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In order to improve the recognition accuracy and detection speed of traffic participants by intelligent networked vehicles and traffic monitoring systems so that they can timely respond to the safety hazards in the mixed traffic environment in urban space,a mixed traffic participant detection model in urban space based on the improved YOLOv8n algorithm was proposed. Firstly,geometric transformation and pixel transformation enhancement strategies were employed in the data input stage to prevent overfitting and improve robustness,and generalization. Secondly,the SPD-Conv module was used to replace all original convolution layers of the YOLOv8n algorithm,which enhances the feature extraction capability for low-resolution small targets. Meanwhile,the CA module was added to the fusion structure of the neck network of the YOLOv8n algorithm to improve the recognition accuracy of key information with almost no additional computational overhead. Then,the boundary box loss function EIoU was used to replace the original loss function,enabling the model to achieve superior convergence speed and recognition stability. Finally,the ablation and comparison experiments were carried out with the public and self-built integrated traffic participant dataset,and the real-time detection experiment was carried out with the automatic driving experiment platform. The experimental results show that compared to the YOLOv8n model,the improved SEC-YOLO model has increased mAP and FPS by 3.2% and 7.9% respectively. The SEC-YOLO model outperforms mainstream models in terms of mAP and FPS as well. The average accuracy of real-scene detection on the automatic driving experimental platform is around 95%. The SEC-YOLO algorithm model achieves higher detection accuracy for urban traffic participants,with stronger robustness and real-time performance.
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为提升智能网联汽车和交通监测系统对交通参与者的识别精度和检测速度,及时应对城市空间混行交通环境中的安全隐患,提出一种基于改进YOLOv8n算法的城市空间混行交通参与者检测模型。首先,在数据输入阶段利用几何变换和像素变换策略来防止过度拟合,提高鲁棒性和泛化性;其次,使用空间到深度的非跨行卷积(SPD-Conv)模块代替所有原始卷积层,提高对低分辨率小目标的特征提取能力;同时,在颈部网络融合结构中加入轻量级坐标注意力机制(CA)模块,在几乎不添加任何计算开销的同时提高对关键信息的识别精度;然后,用边界框损失函数有效交并比(EIoU)替代原损失函数,使模型获得更卓越的收敛速度与识别稳定性;最后,利用平台公开和自建融合的交通参与者数据集(BNS)进行消融和对比试验,运用自动驾驶试验平台进行实景实时检测。结果表明:相比于基线模型YOLOv8n,改进模型SEC-YOLO的每秒传输帧数(FPS)和平均精度均值(mAP)分别提高了7.3%和3.2%;与主流模型对比,mAP和FPS性能值最佳;在自动驾驶试验平台上的实景检测平均准确率为95%。SEC-YOLO算法模型对城市交通参与者的检测准确率更高,鲁棒性和实时性更强。
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 |
周军超 (1987—),男,湖北襄阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市智能交通安全检测、智能网联汽车安全驾驶与风险识别、新型城市轨道车辆安全与控制等方面的研究。E-mail:zhou1987g@163.com。 |
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1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Zigong Sichuan 643000,China
2 Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle (Luzhou) Advanced Technology Research Institute,Luzhou Sichuan 646000,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167743189428482271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, authorId=1167743189298458843, language=CN, stringName=周军超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 四川轻化工大学 机械工程学院,四川 自贡 643000
2 成渝地区双城经济圈(泸州)先进技术研究院,四川 泸州 646000, bio={"img":"pbDMIE6Gf35uZ2YWoSdi6w==","content":"
周军超 (1987—),男,湖北襄阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市智能交通安全检测、智能网联汽车安全驾驶与风险识别、新型城市轨道车辆安全与控制等方面的研究。E-mail:zhou1987g@163.com。
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周军超 (1987—),男,湖北襄阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市智能交通安全检测、智能网联汽车安全驾驶与风险识别、新型城市轨道车辆安全与控制等方面的研究。E-mail:zhou1987g@163.com。
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3 四川警察学院 智能警务四川省重点实验室,四川 泸州 646000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167743189130686676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743189139075285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, companyId=1167743189130686676, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3 Intelligent Policing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Police College,Luzhou Sichuan 646000,China
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3 四川警察学院 智能警务四川省重点实验室,四川 泸州 646000
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10.1088/1742-6596/1924/1/012001., articleTitle=EIoU: an improved vehicle detection algorithm based on vehiclenet neural network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167743197628346652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, awardId=ZNJW2023KFQN005, language=CN, fundingSource=智能警务四川省重点实验室开放课题资助(ZNJW2023KFQN005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167743197687066909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, awardId=ZNJW2022KFQN004, language=CN, fundingSource=智能警务四川省重点实验室开放课题资助(ZNJW2022KFQN004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167743197741592862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, awardId=2023JYJ066, language=CN, fundingSource=泸州市科技计划资助(2023JYJ066), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167743188958720206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743188992274639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, companyId=1167743188958720206, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Partially collected data set image, figureFileSmall=whqAjDtiYz+DwxapoCa9pg==, figureFileBig=vy61cF/nuocvwjSpie78nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743193949942014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
部分采集的数据集图像, figureFileSmall=whqAjDtiYz+DwxapoCa9pg==, figureFileBig=vy61cF/nuocvwjSpie78nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194008662271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Part of the randomly introduced data enhancement effect comparison chart, figureFileSmall=zUXn20VWoLVdLd2jTbYuUg==, figureFileBig=rE4WAcWRhLv5CrK6X3g5Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194067382528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
部分随机引入的数据增强效果对比, figureFileSmall=zUXn20VWoLVdLd2jTbYuUg==, figureFileBig=rE4WAcWRhLv5CrK6X3g5Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194126102785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
SEC-YOLO network structure, figureFileSmall=xaFVS0Psj97XXnTZKS/npw==, figureFileBig=mQPr6SwJjZM4HXlbVNb1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194184823042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
SEC-YOLO网络结构 注:2个跨阶段卷积层(Cross-Stage Partial Layer_2Conv,CSPLayer_2Conv);快速空间金字塔池化(Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast,SPPF)。
, figureFileSmall=xaFVS0Psj97XXnTZKS/npw==, figureFileBig=mQPr6SwJjZM4HXlbVNb1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194235154691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Example of SPD-Conv down sampling, figureFileSmall=kuFHStu0TJlHG7qhr7mAgA==, figureFileBig=BNbzGcT7JxjQ0FTXiI1S/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194285486340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
SPD-Conv下采样示例, figureFileSmall=kuFHStu0TJlHG7qhr7mAgA==, figureFileBig=BNbzGcT7JxjQ0FTXiI1S/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194344206597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
CA structure schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=gXd5W2BpIWVgdaYvbadgkQ==, figureFileBig=+0aVXhKM0W0pNNtKZ2mJnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194415509766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
CA结构原理, figureFileSmall=gXd5W2BpIWVgdaYvbadgkQ==, figureFileBig=+0aVXhKM0W0pNNtKZ2mJnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194482618631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
CIoU loss function bounded box regression plot, figureFileSmall=wBGnV2CxrUiIBqH3edZ+nw==, figureFileBig=AjfRtGhnm1z15XmtKn7IRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194537144584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
CIoU损失函数有界盒回归图, figureFileSmall=wBGnV2CxrUiIBqH3edZ+nw==, figureFileBig=AjfRtGhnm1z15XmtKn7IRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194591670537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Model performance comparison chart, figureFileSmall=Rg2f+QvJ3n2HDN8przjDJQ==, figureFileBig=BCxAsPXKX42pkHigFYGTTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194650390794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
SEC-YOLO与YOLOv8n模型性能对比, figureFileSmall=Rg2f+QvJ3n2HDN8przjDJQ==, figureFileBig=BCxAsPXKX42pkHigFYGTTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194709111051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of model results, figureFileSmall=siD8sROiQtcn0Ah/td4gRg==, figureFileBig=nwUnz+a9TQFjR8oAL7YuZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743194767831309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
模型结果对比, figureFileSmall=siD8sROiQtcn0Ah/td4gRg==, figureFileBig=nwUnz+a9TQFjR8oAL7YuZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743196776902926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Comparison diagram of partial model checking, figureFileSmall=MDkGe4Gf44J0OdkfsjrEhw==, figureFileBig=wZCQ3nkFHkNu9bvJJwPjbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743196852400399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
部分模型检测对比, figureFileSmall=MDkGe4Gf44J0OdkfsjrEhw==, figureFileBig=wZCQ3nkFHkNu9bvJJwPjbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743196906926352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Part of the automatic driving experiment real-time detection result diagram, figureFileSmall=17k7QV4c14mCNnnI632DMg==, figureFileBig=sNVgUnLQUJGzdASh7IrHEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743196965646610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
部分自动驾驶试验实时检测结果, figureFileSmall=17k7QV4c14mCNnnI632DMg==, figureFileBig=sNVgUnLQUJGzdASh7IrHEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743197032755476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Comparison between the number of traffic participants tested and the actual number of traffic participants, figureFileSmall=c2feibdYfjeoZXKwz4jokA==, figureFileBig=QM7osY1+t3RFF0bqfYWx9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743197083087125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
检测交通参与者与实际交通参与者数结果对比, figureFileSmall=c2feibdYfjeoZXKwz4jokA==, figureFileBig=QM7osY1+t3RFF0bqfYWx9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743197133418774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Experimental environment configuration
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 软件 | 硬件 |
| 操作系统 | Windows10 | CPU | 12代酷睿i5-12490F |
| 模型构建 | PyTorch | 显卡 | Nvidia GeForce RTX3060 Ti |
| CUDA版本 | 11.3 | 内存 | 32GB |
| 编译语言 | Python | — | — |
| 开发平台 | PyCharm | — | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743197187944727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
试验环境配置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 软件 | 硬件 |
| 操作系统 | Windows10 | CPU | 12代酷睿i5-12490F |
| 模型构建 | PyTorch | 显卡 | Nvidia GeForce RTX3060 Ti |
| CUDA版本 | 11.3 | 内存 | 32GB |
| 编译语言 | Python | — | — |
| 开发平台 | PyCharm | — | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743197271830808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Ablation experiment results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | SPD- Conv | CA | EIoU | P/% | R/% | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@0.5~ 0.95/% | FLOPs/109 |
| YOLOv8n | — | — | — | 90.7 | 91.6 | 91.3 | 48.4 | 8.5 |
| 改进1 | √ | — | — | 92.8 | 93.8 | 93.4 | 52.9 | 8.8 |
| 改进2 | — | √ | — | 90.8 | 93.4 | 92.6 | 50.5 | 8.5 |
| 改进3 | — | — | √ | 90.9 | 92.7 | 91.7 | 49.3 | 8.6 |
| SEC-YOLO | √ | √ | √ | 93.1 | 95.9 | 94.5 | 54.2 | 8.9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743197389271321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
消融试验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | SPD- Conv | CA | EIoU | P/% | R/% | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@0.5~ 0.95/% | FLOPs/109 |
| YOLOv8n | — | — | — | 90.7 | 91.6 | 91.3 | 48.4 | 8.5 |
| 改进1 | √ | — | — | 92.8 | 93.8 | 93.4 | 52.9 | 8.8 |
| 改进2 | — | √ | — | 90.8 | 93.4 | 92.6 | 50.5 | 8.5 |
| 改进3 | — | — | √ | 90.9 | 92.7 | 91.7 | 49.3 | 8.6 |
| SEC-YOLO | √ | √ | √ | 93.1 | 95.9 | 94.5 | 54.2 | 8.9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743197456380186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Experimental results of the comprehensive index of the improved model and the mainstream model
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | R/% | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@ 0.5~0.95/% | FPS |
| Faster R-CNN | 85.2 | 84.3 | 42.1 | 14.7 |
| YOLOv8n | 91.6 | 91.3 | 48.4 | 87.4 |
| SSD | 83.1 | 84.4 | 37.7 | 44.8 |
| YOLOv5n | 89.8 | 88.5 | 45.3 | 63.5 |
| YOLOv7 | 86.4 | 90.1 | 47.9 | 72.2 |
| RetinaNet | 79.8 | 83.2 | 39.5 | 24.9 |
| SEC-YOLO | 95.9 | 94.5 | 54.2 | 93.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1167743197523489051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733270813851754, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
改进模型与主流模型综合指标试验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | R/% | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@ 0.5~0.95/% | FPS |
| Faster R-CNN | 85.2 | 84.3 | 42.1 | 14.7 |
| YOLOv8n | 91.6 | 91.3 | 48.4 | 87.4 |
| SSD | 83.1 | 84.4 | 37.7 | 44.8 |
| YOLOv5n | 89.8 | 88.5 | 45.3 | 63.5 |
| YOLOv7 | 86.4 | 90.1 | 47.9 | 72.2 |
| RetinaNet | 79.8 | 83.2 | 39.5 | 24.9 |
| SEC-YOLO | 95.9 | 94.5 | 54.2 | 93.8 |
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