAT1 IAT2 IAT3
与安全行
为相关性		 0.159
(0.113)		 0.078
(0.437)		 0.096
(0.340)		 0.191
(0.055)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988445823470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Correlation between explicit safety attitude and safety behavior

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 整体 认知成分 情感成分 行为倾向成分
与安全行
为相关性		 0.471
(0.000)		 0.295
(0.003)		 0.223
(0.025)		 0.467
(0.000)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988517126639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

外显安全态度与安全行为的相关关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 整体 认知成分 情感成分 行为倾向成分
与安全行
为相关性		 0.471
(0.000)		 0.295
(0.003)		 0.223
(0.025)		 0.467
(0.000)
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988580041200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Correlation between implicit and explicit safety attitudes and safety behavior (comparison before and after attitude alignment)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
安全
态度		 安全行为 安全态度 安全行为
一致前 一致后 一致前 一致后
IAT1 0.078 0.288 认知成分 0.295** 0.577**
IAT2 0.096 0.555** 情感成分 0.223* 0.505**
IAT3 0.191 0.698** 行为倾向成分 0.467** 0.699**
IAT0 0.159 0.683** 外显安全态度 0.471** 0.756**
), ArticleFig(id=1167742988651344369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733271178756205, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

内隐安全态度和外显安全态度与安全行为的相关关系(态度一致前后对比)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
安全
态度		 安全行为 安全态度 安全行为
一致前 一致后 一致前 一致后
IAT1 0.078 0.288 认知成分 0.295** 0.577**
IAT2 0.096 0.555** 情感成分 0.223* 0.505**
IAT3 0.191 0.698** 行为倾向成分 0.467** 0.699**
IAT0 0.159 0.683** 外显安全态度 0.471** 0.756**
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建筑工人内隐和外显安全态度对安全行为的影响
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叶贵 1, 2 , 越宏哲 3, ** , 叶鑫 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(12): 2-7
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(12): 2-7
建筑工人内隐和外显安全态度对安全行为的影响
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叶贵1, 2 , 越宏哲3, ** , 叶鑫1
作者信息
  • 1 重庆大学 管理科学与房地产学院，重庆 400045
  • 2 重庆城市科技学院 建筑管理学院，重庆 402160
  • 3 东南大学 土木工程学院，江苏 南京 211189

    • 叶 贵 (1976—)，男，四川三台人，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事建筑安全、神经工程管理等方面的研究。E-mail：。

通讯作者:

**越宏哲(1996—)，男，安徽合肥人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为建筑安全、建筑工人认知机制等。E-mail：。
Impact of implicit and explicit safety attitudes on safety behavior among construction workers
Gui YE1, 2 , Hongzhe YUE3, ** , Xin YE1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management Science and Real Estate，Chongqing University，Chongqing 400045，China
  • 2 School of Construction Management，Chongqing Metropolitan College of Science and Technology，Chongqing 402160，China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering，Southeast University，Nanjing Jiangsu 211189，China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0222
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摘要
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为提升建筑工人的安全行为，促进内隐与外显安全态度对安全行为的有效作用，研究内隐与外显2种态度的交互关系及其对安全行为的综合影响。首先，设计试验以测量建筑工人的内隐安全态度倾向，通过隐性关联测试(IAT)评估其潜在态度；然后，结合外显安全态度量表，分析内隐和外显安全态度之间的关系；进一步考察内隐和外显安全态度的3种成分(认知成分、情感成分和行为倾向成分)对安全行为的影响。研究结果表明：建筑工人整体呈现出积极的内隐安全态度，然而，内隐和外显安全态度之间的相关性较弱；外显安全态度整体、情感成分和行为倾向成分对工人安全行为具有显著的正向影响，内隐安全态度与安全行为的相关性较弱；当工人的内隐安全态度与外显安全态度水平一致时，进一步提高了对安全行为的相关性和解释率。

建筑工人  /  内隐安全态度  /  外显安全态度  /  安全行为  /  行为倾向成分

To improve construction workers' safety behavior and enhance the effectiveness of both implicit and explicit safety attitudes on this behavior，this study investigated the interaction between these two types of attitudes and their combined influence on safety behavior. First，an experiment was designed to measure the implicit safety attitudes of construction workers，and Implicit Association Test(IAT) was used to evaluate underlying attitudes. Then，the relationship between implicit and explicit safety attitudes was analyzed based on an explicit safety attitude scale. Finally，the study examined how the three components of both implicit and explicit safety attitudes—cognitive，emotional，and behavioral tendency—affected safety behavior. The results show that construction workers generally exhibit positive implicit safety attitude. However，the correlation between implicit and explicit safety attitudes is weak. Explicit safety attitude，particularly the overall，emotional，and behavioral components，has a significant positive effect on safety behavior，while the correlation between implicit attitude and safety behavior remains weak. When implicit and explicit safety attitudes are aligned，their correlation with and explanatory power for safety behavior increases.

construction workers  /  implicit safety attitude  /  explicit safety attitude  /  safety behavior  /  behavioral tendency component
叶贵, 越宏哲, 叶鑫. 建筑工人内隐和外显安全态度对安全行为的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 2 -7 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0222
Gui YE, Hongzhe YUE, Xin YE. Impact of implicit and explicit safety attitudes on safety behavior among construction workers[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 2 -7 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0222
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0 引言
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建筑行业因其高事故率在世界范围内引起广泛关注，不仅给经济带来重大损失，也造成了重大的人员伤亡[1-2]。人的不安全行为是导致建筑工人不安全事故的最直接原因[3-4]。研究表明：安全态度不仅是计划行为理论中解释安全行为的重要因素[5]，同时也是建筑工人安全行为致因的重要因素，对安全行为起到重要影响作用[4]。因此，有必要从安全态度角度展开研究，通过安全态度有效提高工人安全行为水平，减少事故发生率，提高安全绩效。
安全态度可根据是否涉及意识过程被划分为内隐安全态度和外显安全态度[6]。目前，对工人安全态度的研究常采用自我报告等主观研究法[7⇓-9]，由被试自己评估意识可及且愿意报告的心理内容。例如：陈雪锋等[7]编制了安全态度测量表，对 100 名建筑工人进行问卷调查，研究建筑工人安全态度及其影响因素关系。LI Yuanlong等[8]编制煤矿工人安全态度量表和安全行为量表，分析安全态度对安全行为的影响。这些研究都属于工人的外显安全态度调查，对了解工人安全态度及安全行为的关系做出一定贡献。但这些方法因其无法揭示人的无意识特征，难以评估员工心理内容的内隐成分，导致现有研究无法全面客观认识态度对安全行为的影响[10]。同时，缺乏内隐态度研究导致对态度本身的结构缺乏清晰的认识[11]，尚不清楚员工内隐态度的倾向以及和安全行为之间的关系，管理建议缺乏针对性和完整性。
鉴于此，笔者拟开展行为试验，结合李克特量表，研究建筑工人内隐安全态度的倾向，揭示内隐和外显安全态度的关系，以及其对安全行为的影响，以期为制定精准和有针对性的安全管理策略，降低事故率，提高整体安全性能，提供一定的参考。
1 文献述评与研究假设
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根据情感-行为-认知(Affective，Behavioral，Cognitive，ABC)理论[12]，态度由3个核心成分构成：认知评价、情感反应和行为倾向。在安全领域的内隐态度研究方面，邢宝君等[13]对矿工进行的单类内隐联想测验研究以及在航空[14]和交通安全领域[6] 的相关研究中，都发现个体倾向于表现出积极的内隐安全态度。据此，提出假设1:建筑工人的内隐安全态度及其3成分倾向于积极。
研究还表明：内隐态度和外显态度在形成和表达的认知机制上存在显著差异。具体而言，外显态度是个体通过有意识的反思和推理过程形成的结果，它们通常反映了个体对于特定事物或情境的明确态度和评价。相反，内隐态度则更多地基于个体的直接经验和无意识的大脑处理过程，它们是个体无需深度内省即可表达的基本倾向和偏好。这种区别意味着内隐态度和外显态度由2个分离的认知系统决定，它们在结构上相对独立，并可能导致两者之间的相关性较低[6，13，15]。据此，提出假设2:建筑工人安全态度的外显安全态度和内隐安全态度相关程度较低。
计划行为理论[16]指出，个体的行为受到其态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制的共同影响。这表明工人的外显安全态度，即他们对安全规则和程序的明确理解和认可，是决定他们是否遵守这些规则和程序的关键因素。例如：LI Yuanlong等[8]在煤矿工人安全态度的研究中发现，显性的安全态度对安全行为，包括安全遵守和安全参与，具有显著的正向影响。同样，KELMAN[17]的研究也支持了这一观点，指出员工越是认同安全的重要性，他们执行安全行为的可能性就越大。据此，提出假设3:建筑工人的外显安全态度正向影响安全行为。
同时，内隐社会认知理论[18]表明内隐态度，尽管可能未完全进入个体的意识层面，却在潜意识中深刻影响他们的行为选择和决策过程。这意味着建筑工人的内隐安全态度可能植根于他们的早期经历、文化背景或长期形成的习惯，在无形中塑造着他们对安全风险的感知及其应对方式。例如：LEDESMA等[6]在研究中发现，积极的内隐安全态度与佩戴头盔的行为显著相关。XU Yaoshan等[19]等的研究也表明：核电厂控制室操作人员的内隐安全态度共作用于其安全行为。据此，提出假设4:建筑工人的内隐安全态度正向影响安全行为。
最后，根据认知一致性相关理论[20]，人们倾向于保持其信念、态度和行为之间的一致性。因此，当内隐态度和外显态度一致时，个体可能会感到更少的心理冲突，从而更可能采取与这些态度一致的安全行为。据此，提出假设5:当内隐及外显安全态度水平一致时，会增强其对安全行为的相关性和解释率。
2 内隐与外显安全态度测量与试验
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2.1 研究概述
研究设计包括内隐安全态度测量、外显安全态度测量，以及安全行为水平测量3个步骤。研究设计试验步骤如图1所示。内隐安全态度测量采用隐性关联测试( Implicit Association Test，IAT)，通过E-prime软件收集数据，评估认知、情感和行为倾向。外显安全态度和安全行为测量采用问卷调查法，采用李克特量表法进行评价。
2.2 被试
在多个建筑施工项目上随机选取被试，共招募68名一线工人、19名带班和14名班组长，其中，93名男性和8名女性。
2.3 安全态度的测量
2.3.1 内隐安全态度的确定
IAT由GREENWALD等[18]于1998年提出，通过计算机程序测量被试对特定刺激材料(目标词和属性词)的反应时间，以评估其内隐态度。目标刺激为“安全-风险”相关词汇，属性刺激包括认知、情感和行为倾向类的积极和消极词语。这些词语来自《现代汉语词典》、网络搜索及相关研究。
使用E-Prime 3.0软件编制建筑工人的IAT测试程序。参与者需在刺激呈现后迅速准确地按键分类，包括相容任务(如“安全+积极词”和“风险+消极词”)和不相容任务(如“风险+积极词”和“安全+消极词”)。任务使用“Q”键或“P”键，每个词语或词组合只有一个正确键。为控制试验顺序影响，一半参与者先完成相容任务，另一半先完成不相容任务。每位参与者完成3个IAT测试，约10 min。测试所用辨别词及试验次数见表1。
IAT结果分析基于GREENWALD等[18]提出的算法处理E-prime导出的数据，步骤如下：①剔除反应时大于10 000ms的反应；②若被试某任务中10%以上反应时小于300ms，则剔除该被试；③计算每任务中正确反应时的平均值；④合并任务3和任务5的数据计算标准差；⑤用每任务的平均反应时+600ms替代错误反应时；⑥计算每任务的平均反应时；⑦计算不相容任务减去相容任务的平均反应时之差；⑧用第⑦步的差值除以第④步的标准差，得IAT的D值。D值是安全态度倾向的关键指标，D值大于0表明积极安全态度，反之则为消极态度。D值的绝对大小反映内隐效应强度。
2.3.2 外显安全态度的确定
外显安全态度的测量通过设计的李克特量表进行。量表侧重于测量建筑工人对安全态度的认知、情感和行为倾向3个维度的看法。例如：设置题项“安全工作是安全员的事，与我无关”以测量认知维度，设置题项“安全员真喜欢挑刺，没事找事”以测量情感维度，设置“如果我能接受更多的安全培训，更能促进我安全地工作”以测量行为倾向维度。共设置了15个题项进行测量。
量表的赞同程度设置为从“很不同意”到“很同意”的五级评分。此外，为了保证问卷的可靠性，安全行为倾向维度的题目被设置为反向题项，有助于减少回答偏差，确保数据的准确性和可靠性。
2.3.3 安全行为问卷初始题项
安全行为的测量通过问卷调查进行，主要关注建筑工人在安全遵守和安全参与：2个维度上的行为表现，题项设置见表2。问卷采用与外显安全态度相同的五级评分方式，以评估被试在这些维度上的表现。
2.3.4 信度及效度检验
使用SPSS 26.0软件对问卷进行信度和效度检验，采用Cronbach's α系数评估问卷题项的一致性和稳定性。筛选标准包括：①修正后的项与总计相关性，若值小于0.4，则考虑删除或修改；②删除项后的Cronbach's α系数，若删除后能提高整体信度则删除该题项。基于此，调整外显安全态度和安全行为量表的题项。
3 内隐与外显安全态度的影响分析
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3.1 内隐安全态度效应
内隐安全态度及其对安全行为的影响见表3。建筑工人的内隐态度与积极评价、情感和行为倾向显著相关(显著性值p = 0.000)，表明他们对安全持积极态度，而对风险和冒险持消极态度，验证了假设1。了解到建筑工人的内隐态度偏向积极，有助于设计更有针对性的安全培训和教育，强化积极安全信息的传递。
3.2 内隐安全态度与外显安全态度关系
表4为内隐和外显安全态度3个维度和整体之间的关系。建筑工人内隐安全态度与外显安全态度之间的相关系数为0.131，显著性值p = 0.190，表明两者之间的关联并不显著，验证了假设2。这一结果与研究[6，13]一致，证明了内隐态度与外显态度在功能和结构上的独立性。内隐态度通常是无意识的、自动化的反应，而外显态度则是经过深思熟虑和自我意识形成的[6，13，15]。
3.3 安全态度对安全行为的影响
内隐安全态度、外显安全态度与安全行为之间的关联性研究结果分别见表5和表6。结果显示，内隐安全态度整体及其各维度与安全行为无显著相关性(所有p值均大于0.05)。相比之下，外显安全态度整体与安全行为有中度相关性(相关系数r = 0.471，p = 0.000)。在外显安全态度的3个维度中，情感成分与安全行为在0.025的显著水平下显示出弱相关性；认知成分和行为倾向成分与安全行为的相关性更为显著，其中，行为倾向成分的相关系数最大(r = 0.467)。这些发现支持了假设3，即建筑工人的外显安全态度正向影响安全行为，但假设4未能成立。
假设3成立，与以往研究结果一致[8]，特别是强调外显安全态度在预测和改善安全行为方面的重要性。笔者从建筑业角度提供实证证据，进一步支持这一观点。情感成分与安全行为的相关性较弱，可能因其通过更间接和复杂的路径影响安全行为。未来研究可进一步探讨情感成分如何通过其他途径影响安全行为。
另一方面，假设4未能成立，这与一些以往的研究结果存在差异。如核电厂控制室操作人员[19]、和煤矿行业[8]等领域的研究表明：在这些高度集中和专业化的行业中，员工的内隐安全态度与安全行为之间紧密相关。这些行业的员工通常具备高水平专业技能和深入安全知识。然而，建筑行业工作环境复杂多变，工人面临不同环境和任务，如架子工需同时负责地下室、室外和室内架子搭设，安全风险类型多样。因此，建筑工人的安全行为更受外显规范和即时安全措施影响，而非内隐态度。这表明，不同行业中安全态度与行为的关系可能因行业特性的不同而有所差异。
根据内隐和外显安全态度量表的均值高低，将被试分为高内隐、低内隐、高外显、低外显4组。这一划分特别关注内隐与外显安全态度一致时的效果。研究结果见表7，当内隐和外显安全态度一致时，二者与安全行为的相关性显著增强。具体而言，内隐安全态度、情感IAT2和行为倾向IAT3与安全行为的相关性在态度一致时由不显著变为显著，整体相关系数达到0.683。外显安全态度整体及其3个维度的相关性也增强，整体相关系数从0.471提升至0.756。这些发现支持假设5，即内隐和外显安全态度一致时，二者对安全行为的相关性和解释力增强。
这一发现为安全管理和培训提供了新的方向，强调了在培训和安全政策制定中，应同时关注提升内隐和外显安全态度的一致性。当两者处于一致的高水平时，较高的安全态度能有效促进安全行为的实施，从而提升整体安全性能。
4 结论
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1) 建筑工人内隐安全态度IAT效应很强，建筑工人呈现积极的内隐安全态度，即建筑工人安全更多与积极评价、积极情感和积极行为倾向联系在一起。
2) 建筑工人内隐安全态度和外显安全态度的相关性较弱。内隐安全态度和外显安全态度对安全行为影响能力不同。分别预测时，外显安全态度整体、外显情感成分和行为倾向成分对安全行为有显著正向影响；内隐安全态度对安全行为相关性不强，只有在态度水平一致被试群体中，其整体、行为倾向成分对安全行为有显著正向影响。
3) 当内隐安全态度和外显安全态度水平一致时会增强内隐安全态度、外显安全态度对安全行为的相关性和解释率。
基金
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  • 国家社会科学基金资助(22AZD099)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助(2023CDJSKJJ16)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助(2022CDJSKPY19)
  • 重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202202501)
文献
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0222
  • 接收时间：2024-07-10
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-12-28
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-07-10
  • 修回日期：2024-09-19
基金
国家社会科学基金资助(22AZD099)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助(2023CDJSKJJ16)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助(2022CDJSKPY19)
重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202202501)
作者信息
    1 重庆大学 管理科学与房地产学院，重庆 400045
    2 重庆城市科技学院 建筑管理学院，重庆 402160
    3 东南大学 土木工程学院，江苏 南京 211189

通讯作者:

**越宏哲(1996—)，男，安徽合肥人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为建筑安全、建筑工人认知机制等。E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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